Umlando kanye nezinhlobo republic

Ezweni lanamuhla elisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe le republic izinhlobo zohulumeni, mhlawumbe ethandwa kakhulu ohlelweni isimo emazweni omhlaba. Kodwa luyini ngempela ingabe amelela? Yiziphi izinhlobo republic? Zama ukuqonda.

Izinhlobo republic umlando

Igama elithi ngokwalo livela lesiLatin elithi res (into) kanye Pública (jikelele). okungukuthi ngokoqobo kusho inani (umphakathi) icala. EGrisi naseRoma lasendulo, esikhathini ngempela ukuthi zikhona kwakuvamile kuyinto uwuhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni. Empeleni, kakade umkhuba yabonisa ukuthi umqondo we-republic ungaba ezihlukile, ahlotshiswe ezithile republic. Ngakho, kwakungekho okufana entandweni yeningi emzini waseGrisi. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi egcwele Polis (abantu abaye finyelela khula ophilayo kusukela ekuzalweni insimu yalo) zifanelekile ukuvota emihlanganweni isizwe-wide (ekklesia), okuyinto wakhuluma ngezinto obaluleke ngokukhethekile bese kuqokwa indikimba ebusayo - weBhodi archons.

ERoma isimo esifanayo yayikhona okuthiwa republic ahlukile lapho kuphela Izicukuthwane (patricians) wayebusa ibhola. Ngemuva kokuwa ngempucuko yasendulo kanye kumiswa imibuso ngowezizwe yaleli fomu Amadivayisi amandla it is hhayi owehla evela esigabeni yomlando, nakuba kwathiwa kude babegwedla amakhosi asendulo, futhi kamuva - the eliphelele ohlanga.

Imihlobo ehlukeneko respublik babukhona nakwa-Venice, Genoa, ezinye zithi German. Esikhathini Novgorod Rus iziyisikhombisa abalulekile kwamandla kwakungamadodana boyars, engena inkontileka nezikhulu. Sich nakho omuhle ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi Cossack republic. Kodwa imvuselelo egcwele ngempela yefomu republic kahulumeni ezenzeka ngemva Yempucuko.

ukubukwa Modern kwamiswa bedle othisha abavelele: Locke, uRousseau Hobbes. Indawo ebalulekile kuhlala umqondo okuthiwa inkontileka kwezenhlalo, okuyinto eveza umqondo wokuthi once upon a time ngokuzithandela abantu badela amanye amalungelo abo esivuna uhulumeni. Nokho, lokhu kusho i sibopho sembuso kubantu kanye kwesokudla yokugcina ukuba bavukele uma uhulumeni sihamba nohlaka lomthetho. XIX futhi XX leminyaka kwaba isikhathi ngokuwa imibuso monarchical nokumiswa yentsandvo yelinyenti - wokuqala eYurophu bese emhlabeni wonke.

Republic yesimanje: umqondo, izici, izinhlobo

Kuleli zwe lanamuhla, idivayisi okunjalo ihilela ukufundisa izakhiwo ezilandelayo eziyisisekelo:

• Ukwehlukaniswa kwamandla eqala ukudalwa eziningana amagatsha (zizimele kusukela kwenye futhi amandla ezahlukene). Lokhu izidingo isimiso njengoba okungeziwe isivikelo a usurpation igunya ngumuntu oyedwa noma iqembu labantu abanazo. Ngokuvamile, kukhona amagatsha amathathu; zomthetho (iphalamende), isigungu (uMongameli futhi iKhabhinethi of Izikhonzi) kanye zokwahlulela (eqinisweni, uhlelo kwamakhotho), kodwa kukhona ezengeziwe (abaqondiswa, luhlolo, njll) kwamanye amazwe.
• Okuphoqelekile ukhetho njalo iziphathimandla obuphakeme uMongameli ePhalamende (kwezinye izimo umongameli kungenziwa akhethwe ngokungaqondile ePhalamende).
• Setulu kweMtsetfosisekelo lwetemtsetfo isimo. umthwalo Legal phambi izikhulu somthetho.

Republic kungenzeka asephalamende kamongameli, kuye ibhalansi amandla phakathi nezikhungo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States kuba the kamongameli zakudala, lapho kumiswa olwaqalwa nguhulumeni kungokwalabo uMongameli. Imihlobo ehlukeneko republic kamongameli umelwe emazweni amaningi amazwe aseLatin America nase-Afrika. E-Italy (futhi cishe kuyo yonke indawo e-Europe), ngakolunye uhlangothi, umongameli likhethwa yiPhalamende, okusho ukuthi asizakale ekugcineni kakhulu.