UMongameli waseColombia (uJuan Manuel Santos) - owayengumholi weNobel Peace Prize ngo-2016

Ngo-2016, uMongameli waseColombia wanikezwa umklomelo wezwe. Lokhu kwakungenxa yemisebenzi yakhe yokuqeda iMpi Yomphakathi kuhulumeni, okwahlala iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50. Wabizwa ukuthi uyinqobe yeNobel Peace Prize ekwindla.

Ulwazi jikelele mayelana nezwe

Umbuso useNingizimu Melika, engxenyeni yayo enyakatho-entshonalanga. Kuyaziwa ukuthi abantu bokuqala babehlala ensimini yezwe ngekhulu leshumi nanhlanu BC. Lawa kwakuyizizwe zabazingeli nabaqoqi.

Ekuqaleni kwenkathi yethu lapha behlala amaNdiya. Kusukela ngekhulu le-16 leminyaka, ukwakhiwa kwezwekazi laseSpain kwaqala. Inkathi yekoloni yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngo-1818, lapho uSimon Bolivar ememezela ukuzimela kwe-Colombia Enkulu.

Izwe lakhiwa ngaphansi kweGradada entsha. Kwaba khona ngo-1886, ngesikhathi uMongameli waseColombia uRafael Moledo esayina umthethosisekelo. Ukuphathwa kwedokhumenti okuhlanganisiwe okuphakathi, nezwe laphinde laqanjwa kabusha iRiphabhliki yaseColombia.

Isimo samanje

Izwe lanamuhla libizwa ngeRiphabhliki yaseColombia. Ngokuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "Isango eNingizimu Melika", njengoba amanxweme ayo ahlanza iPacific Ocean neLwandle lwaseCaribbean. Inhloko-dolobha idolobha laseB Bogota. Ikhaya labantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyishumi nanye, kuhlanganise noMongameli waseColombia.

Kusukela ngo-1964 kuleli zwe kukhona impi yombango. Kwasungulwa amaqembu amaningi ezempi, aphikisana nemibono yawo amandla. Namuhla, ezinye zezakhiwo ezihlomile ziye zaphela, kodwa kukhona nalabo abalwa empini.

Uhlelo lwezombusazwe

Inhloko yombuso, njengohulumeni, unguMongameli waseColombia. Ukhethwa iminyaka emine ngokuphindaphindiwe okungenzeka kube yikota yesibili.

Uhulumeni uqukethe iphalamende elizimele (Congress):

• I-Senate - ihlanganisa ama-102 wenjenja, okhethiwe iminyaka emine.
• Indlu Yezimele - ihlanganisa abaphathi abangu-166, abantu ababakhetha iminyaka emine.

Abongameli beRiphabhliki

Ngenxa yokuba khona kwayo, umbuso wawubuswa abaholi abaningi. AbaMongameli baseColombia (uhlu oluqukethe abamele abangaphezu kwamashumi ayisihlanu) bavame ukubusa amagama ambalwa, kodwa hhayi ngokulandelana, kodwa emva kwesikhathi.

Uhlu lwabaongameli abahola umbuso ngaphezulu kwesisodwa:

• URafael Nunez Moledo.
• Miguel Antonio.
• URafael Reyes Prieto.
• U-Alfonso López Pumarejo.
• UGustavo Rojas Pinilla.
• U-Alberto Camargo.
• UGuillermo Leon Valencia.
• Misael Pastrana Borrero.
• U-Alfonso Lopez Mikelsen.
• UJulio Cesar Ayala.
• U-Ernesto Samper Pisano.
• UJuan Manuel Santos.

Ubani umongameli wokuqala we-Colombia? Uma kubalwa kusukela ekuqaleni kwesimemezelo se-republic, iposi likaMengameli laligcinwe nguRafael Nunez Moledo. Ungumongameli wezombusazwe, intatheli, ummeli, umbhali. Uyaziwa ngokuthi ube ngumlobi wamazwi eculo leColombia.

UNunez wazalwa ngoSeptemba 25, 1825 eColombia. Wayekhonza njengejaji lesifunda ePanama, ngo-1848 wasungula iphephandaba lakhe futhi wenza imisebenzi yezombangazwe. Wayephethe izikhundla ezihlukahlukene kanye nezikhundla, wayengqongqoshe wezeziMali, idiplomate, i-consul e-Liverpool.

UNunez wabamba iqhaza ekhethweni ngo-1878, kodwa akazange anqobe. Wathatha isikhundla somongameli ngo-1880. Kwakukhona naye ukuthi ikhofi yaba ngumkhiqizo oyinhloko wokuthunyelwa kwezwe, esikhundleni sogwayi, okwakushiya ukuthandwa eYurophu ngenxa yezinga elibi.

Ngesibili uMoledo waba ngumongameli ngo-1884. Nguye owabhala izihloko eziningi ezihlobene nokuguqulwa komthethosisekelo. Ngemva kokukhethwa kabusha kabili: ngo-1887 nango-1892. UNunez washona ngo-18.09.1894.

UMongameli wanamuhla wombuso

U-Juan Juan Manuel Santos ngo-Agasti 10, 1951 eBotota. Umndeni wakhe wawuhlanganyela ezombusazwe ngezizukulwane ezingaphezu kwesisodwa. Ngakho umfowabo kayise wayeyinhloko yeColombia engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20. Yena, u-Edward Santos, wasungula waba umhleli wephephandaba elidumile. UCousin wayengu-vice-president ngaphansi kuka-Alvare Uribe.

UJuan Manuel Santos wafunda eYunivesithi yaseKansas futhi ngo-1973 waba umqeqeshi wezomnotho. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, wanikezwa i-master degree e-London School of Economics. Ngo-1981, wagcwalisa uhlelo lwekhono eKennedy School of Government, olusebenza eHarvard University.

Ukuphila kwakhe, uSantos wayeshade kabili. Umngane wakhe wokuqala wayengumqondisi nomethuli wethelevishini uSylvia Amaya Londoño. Bahlala ndawonye kusukela ngo-1987 kuya ku-1989. Owesibini okhethwe yilo mdwebi wezimboni uMaria Rodriguez Muner. Emshadweni babenamadodana amabili (uMartin no-Esteban) nendodakazi kaMaria Antonia.

Umsebenzi wezombusazwe:

• UNgqongqoshe Wezohwebo Zangaphandle;
• UNgqongqoshe Wezezimali;
• UNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela.

Kusukela ngo-2010, uSantos waqala umzabalazo wakhe wehhovisi likaMengameli, waba ngumengameli wezomongameli. Eyokuqala, umphikisi wakhe omkhulu u-Antanas Mokkusa. Ukunqoba iSantos kwakungekho amaphesenti amane evoti - wathola u-46.5%. Emjikelezweni wesibili, abangu-69.06% wabavoti bavotela umengameli wamanje.

Ngonyaka ka-2014, waphinde wakhethwa okwesikhashana. Uzoba yinhloko yombuso kuze kufike ngo-2018.

Ngo-2016, umongameli wakwazi ukuqeda iMpi Yombango, eyaqhubeka kusukela ngo-1991. Wasayina isivumelwano sokuthula neqembu eliyinhloko leqembu. Kodwa abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi leli zwe likhulu kakhulu. Kuzohlala isikhathi esingakanani, akekho owaziyo.

UMengameli wanikezwa imali eyinhloko ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi uzokwenza konke okusemandleni ukugcina ukuthula ezweni.