Umqondo wokuthi 'uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli;'. isakhiwo se-uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli

Lesi sihloko wethula wena welithi "uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli", izophila ukhuluma ngalokho kuba nokwakheka uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli.

Igama elithi "uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli" ngokwezwi nezwi ehunyushwa ngokuthi njengoba "sphere wokuphila." Waqale busuka isayensi usosayensi Austrian Eduard Zyuss ngo-1875. kamuva Isazi sezinto eziphilayo zh. B. Lamark wagcizelela ukuthi zonke izinto ukuthi zakha uqweqwe phezu komhlaba aye amiswa ngenxa yomsebenzi yezinto eziphilayo. Incazelo yesimanje umqondo "uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli" kusho uhlobo igobolondo Zomhlaba, lapho kukhona zonke izinto eziphilayo futhi ngokuqhubekayo yokuxoxisana nabo izinsalela ketshezi planethi. Ukwakheka kwabo waqala yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 3.8. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule, ngesikhathi sokuzalwa wokuqala emhlabeni eziphilayo. Biosphere, futhi oyiyo ingenye izakhi we isakhiwo phezulu bemvelo. Ukwakheka lokhu emgodleni ungena engxenyeni engenhla lithosphere, hydrosphere, futhi wonke phansi ingxenye umkhathi.

Biosphere isakhiwo kusikisela:

• okuphilayo akha lesi eziphilayo ezihlala kule planethi yethu.
• izinto Biogenic ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi ukusebenza eziphilayo, okuyinto umphumela ukucutshungulwa nokudala izinto eziphilayo (yamagesi asemkhathini, uwoyela, Peat, amalahle, limestone, njll). Kusukela ekuzalweni eziphilayo kuqala ophilayo baphuthelwa izinkulungwane zezikhathi ngokusebenzisa yabo izitho, amaseli, igazi, izicubu zonke izilwandle zomhlaba, ingxenye enkulu ebangelwa umkhathi, imali enkulu amaminerali.
• izidakamizwa inert, kwakheka ngaphandle kosizo eziphilayo.
• Bioinert izidakamizwa ngenxa ukuxhumana izinqubo ze-non-begazi msebenzi obalulekile eziphilayo, ngokuba yakhoibrium ashukumisayo elilodwa kanye nezinye izakhiwo (yl, inhlabathi, amagxolo weathering et al.). Akulesi isikhundla okuholela umzimba.
• Into ukuthi usesimweni zokuwohloka enemisebe.
• Ama-athomu omoya gqwa njalo ezivukayo zonke izinto zasemhlabeni, ngenxa yokuchayeka isikhala emisebeni.
• Izinto ukuhamba ekuseni, uhlamvu cosmic.

Endaweni ehlukile, kumele zichazwe ngokuningiliziwe isigaba sokuqala akuyinto ezifana isakhiwo se-Jikelele Lwamakheli. Ukuhlala ndaba kuyinto umzimba eziyinkimbinkimbi yezinto eziphilayo. isisindo salo sikhulu ongaphakeme kuqhathaniswa nezinye izingxenye isakhiwo 2.4 kuphela - amathani 1012 3.6 x isisindo ezomile. Kuyinto eyodwa kweziyisigidi kunobukhulu bendawo uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli iyonke, okusisekelo engaphansi-senkulungwane ingxenye yoquqaba planethi. Naphezu isisindo encane kangaka, kuyaphawuleka kakhulu njengoba amandla geochemical Zomhlaba, ngoba umzimba akusho kuphela ukufeza imisebenzi yabo ebalulekile igobolondo, kodwa futhi nomthelela ekuguquleni isithombe le planethi, okuyinto eyayihlala engalingani kakhulu. Ngaphansi ngokuvamile, ziseZwini ekujuleni lithosphere kanye lithosphere, ezingeni ukuphakama eside, futhi ngokuvamile ahlala ezindaweni inhlabathi, phezu kobuso Zomhlaba kanye izingqimba engenhla hydrosphere. INSIMU ukusatshalaliswa yabo buvezwa latitude.

isakhiwo se-uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, ngokuvumelana VI Vernadsky, owaqala wadala isifundiso uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, has izingxenye ezintathu: aerobiosferu, gidrobiosferu futhi geobiosferu.

Ngo aerobiosfere eziphilayo ukuphila lapho isici esiyinhloko umswakama emoyeni. Amaconsi amanzi abamba izinhlayiya emoyeni futhi aerosol izingxenye, ngivuka evela emithonjeni phansi amandla ezidingekayo ukuze ukuphila nezilwanyana ezincane ezingabonakali subsphere art. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ihlukaniswe (kunemibandela) ku subpodsfery - altobiosferu futhi tropobiosferu.

Gidrobiosferu kuzo zonke amanzi le planethi, okuyinto kuhlale izilwane zasemanzini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo gidrobiosfera iqukethe marinobiosferu (amanzi wasolwandle kanye zasolwandle) kanye akvabiosferu (yezwekazi amanzi ahlanzekile).

Ngo geobionty geobiosfere kukhona imisebenzi ebalulekile okuyiwona medium elilungile liphakathi Terra firma.

Isintu kunemtselela okwandisa phezu linganisa futhi baxhumana ke, okubangela izinguquko ezingenakuhlehliswa njalo ngonyaka. Phakathi nale nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi "noosphere". I uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli kanye noosphere yayinomsuka ufundwa izifundiswa: Vernadsky, Lysenko, uProfesa Lepeshinsky nezinye izingqondo eziningi ezinkulu eRussia nakwamanye amazwe.