Ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo inhlabathi

Inhlabathi ingcebo enkulu engokwemvelo. Linikeza isilwane izifunzo, abantu - ukudla emkhakheni zezimboni - adingekayo ukuze imikhiqizo engahluziwe impahla. Paving eyathatha amakhulu zeminyaka. Futhi namhlanje ebhekene luntfu umbuzo ngendlela efanele amazwe. Kodwa lokhu akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ulwazi isakhiwo, izakhiwo, ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo kwenhlabathi.

Umlando ekutadisheni ungqimba evundile yomhlaba

Emuva ekhulwini le-18, ososayensi waphawula ukuthi inhlabathi yakhiwa izingxenye ezahlukene. Ababonise isithakazelo esikhulu kuleli impahla uqalisiwe kamuva kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, eJalimane kusukela ngo-1879 kuya 1899 ngonyaka eshicilelwe ucwaningo kule ndawo olwenziwa Wollny futhi esikoleni sakhe. izifundo laboratory eziningi sezisungule ukwencika Izakhiwo kwenhlabathi ubukhulu izigaxa awo nothuli okuqukethwe.

Ngo-1877, usosayensi PA Kostachev waphawula ukuthi ngemva ukulima ezweni intombi basheshe wafutha, okuholela ukwehla isivuno. isakhiwo Soil kubuyiselwa kuphela ngemva Amasimu zasala ngaphansi zisetshenziswa izimila herbaceous. Lezizifundo zazibaluleke kakhulu. Zafakazela ukuthi ezolimo isimo somhlabathi ufeza ababalulekile agrotechnical.

ukunakwa okuningi sakhokhwa ungqimba phezulu inhlabathi ku 30-40-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule. Kulokhu, ososayensi enamathiselwe libaluleke isakhiwo inhlabathi ezindabeni wenzalo. Le migomo ezimbili waphakanyiselwa isikhundla bomcondvofana.

Isakhiwo inhlabathi nokubaluleka kwalo awacatshangwa ososayensi e-50-60-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule. Isizathu kwaba ukugxekwa Grassland izinhlelo. Abacwaningi laqala ukungabaza indima isimo somhlabathi ezindabeni wenzalo. Futhi ngezinye izikhathi baze ukusiphika.

Nokho, abanye ososayensi qhubeka ucwaninga kule ndawo. Futhi kukhona ivelele imisebenzi Academician V. Medvedeva. Ososayensi behlola isakhiwo inhlabathi nalokho okukushoyo usebenzisa izindlela micromorphological. Kulokhu, ayesebenzisa amathuluzi athuthukile zezibalo ngokuvumela ukuba sihlaziye bese uzindla okutholakele. Medvedev ekuyi kwaba umphumela imisebenzi eshicilelwe ngo-2008 wokulandisa isakhiwo kwenhlabathi. Kulesi umsebenzi esasiwenza ngokufingqiwe izifundo eyayifakazela ukuthi ngcono umbuso ezishisayo kanye emoyeni izingqimba engenhla umhlaba ngqo, kodwa futhi ngokungaqondile ezithinta ukukhula kwezitshalo.

Inchazelo eyisisekelo

Kuyini isakhiwo inhlabathi? Definition of the eside ebonisa ukuthi iqoqo lokubolekwa ezahlukene (izigaxa), okuyinto zingafani ubungako bawo shape. Ngayinye kulezi zingxenye siqukethe ikhemikhali oxhumene by isitshalo izimpande, humus kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. D.

Inhlabathi isakhiwo kubaluleke kakhulu. Kuyinto isici main obhekene ukuvundisa umhlaba. Ikakhulukazi ezibalulekile kubantu isakhiwo elingenhla inhlabathi umkhathizwe. Lesi sendlalelo, lapho ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo impande izitshalo. It wahlala inhlabathi eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene. Kule umkhathizwe kukhona supply izakhi namanzi adingekayo kakhulu ekukhuleni kwesihlahla nasekuvezeni. Yingakho ungqimba engenhla inhlabathi kumele babe nokulinganisela phakathi, isigaba salo ketshezi okuqinile futhi gaseous. Leli nani ngalendlela lelandzelako - 25:50:25.

Ukwahlukanisa by isimo somhlabathi

Khathizwe engenhla yomhlaba banombono ohlukile. Ziyakwazi akusenjalo takhi. Eyokuqala yalezi zinhlobo ifaka izinto granulometric kabani isimo esibonakala njengoba razdelnochastichnoe. Isibonelo esimangalisayo inhlabathi structureless kuyinto anesihlabathi. Ngo humus nobumba izinhlayiya yakhe encane. Inguquko Izinhlobo olusungulwe phakathi inhlabathi kanye structureless kwesakhiwo. Usekuxhumaneni yabo amayunithi nomunye ebuthaka kakhulu.

Inhlabathi evundile ubhekwa kwesakhiwo. It kangcono umelana umoya futhi amanzi ashaya leli dwala, futhi crumbled kalula lapho zilima. Uma indlela yokwakheka isimo somhlabathi bese unika amandla ukuze likwazi ukuthwala evundile ke inhlanganisela olinganiselayo emoyeni, ukushisa namanzi umbuso. Lokhu isici kuba nomphumela omuhle plant umsoco kanye nokuthuthukiswa izinqubo yezinto eziphilayo.

nenhlabathi Non-ehlelekile akuzona kahle ukwazi amunca amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, namadreni imvula emazweni anjalo ibe imbangela ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi. Air namanzi nenhlabathi abanjalo bangabaphostoli abantu abamelene nani. Imvula ukuwa ungashiyi ezifana ezweni khathizwe umswakama. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa olunzulu capillary ukuvelela amanzi. Inhlabathi eyomile kakhulu. Izitshalo kulokhu ehluleka ukunikeza ngabo uketshezi xaxa kanye nezakhi. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, sibukela nge nenhlabathi structureless kungenzeka ukuthola isivuno eliphezulu. Nokho, lokhu kuzodinga umsebenzi njalo usekela amasu zezolimo ezingeni eliphezulu.

Ukwakheka kumiswa inhlabathi

I engenhla umkhathizwe izwe liba efanelekayo ukuphila isitshalo ngaphansi kwethonya izinqubo ezimbili ezenzeka kanyekanye. Ngakho, ukwakheka isimo somhlabathi senzeka ngumuntu mechanical ngokwahlukana ungqimba lokubolekwa kokuba ezihlukile nobukhulu. Inqubo yesibili langaphakathi ekubumbeni isakhiwo nezakhiwo izinto wathola.

ososayensi Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukwakheka isimo somhlabathi, kungenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya zamakhemikhali, physico-chemical, izici zokwakheka kanye physico-lokukhanda.

Ngakho, ukwakheka aggregate kwenzeka ne desiccation alternation futhi humidification, ukuqanda incibilikiswa. Ukwakheka kanye nezinguquko isimo somhlabathi bedle izilwane ezibalulekile burrowing kusukela ukucindezela kwendikimba izimpande ezikhulayo. Shintsha izakhiwo ungqimba phezulu inhlabathi kanye okusezingeni eliphezulu machining ensimini izibhamu.

Futhi, ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo kwenhlabathi kuncike khona nemiyo ingcina. Ngokuvamile kukhona colloids humic. Lezo zinto olukwazi ukushintsha isakhiwo coagulation kwenhlabathi ku amanzi nemithi. Lesi sici incike inani humus, isakhiwo mechanical, ikhono ukugcina futhi zimunce amanzi futhi yiso kwamanzi capillary. Ngemva imvula ezweni esinjalo ayakhekanga uqweqwe, okuyinto kunciphisa supply oxygen izimpande lalezi zimbali ezikhula.

nenhlabathi esindayo

Ngokusho oyiyo mechanical evundile lihlukaniswe by udaka futhi loam, loam sandy and Peat. Indlela ukuchaza kubo? Mechanical yokwakheka nenhlabathi wahlola ku amasampula. inhlabathi izinhlayiya ethathwe ezindaweni eziningana emkhathizwe engenhla, okwenza kube ikhefu 20 cm. Amasampula babaziwa kanjalo ngaleso ezixutshanisiwe futhi oswakanyiswe kumuntu inhlama amanzi avamile. Uma uthola ibhola, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuthi unikezele ngezinsizakalo intambo, phansi kungokwalabo loam sandy. Ngo omnene ukwenza izenzo kungenzeka mhlaba labizwa ngokuthi loam. Futhi endabeni lapho ibhola iphuma out kusukela intambo, okuyinto ke okuhlanganisiwe indandatho, bebhekisela kukho ngokuthi emhlabathini webumba. Lolu hlobo lwe-ungqimba olimekayo kubhekwa esindayo. Lezi nenhlabathi abe kwabantu ephakeme kanye viscosity. Ziyakwazi kulula banamathelane futhi kunzima inqubo, ayeyisebenzisa ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi igama layo.

Phakathi ukumba ubumba umhlabathi akusho sidilike. It yakha Clumps esikhulu okunzima ukuba nihlukane nechobozekile. Uma umhlaba njengelifa lawo lapho belima noma mtshele ulale ke wonke umsebenzi uyofika lutho. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile futhi abhuqe banamathelane. Inkambu kuyodingeka alime futhi.

Siyini isizathu ngokuziphatha okunjalo nenhlabathi esindayo? It is ezihlobene sakhiwo izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu ekuhlanganisweni okuyinto shiya phakathi kwabo isikhala esincane.

compaction High ubumba umhlabathi iba imbangela breathability abo ampofu. Lokhu, kuholela yokuthi izimpande izitshalo ayanikezelwa yomoya-mpilo engasetshenziswa ngokwanele. Futhi ukufinyelela elilinganiselwe emoyeni ukuze izilokazane ezincane ezihlala kulezi nenhlabathi. Inani elincane-mpilo kubambezela inqubo noqhekeko izinto eziningi eziphilayo ukuze imikhiqizo yokugcina nokucekelwa. Lokhu kwenza engenayo inhlabathi evundile, asikwazanga afake ziintjalo ukuze ikhule udaba eziphilayo. Yingakho kukhona ukuphila sokubuza begazi ezingqimbeni nobumba. Ezinye izingxenye la mazwe ngisho ngokuthi afile. Abanawo okuthuthuke imvelo microbiological.

Spressovanoy aggregate inhlabathi izinhlayiya lihlotshaniswa isici kwezwe njengakuqala permeability yabo. Umkhathizwe Ubumba ayakhekanga athuthukile capillary uhlelo. Yingakho ngabo ezimbi sihamba umswakama. Izimpande izitshalo emasimini anjalo kwakubucayi ungathola amanzi amaningi adingekayo etimphilweni tabo.

Ngo nenhlabathi esindayo kukhona esinye isici ezimbi. Uma amanzi iqoqa kuzo, khona-ke aluphumeleli zibe izingqimba engezansi emkhathizwe nobumba. amavolumu Obalulekile bahlale ukukhula kohlelo impande izitshalo, okuholela kwamazinyo yayo.

Akekho ongalichaza bathi isakhiwo best of inhlabathi ubumba. Futhi lokhu kuqinisekiswa ebhukuda ungqimba olimekayo emvuleni. Falling amathonsi ukuzobhidliza lokubolekwa elincane inhlabathi. ukudlula Clay izigaxa tincenye ezincane kancane oncibilikayo emanzini. Slurry ewumphumela uvalwe kakhulu sibopha inhlabathi aggregates. Ngemuva omiswe emasimini anjalo imbozwe okuqinile futhi obukhulu kakhulu uqweqwe nokukhawulela Ukungena komoya-mpilo, umswakama kanye ukukhanya amasistimu impande izitshalo. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi "phansi kukhonkolo." Isenzo sokuphuma kwelanga kuholela ngokuhlaziya zenhlabathi, isakhiwo lapho ngenxa yalesi sizathu kuyinto obukhulu nakakhulu.

Yebo, ubumba nenhlabathi abacebile izakhi trace namaminerali. Nokho, izitshalo abakwazi ukuzisebenzisa ngokugcwele. Iqiniso lokuthi uhlelo impande ezingase zimuncwe yizitshalo kuphela labo izakhi asesimweni ziyoncibilika futhi umkhiqizo ekupheleni ukucutshungulwa amagciwane abe nenkani. Clay umhlabathi kahle kakhulu amanzi permeability. They are phofu empilweni yemvelo. Lokhu kuthinta ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento evamile isitshalo umsoco.

ezithela okuphansi ku kula mazwe kuwumphumela yokuthi izingqimba ubumba ngenxa kwabantu bayo, kahle ukufuthelana ngu imisebe yelanga. Ezindaweni ezinzima kakhulu wezolimo ahlale unheated ngesikhathi ehlobo.

Ukuthuthukisa nenhlabathi esindayo

Ukuze evamile isivuno emasimini nobumba inhlabathi kumele kube isakhiwo okuxekethile kakhudlwana futhi lumpy. Kuphela ngale ndlela kuzodala izimo ezikahle kakhulu ekukhuleni kwesihlahla nasekuvezeni. Indlela ngcono isimo somhlabathi, okuyinto kubhekwa ezinzima? Lokhu kungenzeka nge entry njalo inhlabathi Uzithukululile yokuxhumanisa izingxenye. Kungenzeka Peat noma isihlabathi, lime noma umlotha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudala izimo ezikahle ze ukukhula kwezitshalo kudingeka umanyolo. Lezi zingxenye kuzodala enhlabathini bese evamile yemvelo ukukhula ophansi.

Ukuthuthukisa isimo somhlabathi ngokuya umthamo amanzi kungenzeka uma wenza ke isihlabathi. Lokhu kuzokwenza kanyekanye ukwandisa conductivity ezishisayo kwenhlabathi esindayo. Emva inqubo sandsing ubumba khathizwe sekuqala ukufudumala ngokushesha zome futhi ulungele kucutshungulwe.

nenhlabathi Khanyisa noma sandy

Ngenxa yalezi khathizwe zinezikhathi Ingxenye ongaphakeme izinhlayiya zobumba. Umqulu eyinhloko inhlabathi kuthatha esihlabathini. nengcosana kuphela atholakala humus.

nenhlabathi Sandy kungukuthi ize ngokuthi emaphashini. Ngemva sibanikeze ilula. Futhi lokhu uthanda isimo somhlabathi luyimbudumbudu. Ngenxa wakhe, lezi khathizwe nemanti okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi umoya permeability. Noma kunjalo, zithambekele ukuguguleka komhlabathi kanye abakwazi ukugcina umswakama ngongqimba yabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nenhlabathi sandy akuzona kuphela kahle sekuqala ukufudumala. Babuye selehlile ngokushesha okukhulu.

Kodwa hhayi kuphela ngakho ngeke ukwazi ukusho ukuthi okungcono inhlabathi sakhiwo anesihlabathi. Kulezi khathizwe ukuphila abampofu begazi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuntuleka umswakama kanye nezakhi ezincane abahlala kulezi nenhlabathi.

Thuthukisa inhlabathi sandy

enhlabathini ukukhanya ukwenza njalo nokuxhuma uphawu izingxenye ukukhiqiza isivuno esihle. Ukuthuthukiswa isimo somhlabathi ezibangelwa emaphashini, kuba nokwenzeka ngokuxuba ngayo Peat noma silty zokwakheka Frass noma ubumba. Lokhu uyogcwalisa ikhule ezimbotsheni phakathi ngangezinhlayiya zesihlabathi. Futhi ukuvela indawo evumela simila begazi uzodinga ukwethulwa humus kanye umquba.

Ikakhulukazi nenhlabathi sandy kumele kubhekwe udaba zikamanyolo nokunonophala. nenhlabathi Khanyisa ziyadlula kahle ngokusebenzisa umswakama ukuthi ageze kuzo zonke izici ewusizo. Yingakho Umanyolo kulezi Amasimu ukusebenzisa kuphela okusheshayo ngibenze kaningi, kodwa amavolumu ezincane.

inhlabathi isilinganiso

Loamy umhlaba yiwona evumayo kakhulu kwezolimo futhi ingadi. Sinenkosi okungcono inhlabathi isakhiwo, lapho umehluko amanga lumpiness okusanhlamvu. Ukwakheka inhlabathi futhi okuqinile, ngokwanele izinhlayiya esikhulu, futhi enhle dusts izingxenye. Land emasimini anjalo Kulula kakhulu ukusingatha. Ngemva kokulima indima ebonakalayo bona ningabi onomfutho futhi ingeyona Clumps okuqinile.

Ngo loamy nenhlabathi eningi amaminerali kanye nezakhi ezondla umzimba, bohlu lozalo okuyinto inxephezelwa ngokusebenzisa izilokazane ezincane asebenzayo. nenhlabathi okunjalo abe okusezingeni eliphezulu emoyeni permeability namanzi. Ziyakwazi kahle kugcina umswakama, kanye ngokushesha futhi nombala wotha elangeni. Ngenxa hydration onokulinganisela loam zigcinwe lokushisa njalo.

Ngcono enhlabathini isilinganiso

Ukuze alondoloze supply izakhi ezingeni elifanele, loamy lezemihlaba kumele kube njalo umquba. amaminerali noma organic umquba engeziwe kukhona ngenjongo ngemva isimo olimekayo ukuhlaziywa ukuthethwa kwecala.