Umqondo eziyisisekelo uVoltaire futhi imibono yakhe zefilosofi zezombusazwe

Imibono ka-French Ukukhanyiselwa walala ukuvuselelwa kwesimilo somphakathi, eyayizoba ifike kulokhu kuvukela. othisha Ezivelele babe Sharl Monteske futhi uVoltaire, futhi kamuva Jean-Zhak Russo futhi Denis Diderot.

Imibono ka Lakho futhi uVoltaire babe akufani ngezindaba zombuso nasemphakathini. Nokho, ziye zaba ayisisekelo ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi omusha. Umqondo eziyisisekelo uVoltaire sihluke ukuhlobanisa imibono ka nabanye abameleli kwenkathi.

i-curriculum vitae

UVoltaire wazalwa (ngesikhathi sokuzalwa unikezwa igama François-Mari Arue), Paris (Kingdom) November 21, 1694. igama likanina lalingu-indodakazi Inkantolo yamacala. Uyise wasebenza njengoba ngalendoda ummeli olungisa izivumelwano kanye intela. UVoltaire akazange athathe umsebenzi kayise, kanye ngokwakhe, kanjalo 1744 waze wathi le ndodana engumlanjwana we musketeer abampofu beqamba izinkondlo.

Lapho esemusha, wafunda ongumJesuit College, wayeseqala ukutadisha umthetho. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le nsizwa ukhathazwa ukuba alalele uyise wakhe, waqala ukuthola indlela yabo yokuphila. Kusukela 1718 it is wasayina mbumbulu uVoltaire, okuyinto umdlalo wokuphicaphicana ngamagama nezinombolo yegama lakhe egcwele nge inothi "omncane".

Phakathi ukuqeqeshwa ukubhinqa imbongi izikhathi eziningana wahlala Bastille. Okokuqala kwenzeka 1717. Isizathu sokuba ukuboshwa kwaba ukubhinqa okuhlukumezayo ukubhekana UMbusi Orleans, owayebizwa Regent yeFrance.

Phakathi nokuphila uVoltaire, ngokuphindaphindiwe sibhekene nosongo ukuboshwa. Waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye France. Isazi sefilosofi kulo endleleni yayo ehlala eNgilandi, Prussia, Switzerland. Ngu 1776, waba lowo muntu kunabo bonke eFrance, okuyinto futhi wayinika nethuba ukudala siqu "ubukhulu ethize" yabo ifa Ferney.

UVoltaire kusukela indawo yakhe, imibono yezombusazwe okwakukhona monarchist, ubekade ukuxhumana nabantu abaningi abadumile yesikhathi. Yayihlanganisa yinhloko yezizwe:

• INkosi yasePrussia - UFrederick 2.
• Empress Russia - Catherine 2.
• Inkosi yase-Poland - Stanislaw Agasti Poniatowski.
• Inkosi yakwa-Sweden - Gustav 3.
• INkosi Denmark - 7 AmaKristu.

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-iminyaka 83, uthisha owaziwa wabuyela eParis, lapho ashonela khona ngemuva. Isidumbu sayo igcinwe Crypt abantu oluvelele kazwelonke - onkulunkulu.

Ngemibono yefilosofi uVoltaire

Kafushane ngefilosofi uVoltaire sika ongathi lokhu - wayengumuntu umsekeli empiricism. Kwezinye izincwadi azibhala, wakhuthaza ekufundiseni isiZulu sefilosofi Locke. Nokho, bathi wayeyingane efana nezinye owayephikisana esikoleni French izinto.

Isihloko sakhe ezinkulu zefilosofi wanyathelisa ku "Pocket Dictionary of Philosophy." Kulesi umsebenzi wamelana ukukhohliseka inkolo. UVoltaire yayisekelwe okwakwaziwa ososayensi isikhathi sakhe.

ukubukwa uVoltaire eziyisisekelo mayelana indoda encishisiwe yokuthi wonke umuntu kumele abe namalungelo yemvelo:

• inkululeko;
• nokuvikeleka;
• ukulingana;
• impahla.

Nokho, amalungelo yemvelo kufanele ivikelwe imithetho omuhle ngoba "abantu becasukile." Nokho, imithetho eminingi yale sefilosofi uhlobo wavuma ngokungafanele.

ukubukwa Socio-zefilosofi

Umqondo eziyisisekelo uVoltaire ku ukubukwa yezenhlalakahle kuyehla kube isidingo nekungalingani emmangweni. Ngokubona kwakhe, kufanele akhathazeke ocebile, wafundiswa futhi labo aphoqelelwe ukuba asebenze ngabo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi abantu abasebenza ngokwezinga elingangani, ngoba ukucabanga kwabo kungonakalisa konke.

UVoltaire khona adherent absolutism ukukhanyiselwa. Kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe wayengumuntu monarchist. Ngokusho kwakhe, le nkosi kumelwe sincike engxenyeni ayesenakho umphakathi lapho sibhekene nezihlakaniphi nezazi zefilosofi.

Imibono eziyisisekelo ngokholo

Umqondo eziyisisekelo uVoltaire, ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona kuyehla kube neqiniso lokuthi wayeseholela uhlobo unjiniyela owasungula, wadala futhi uyaqhubeka engavumelana uhlelo universe.

UVoltaire sasimelene ukungakholelwa kuNkulunkulu. Wayekholelwa ukuthi: "Uma uNkulunkulu akekho, kufanele ziye yasungulwa." Lokhu uyisidalwa aphakeme ezinengqondo inikezwe njengoba angunaphakade kunesidingo. Nokho, esikhundleni sefilosofi sika wukuthi ukufakazela ukuba khona kukaNkulunkulu ngokholo, kodwa nge uphenyo ezinengqondo.

Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukholo alulona ukwazile ukwambula le ndawo yayikhona. It is eyakhelwe izinkolelo-ze nezinganekwane izinto eziningi eziphikisanayo. Iqiniso kuphela kulesi sici kuyinto ukukhulekela uNkulunkulu futhi imiyalo yakhe. Ngokusho uVoltaire, ukuthi uNkulunkulu akekho, sengathi theism, deism kuphambene ubuwula baso.

Yezombangazwe ukubukwa zomthetho we uVoltaire

Isazi sefilosofi omkhulu akazange ashiye inqubomgomo yezabasebenzi akhethekile umthetho. Nokho, imibono yezombangazwe nasezinxushunxushwini wezomthetho uVoltaire libanakekele ekhethekile. Yonke imicabango yakhe isimo umthetho, umthetho afakwe imisebenzi ehlukahlukene.

Ngo temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba lihlangabezana sengqondo sokugxeka nombhali, ngubani uyadelela bese ephika izisekelo ngemibono yomphakathi amakhosi asendulo. Imisebenzi igcwele umoya wenkululeko, ukubekezelelana esintwini.

zokungcebeleka main

Imbangela konke okubi okwanehlela sefilosofi yezenhlalakahle kubhekwe lapho ukubusa ukungazi, izinkolelo-ze futhi ubandlululo ukuthi ukuyiveza izingqondo. Konke lokhu babevela liBandla yamaKatolika. Yingakho emsebenzini wakhe uthisha uzabalaza abapristi, ukushushiswa ngokwenkolo nokuba ntamo lukhuni.

Kugcine, isitshalo esontweni, obulala inkululeko kanembeza ngekukhula. Lena onika ukuphila ekuqaleni iyiphi inkululeko. Ngakho uVoltaire akasalanga ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona futhi isidingo inkolo.

Umqondo eziyisisekelo uVoltaire wayengeyena yeningi. Ukukhanyiselwa awuzange eyenzelwe abasebenzi abavamile. Isazi sefilosofi akazange abheke abantu zomsebenzi ngokomzimba, ngakho umqondo wakhe akazange sizibambele akhawunti. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iningi zonke wayesaba abantu. Lokhu uVoltaire nemibono yakhe yezombusazwe ihluke kwezinye amalungu isikhathi.

Ukulingana zabantu wayazi kuphela wezombusazwe kanye zomthetho. Bonke abantu kufanele babe izakhamizi abangekho amalungelo alinganayo zincike imithetho futhi ivikelwe kubo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wayekholelwa ukuthi ngesimo somuntu emphakathini kufanele zincike ngabe unezinto. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokuvota maqondana benhlalakahle yomphakathi kufanele kube abanikazi kuphela, kodwa akubona bonke abantu abavamile.

Endabeni enkantolo, uVoltaire wakhuthaza lokugwetshwa, lapho abameli abazohlanganyela. Ukuhlukumeza, akazange azamukele futhi wafuna ukulahla kwabo.

Ngamagama sefilosofi uhulumeni, wayengumuntu umsekeli ohlanga ngokuphelele, nge umbusi ukukhanyiselwa uyaphi. Nokho, wabuye bathandile ukuqhuba uhlelo lukahulumeni eNgilandi. ohlanga koMthethosisekelo kanye khona la maqembu amabili abakghona ukulandela omunye ngemva komunye, ohlonishwa uVoltaire.

Njengoba i iyinkolelo engenasisekelo, ayiyona wayecabangisisa idale bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe siqu zezombusazwe. Nokho, ukubukwa wezomthetho uVoltaire kwavula indlela ukuqhubeka izimfundiso zezombusazwe kanye wezomthetho. imibono uVoltaire kuya ngokwezinga elikhulu noma elincane, ukungena yonke imibono French Ukukhanyiselwa.

Ukumelwa

Lithi uVoltaire akazange alihloniphe umsebenzi kayise. Nokho, namanje exhumene ukuphila kwabo nala ecaleni lomthetho kule minyaka 1760-1770. Ngakho, ngo-1762, wachitha inkampani ukukhansela isigwebo isigwebo sokufa oye eyayifunwa YamaProthestani Jean Calas. Wamangalelwa ngokuvukela okungaka uze ubulale indodana yakhe siqu. UVoltaire wakwazi ukufinyelela ukuthethwa yicala.

Okunye izisulu zokushushiswa zezombusazwe nezenkolo, esivikela uthisha babe Sirven, Comté de Lally, Chevalier de La Barre. ukubukwa yezombangazwe wezomthetho uVoltaire kwakufanele ukulwa ne iSonto ubandlululo yayo.

UVoltaire-umbhali

Esikhathini izincwadi, uVoltaire besho ahlukile ngekhulu le-18. Waziwa inoveli yakhe zefilosofi, imisebenzi okukhulu, izinkondlo. I engavamile yemisebenzi yakhe ngolimi olulula futhi kufinyeleleke, aphoristic, ukubhinqa.

Fiction kwaba umbhali akuyona isiphetho ngokwakho, kodwa indlela. Ngosizo ke wathuthukisa imibono yakhe, bephikisana abefundisi kanye autocracy, ukubekezelelana eshumayela futhi kwenkululeko civil.

idrama

Eminyakeni lempilo umlobi uye ebhaliwe 28 izigemegeme ezenzeka classical, phakathi okuyinto evame kakhulu isehlane, "Oedipus", "Zaire," "OkaKhesari," "izintandane Chinese" nabanye. Sekuyisikhathi eside wahlushwa obhekwe lale drama entsha, kodwa ekugcineni waba okuxubile ndawonye nezikulu okuhlekisayo.

Ngaphansi yokucindezela impilo entsha wobunxiwankulu ukubukwa zezombusazwe kanye wezomthetho uVoltaire ishintshile maqondana nendawo yokubuka amabhayisikobho, savula umnyango bonke amakilasi idrama. Wayeqaphela ukuthi abantu bakuthola kulula ugqozi imicabango yabo ngosizo izinhlamvu ukusuka amakilasi aphansi. Umbhali alethwe esigabeni gardener, isosha, intombazane elula, inkulumo kanye nezindaba okuyizinto eduze umphakathi. Benza unomuzwa oqinile futhi bafinyelele imigomo yabo ngumlobi. Le midlalo wobunxiwankulu zihlanganisa "Nanin" "umchithi", "ilungelo uJehova."

umtapo uVoltaire

Ngemva kokufa sefilosofi nesithakazelo emtatsheni wakhe Ekaterina 2, nabo yayilingana. Empress Russian waphathisa daba ejenti yakhe, ngubani okuxoxwe konke nge izindlalifa uVoltaire. Kulesi idili kwakufanele ningene Nokho, izincwadi siqu Catherine, bathengwa ngu Beaumarchais. Wanyathelisa kubo, nabanye izichibiyelo, futhi sihamba ngesicelo iNdlovukazi.

Umtapo ngokwayo sathathwa yomkhumbi 1779. Kuhlanganisa amabhuku 6814 nasemibhalweni yesandla yamuva 37. Ekuqaleni kwalo ligcinwe Hermitage. Phakathi nokubusa Nicholas 1, ukufinyelela umtapo savalwa. Kuyaziwa ukuthi A. S. Pushkin bekasebenza naye ku-oda ekhethekile yenkosi, lapho ebhala: "The History of Peter".

Ngo-1861, u-Alexander 2 ngaphambilini ukudluliselwa zonke izinto iyatholakala ku-Imperial Public Library Petersburg.

Le miqulu inezincwadi eziningi amanothi siqu uVoltaire. Bakha isihloko ehlukile zokutadisha. UVoltaire, ukubukwa zezombusazwe okuyinto, njengoba kunjalo nangazo zonke ekuphileni, edonsa namanje eziningi zefilosofi, ababhali, ososayensi zezombusazwe kanye nezazi-mlando, umuntu kwakufanele ethakazelisa kakhulu. Isithakazelo kumuntu wakhe kanye nomsebenzi sisekhona.