Umsunguli isimo Polish. Ukwakheka isimo Polish

Ekupheleni kwe-IX ekhulwini-mlando engaziwa, yaqanjwa sokuma Bavarian, kubika amaqembu Slavic tribal ophilayo loMfula emfuleni Vistula, le Warta futhi Oder, futhi ukwenza phezu kwezwe elinabantu abaningi ethafeni eYurophu Ephakathi. Ekuqaleni isehlane izizwe Slavic e imithombo entshonalanga ukuqamba lechites kamuva njengoba amaphayona ayebizwa kanjalo glades, isihloko sezizwe zakwa esiqine; laphuma umsunguli Polish isimo Mieszko I.

nozalo

izizwe ezihlukahlukene angawodwa lechites obuswa izikhulu abamagama umlando akazange agcine. izazi-mlando zanamuhla wazile umlayezo owodwa kuphela, okuhlobene lozalo of ababusi glades isizwe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuhlanzwa ne uchungechunge yimpumelelo ezempi futhi subordinating izizwe ezingomakhelwane ngokwabo, uncamela lokususa kwimemori amagama ezinqotshiwe ababusi babo, futhi ukugcina amasiko abo emlandweni. Ngo umlobi wezenzakalo XII leminyaka Gallus Anonymus eqoshiwe ezinganekwaneni temlomo kubabusi ensimini, kusukela ababekuso zemihla ephakathi. Ngokwe engaziwa, bayobusa Gniezno Duke Popiel, owayekade wadingiswa. Yena salandelwa Semov ngubani engayekanga izinga eliphezulu yomphakathi, wayeyindodana a olimayo elula Piast. Semov futhi waqala Pyastovichey lwamakhosi, futhi iye yakhipha sokuqiniswa Gniezno. Kuyinto le nkosana nezindlalifa ezikanye naye ezingu, Lestko Semomysl wazala okhokho Mieszko I.

izimfanelo

Cishe, Mieszko ka ngaba namandla zayo kusuka ekuqaleni. Ungaqiniseka ukuthi umlando isimo basePoland baqala esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuzalwa ngumholi, yangaphambili lwamakhosi kwesikhulu esethathe izinyathelo ezibalulekile ukuze hlanganisa amandla. Mieszko okhokho ngajutshwa ukuba ifa ezweni Amasimu zezizwe ezingomakhelwane kuvyan, mazovshan, lendzyan. Ngo ezifundeni ezinabantu abangu sebakhe izinqaba - Grod. Kwamanye amazwe Grod elise at ibanga 20-25 km kusuka komunye nomunye, okungukuthi, phakathi lokulwa iqembu losuku. ibutho elinamandla ukuphathwa eyodwa kwaba izici juqu ukunwetshwa kanye nokuqinisa amandla emkhakheni. Kodwa ezindaweni eziningi, amaxhaphozi kanye namahlathi esingaweleki jungle avunyelwe izizwe yanqoba ukugcina ukuzimela eside. Abahlaseli awushintshanga indlela yokuphila ethunjwa zezizwe, izintela umphakathi onikezwe abalimi, ngubani baqoqa izinceku kwesikhulu. Ngakho, umsunguli isimo Polish yayiningi abalamacala amandulela, ngubani ngekhulu ezimbili eyedlule wadala uhlelo lokulawula.

Ukuqala wokubusa

Mieszko wayeyindodana Semomysla, igama likanina ayikaziwa. I ekuqaleni kokubusa sihlehlela kusuka 960, lapho umsunguli ikusasa isimo Polish waqala ukubusa ngo-ubukhulu of Greater Poland maphakathi Gniezno. Ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi, wacishe kabili endaweni komhlaba ngaphansi kophiko lwayo, annexing insimu ka Mazovia, Kujawy Pomerania futhi Gdansk. ngonyaka 982 kwaba usuku yokunqotshwa yeSilesia, futhi 990 g vislyanskie enamathiselwe ukuhlanzwa umhlaba. NabasePoland ukunqoba waqala ukuthatha imvelo, kodwa liguqubele. Ngo imithombo Western kanye Arab, kwakukhona imibiko enamandla isimo Slavic amandla eqinile futhi ibutho eliqeqeshwe kahle. Ngakho-ke, kucatshangwa ukuthi isimo Polish kwamiswa X leminyaka, lapho Holdings Polish kwanezelwa kakhulu futhi wamqinisa futhi isikhulu futhi retinue yakhe yamukela ubuKristu.

Ukwamukelwa ubuKristu

Ngaphandle ukwamukelwa kobuKristu Mieszko ka mina e 966 ngeke kwenzeke kumiswa isimo Polish. inqubomgomo Lukhulu angaphandle Prince kwaholela kuba nokungezwani ne uthi angomakhelwane. UMbusi u-Otto I parried umzamo ukuze anqobe ezivulekile umhlaba lyubushan futhi Mieszko le ngavuma ukuthi ngincome lo mbusi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo isikhulu eba kanye nobudlelwane Polish-Czech. Ukuhlanganisa elala umbuso Czech, Mieszko washada indodakazi yenkosi yaseBohemia, Princess Dubravka. omakhelwane ezimbili ezinamandla - oNgcwele uMbuso WaseRoma kanye Czech Republic, isikhulu kwaholela esinqumweni ukuguqukela ebuKristwini. Ukubhabhathizwa emkhubeni Latin Prince Mieszko wathatha e 966 Ukwamukelwa ubuKristu emenza yokuthi umbuso wokuqala Polish wayebhekwa bangesikhathi sakhe ezingeni European.

Indlela isimo Polish

Ngesikhathi besanda kuqala Polish-Lithuanian State matasa indawo cishe 250 sq. M. km. Okuningi ngokunembile akunakwenzeka, ngoba imingcele amazwe asanda kwakheka kushintsha njalo. Iningi labantu ukwenza kwezolimo. Labantu ngobuningi Yayinesikhwanyana ungqimba Kmet abalimi khulula. Kmet bahlala umkhaya omkhulu, futhi endaweni imiphakathi. Ngemva ubunye zobuzwe phakathi kwemiphakathi ezisekhona, nokuthi emenza division zokuphatha yamazwe Polish, futhi kamuva ukwamukelwa kobuKristu isimiso esifanayo walala division of the indawo ku dioceses.

division zokuphatha

Emincane kakhulu ukwahlukana zokuphatha kwesiteji kwakunesihlahla Grodsky District. Usesibhedlela ngaphansi kokulawulwa abameleli Prince, abanale iziphathimandla okulawula agcwele, ezempi kanye zokwahlulela. Ilondolozwe Kahle Ukhulumé izikhungo ezine ezifana emzini Gniezno, Poznan, Geche futhi Wloclawek. Lapha kulapho lezempi isihlangu-zikhundla madoda izingalo, okwakukhona umgogodla ibutho Polish. Uma kudingeka, amabutho uya nakuso sonke abalimi khulula. Ngokusho kwezikhali yayo futhi lezempi yalezi amabutho wakhala amabutho retinue kwesikhulu, kodwa iye yasetshenziswa ngempumelelo kutsi kwehlwaywe yabashokobezi ukuhlaselwa. Izazi-mlando zilinganisela ukuthi ekuqaleni kwekhulu XI, inani eliphelele amatutu mina Mieszko wayephezu 20 ayizinkulungwane. Man.

Umnotho Poland lasendulo

Okuqukethwe bayibutho elikhulu futhi ephumelelayo oludingekayo ngendlela engaguquguquki kwemali. Ukuqinisekisa ukuzivikela lizwe nasekubekeni emazweni matasa, Prince Mieszko le Ngazakhela apharathasi ovikelekile kwezimali, okuyinto eyingoduso eqoqweni nokusatshalaliswa izintela. Intela ikhokhelwa zonke kule ndawo yasemaphandleni yezwe ngesimo imikhiqizo ye nemfuyo kanye nezolimo. Enye asizakale zezimali bekulokhu ukusatshalaliswa "amagugu" - ezihlukahlukene amalungelo imikhakha inzuzo ikakhulukazi umsebenti wetemnotfo. Zobungoma kwakuyilawa: ayenza lezi zinhlamvu, yezimayini izinsimbi eziyigugu izimakethe iyunithi kanye yezihambi, ezinye izinhlobo ukuzingela. The main izinto ukuthekelisa babe uboya, inhlaka nezigqila. Kodwa ekupheleni XI leminyaka, ekuthuthukeni kwezolimo kwaba ukudinga kwatheleka njalo zomsebenzi, kanye nethonya elikhulayo esontweni unqabela kwebantfu. Ngakho-ke, ngemva kokuba inceku uyekile kube XI ukuthekelisa isici, futhi ekugcineni wayeka ngokuphelele.

Ukuphela wokubusa Mieszko I

Njengoba kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, ilungelo isihlalo sobukhosi kwesikhulu badlula. Nokho, ilungelo primogeniture wayengazange wanamathela endaweni Polish, evame ngoba umbango phakathi contender kungenzeka sobukhosi. Umsunguli isimo Polish nginabafowethu ababili, omunye wabo wabulawa empini, kanti owesibili, Chtibor, aphethwe iposi abaphezulu. Dying, Mieszko ngashiya ingxenye isimo ezandleni indodana izibulo Boleslav. Le ndodana wehlela emlandweni njengoba Boleslav Hrabry. Ifa uyise, yasungulwa, ecebile, zwe elikhulukazi nethonya ezinkulu zamazwe onke. Futhi emva uhide zokunqoba kanye ukunqotshwa, Boleslav Hrabry waba yinkosi yokuqala isimo Polish.