Umphakathi: umqondo, izimpawu, isakhiwo. Imisebenzi yomphakathi

Umphakathi, umqondo, izici, isakhiwo esizochazwa ngokuningiliziwe kulesi sihloko, kubhekwa njengokwesekwa okuyinhloko yimuphi intando yeningi yangempela. Lenza njengesibambiso sokuqiniswa nokulondolozwa kwayo, okufaka isandla ekwakhekeni kwayo. Umphikisi oyinhloko yentuthuko esimweni sobuqingi bezenkolo yiyona ngqo imiphakathi. Yiziphi izici ezisemqoka zalesi sakhiwo? Umsebenzi wawo ubonakaliswe kanjani? Mayelana nalokhu okunye.

Ulwazi jikelele

Imiphakathi iyabizwa ukuvikela umphakathi ekuhlukunyezweni kwamandla ahlukahlukene. Isiza ukunciphisa inkohlakalo, ivimbela ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu. E-Russia, isakhiwo nemisebenzi yomphakathi isanda kuqala ukwakha. Lokhu kubonakala ngokuyinhloko ngokumemezela inkululeko namalungelo omuntu njengenani eliphakeme lomphakathi, okuyinto enquma okuqukethwe kanye nencazelo yemisebenzi yeziphathimandla. Phakathi kwezinto ezidingekayo, ngenxa yokuthi isakhiwo somphakathi saqala ukufometha, kufinyeleleka ukubiza okulandelayo:

• Ukuvela kwe-multi-party system.
• Ukuthuthukiswa kobudlelwane bemakethe.
• Ukuqaphela isimiso sokuhlanganyela kwamandla.

Uhlelo lwezenhlalo luvimbela ithonya elikhulu lomphakathi emisebenzini kahulumeni.

Imfundo:

Umphakathi - umqondo, izimpawu, isakhiwo salolu hlobo lwenhlangano yabantu - kwakuyisikhathi eside sokwakheka ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa komlando. Ngenxa yalokho, sekuyisifundo esinamandla sezenhlalakahle. Umphakathi waqala ukusebenza hhayi nje kuphela njengombuso kuphela, kodwa futhi nesakhiwo senhlalo. Ekushintsheni kobudlelwane bemakethe, kunempahla eqondile yezemfundo. Lesi sikhathi sibonakala ngokunyuka kwezenhlalakahle, ezithandanayo, kufaka phakathi izingxabano. Zonke lezi zici zinethonya elibi endleleni yokubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa komphakathi. Namuhla, izinkinga zokuqinisekisa ukuphepha komphakathi kwabantu, ukuqaliswa kwezimiso zobulungiswa ekuphathweni komphakathi, ziza phambili.

Umqondo kanye nenhloko yomphakathi

Namuhla, incazelo ichaze kakhulu okuqukethwe futhi ibhekwa njengamanani amaningi. Ngomqondo ovamile, linikeza uhlobo oluphakeme kakhulu lwenhlangano yabantu. Isakhiwo somphakathi sihlanganisa abantu, izikhungo kanye namaqembu. Bonke abaxhomeke ngokuqondile embusweni wezepolitiki. Futhi, isakhiwo somphakathi singacatshangwa ngokufushane njengenhlangano lapho kuthuthukiswa khona amasiko, ezomthetho, ezombusazwe, nezombusazwe phakathi kwabantu abakhayo. Lezi zinsuku azihambisani nombuso.

Isici

Umqondo kanye nenhloko yomphakathi ungacatshangwa ngamaphuzu amabili okubuka. Ngokuvumelana neyokuqala, leli fomu lenhlangano liyinkimbinkimbi yokuxhumana nabantu, kanye nezikhungo zenhlalo. Kulokhu, isakhiwo somphakathi sihlanganisa ukonga, isiko, imfundo, umndeni, inkolo nokunye. Ekuthuthukiseni lobu buhlobo, umbuso awuhlinzeki ngokuhlanganyela. Ngenxa yale nkimbinkimbi yokusebenzisana, amaqembu omphakathi nabantu ngabanye banelisekile ngokwezifiso zabo kanye nezidingo zabo. Umqondo womphakathi wefilosofi uveza indlela enhle yokwakheka kwamakhemikhali. Ngokuhambisana nale mbono, imfundo yezenhlalakahle iqukethe ubuntu obukhululekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele babe ne-socioeconomic, ezombusazwe, amasiko namanye amalungelo amaningi, ahlanganyele ekuphathweni komphakathi futhi angazange anelise izidingo ezihlukahlukene.

Izimiso

Baqinisekisa impilo yomphakathi. Izimiso eziyisisekelo zihlanganisa:

• Ukulingana kwenkululeko namalungelo abo bonke abantu.
• Ukuzimela komnotho kwabantu ngabanye.
• Ukuvikelwa kwezomthetho okuqinisekisiwe kwenkululeko namalungelo abantu.
• Inkululeko yabantu ekubunjweni kokunyakaza kanye namaqembu.
• Ikhono eliqinisekiswe ngokomthetho labantu ukudala izinhlangano ezizimele ngezizathu zobuchwepheshe nezithakazelo.
• Ukuhlinzekwa kwezimo ezidingekayo, kufaka phakathi izinto ezibonakalayo, ukuthuthukiswa kwamasiko, imfundo yabantu, isayensi, imfundo nezinye izinto.
• Ukuba khona kwenqubo yokuzinza ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kobudlelwane phakathi komphakathi kanye nombuso, kanye nokuphepha kwalowo owayengumdala.
• Inkululeko yemfundo kanye nemisebenzi yemidiya.

Yiziphi izici umphakathi womphakathi onayo? Yiziphi izici eziyinhloko zale fomu yenhlangano

Isici esibalulekile sale nkimbinkimbi yikhono lokulawula nokulwa nombuso. Emlandweni, kunezikhathi eziningi lapho umphakathi womphakathi unqobe amandla. I-essence kanye nesakhiwo sokwakhiwa kungenziwa endaweni ehlukile. Isibonelo, eMpumalanga lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokuvamile kubhekwa ngokuthi "amorphous", kodwa umbuso unamathuba angenamkhawulo namandla, ufinyelela kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila. Ngokuqondene neRussia, lapha, njengombuso, umbuso wawunqobe futhi uqhamuka umphakathi. I-essence kanye nesakhiwo senkimbinkimbi ihlale ingaphansi kwengcindezi ezivela eziphathimandla. Isibonelo esibangayo yisikhathi seminyaka engama-70 yobubusi bonke ezweni. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuthuthukiswa komlando sekufinyelele ekupheleni kokufa. ERussia yanamuhla, imiphakathi yabomphakathi yaqala ukubheka ngenye indlela. Intshisekelo yabonakala kuye njengomqondo wezombangazwe. Isibonakaliso somphakathi siyisifiso sokuqinisekisa inkululeko namalungelo omuntu, ukumelana nokubonakaliswa kwamandla okugunyaza. Leli fomu lenhlangano, phakathi kwezinye izinto, lingathatha ingxenye yemisebenzi kahulumeni engakwazi ukuyenza. Noma kunjalo, kuncike ngokuqinisekile kwemiphakathi yabantu emandleni. I-degree layo ixhomeke emandleni okuhlanganisa abantu ukuze banelise izidingo zabo ngokuzimela, ngaphandle kokufuna usizo kuhulumeni.

Ezinye izici

Phakathi kwezinye izimpawu zomphakathi, kufanele kuqashelwe:

• Ukwakhiwa kwezomthetho, kwamasiko, ezombusazwe, nobuhlobo bomnotho phakathi kwabantu.
• Amandla okulawula isimo.
• Ubukhona bezinqubo zokuzilawula kanye nokuzithiba.
• Ubuningi be-Pluralistic. Kubonakala emacimbini amaningi, izinhlobo zempahla, njalonjalo.
• Ukungabikho kokugqilazwa kwabantu. Emphakathini, ukuxhumana nabantu kubhekwa njengesisekelo sawo.
• Ukuthuthukiswa nokuhlukahluka kwesakhiwo, esibonisa izithakazelo ezihlukahlukene zezintambo namaqembu, ukuhlanganiswa kwentando yeningi.
• Isilinganiso esiphakeme sokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo, ukuthuthukiswa kwengqondo kwabantu, ikhono lokusebenza ngokuzimela lapho kudonsela kwenye indawo noma esinye isikhungo senkimbinkimbi.
• Umthetho.

Ngaphakathi kohlaka lomphakathi, inkululeko namalungelo amalungu ayo aqinisekiswe ngokugcwele. Eyinkimbinkimbi kukhona umncintiswano phakathi kwamaqembu. Emphakathini onempilo, amalungu ayo azinzile ngokuzikhethela, ukuqwashisa okuthuthukisiwe, ilungelo lokuthola ulwazi liyabonakala ngempela. Ukuphila kwinkimbinkimbi kusekelwe esimisweni sokusebenzisana. Lo mkhakha uhlukile kumadivayisi wombuso. Kuyo, ukusebenzisana kwenzeka ngesimiso sokubambisana, ukuzithoba okuqinile.

Izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi

Umphakathi unesakhiwo esikhethekile. Izingxenye zalo - izikhungo kanye nezinhlelo - zinikeza izimo zokwanelisa izidingo kanye nokuqaphela izithakazelo zabasebenzi kanye nabantu ngabanye. Bayakwazi ukucindezela uhulumeni, bephoqa ukuba bakhonze umphakathi. Isakhiwo - ilungiselelo langaphakathi - libonisa ukuxhumana nokuhlukahluka kwezingxenye. Iqinisekisa ukuguquguquka kanye nobuqotho bokuthuthukiswa. Njengoba isimiso sokwenza uhlelo, okwenza amandla anamandla nokuhlakanipha engxenyeni eyinkimbinkimbi, empeleni, umuntu onentshisekelo nemvelo yemvelo. Ukukhuluma kwabo kwangaphandle kuqukethe imisebenzi kanye namalungelo afakwe emthethweni. Izakhi zesakhiwo zibhekwa njengezinhlangano ezahlukene nemiphakathi yabantu, kanye nobuhlobo obuzinzile phakathi kwabo. Ukuxhumeka okuqondile nokugxilwe kwenzeka ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Isisekelo salezi zinsuku zihlangene ngokungafani okuvela ohlelweni lokuqinisekisa impilo yomphakathi. Kubo, okokuqala, ubuhlobo bomnotho. Zisekelwe esiqinisekisweni nasezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zobunikazi. Lokhu kubhekwa njengesimo esiyisisekelo senkululeko yomuntu siqu emphakathini nakwezinye izizwe. Futhi ngaphakathi kwesistimu kuthuthukiswe ubudlelwane bomphakathi kanye namasiko. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izizwe, ezihlobene nomndeni, ezenkolo nezinye izici ezinzile.

Izinga lomphakathi

Isisekelo semiphakathi yomphakathi singaba isakhiwo sezenhlalo ezihlukahlukene, ezihlukumezekile . Kubonisa ukuhlukahluka nokuchuma kwezithakazelo zamalungu amaqembu kanye nabamele abathintekayo. Indima ebalulekile ekusungulweni kwezingqungquthela zomphakathi kungokwamasiko amaningi. Kuhlanganisa zonke izingxenye zokuphila okungokomoya, kuqinisekisa ukulingana nokuhlanganyela kwabo bonke abantu emsebenzini wokudala. Ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zomphakathi kukhona ubudlelwane obuhlotshaniswa nokukhetha komuntu siqu, umehluko wezepolitiki namasiko phakathi kwamaqembu ezithakazelo.

Ekuphethweni

Ukuphila kwinkimbinkimbi akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuba khona kwamalungu ayo amakhono akhethekile namasiko. Ngaleso sikhathi kuphela umuntu angabizwa ngokuthi yisakhamuzi uma enombono wezwe ngokusekelwe komqondo wokuzimela nokuhlonipha, ukuzikhethela kanye nokuhlonipha inkululeko namalungelo abanye abantu ngokugcina ngokuqinile imithetho. Isici esingenakuhlukaniswa nakho nokuba khona kwezimiso zokuziphatha eziphakeme .