Ukuzifihla Zelinsky: incazelo, umlando indalo kanye nokubuyekeza

Ukwamukelwa "amabhomu ezinukayo" noma izikhali zamakhemikhali impi elihlobene ne-ukuhlasela German at Ypres ngo-1915. Khona-ke, 170 amathani chlorine sakhishwa, ke wahlupheka kuze kufinyelele abantu abayizinkulungwane 15 balahlekelwa amasosha acishe abe ngu 5000 yebutho French. Nge kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala nokusungulwa ihlobene izindlela jikelele isivikelo nezikhali zamakhemikhali, ngokufanelekile kungokwalabo Russia. Lokhu imaski Zelinsky. Umgomo we operation futhi isebenze namalahle birch ivikela kakade ukuthi isizukulwane amasosha Russian futhi uyaqhubeka ukusindisa izimpilo, hhayi kuphela e impi kodwa futhi nenkathi yokuthula.

nezindaba kuqala

Imibuzo amagugu zomlando ukuphayona evulekile namuhla. Ngempela, uProfesa kanye umsunguli we igesi imaski Zelinskiy Nikolay Dmitrievich (1861 - 1953) ithathwa njengoba ihlanganyela ekuziphatheni okubi ngokobulili ukuvikela igunya lokwenza wakhe wokusungula, eqinisweni, basungula indlela chloropicrin sishaye - omunye ejenti enobuthi lapho yaze yaphela impi lingabacindezeli. Futhi uma phakathi kwekhulu XX umbuzo Russian igesi imaski ubuqhawe okusungulile (imaski Zelinsky - Kummanta) kwaba luyingxenye yamaSoviet, namuhla usezuze ukubaluleka zezemfundo. Futhi cabanga ukuthi suit ngokumelene isifo imaski Venetian umbuzo prototype bokukhuluma.

Umlando yokuvikela: impi nokuthula

Kunobufakazi bokuthi yabavukuzi yaseGrisi yasendulo esetshenziswa buso nge lemifanekiso amakhambi omisiwe. Arab Ama-Banu Musa bazalwane, izazi ezivelele Baghdad IV ngekhulu, ukuvimbela ubuthi abasebenzi ngesikhathi ukumba emithonjeni. Baklama umshini lobuchwepheshe kuyafana buso. Kwakuthinta Ithungelwe imaski nge lemifanekiso esikhundleni. Nakuba izinto isihlungi nazo yenziwa ngamagxolo usuwomile, babethatha kade iyafana yesimanje ukuvikelwa amakhemikhali izindlela.

NgeNkathi Ephakathi, ne ukuvela umqedazwe zezinhlupho kubhubhane kanye nokuthuthukiswa isifundiso miasms (imfuyo ephikisana abantu) kanye CONTAG (izinhlayiya anobuthi ayihambi ngokusebenzisa isikhumba futhi ukuphefumula), kukhona Venetian ikhithi Anti. Lokhu nejazi nezincwadi amagilavu ofakwe itiyela, futhi "uqhwaku", esemgwaqweni ngaphakathi isitshalo izihlungi.

Ngo 1799 kwakukhona imaskhi sika-Alexander von Humboldt, ukuhlunga kanye ukuhlanzwa yamagesi okwami kanye nokuvikela izisebenzi zasemayini.

Kodwa-patent lokuqala buso igesi wanikwa Lewis Haslett e 1849 e eKentucky, eU.SA. ama-apharathasi ohloselwe abavukuzi isihlungi wakhonza Indwangu aminyene uvolo, ukuphefumula valve elinikeziwe.

Lapho Dome eyayibhalwe ka Cathedral St u-Isaka 1838 e Saint - Petersburg wabulala amakhosi angu-60, abazange londoloza buso Pipe. Bakhandwa ezenziwe ngengilazi nge hose sabo futhi kwadingeka ukuba bavikelekile mercury ububi ngentukuthelo. Kodwa design engakaze uphawu, nokuthi ombangela ubuthi abasebenzi.

Yamalahle njengenhlangano adsorbent

John Stengauz ngo-1854 wasungula wokuphefumula, okuyinto yaba isikhungo esiyinhloko adsorbent namalahle. Kwakuyisikhathi imaski ezimbili ungqimba, okuyinto wabekwa phakathi zamatshe sorbent - namalahle powder.

Hlobanisa UMikhail Lomonosov, academician we-Russian Academy of Sciences Iogann Tobias Lovitz ezihlongozwayo ukusetshenziswa birch namalahle ngoba umshini ohlanza amanzi, ukuvikelwa abolile inyama.

sokunconywa Zelinsky sika ukuthi uJehova waqale lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi kadoti carbon isebenze - carbon lenyuka adsorption umthamo. A amalahle walungisa ngokukhethekile kuyinto 1,500 sq. amamitha surface ukungena nakwamanye amazwe ukuze 1 isentimitha cubic.

Adsorbent plus yobunzima imaski alinganayo Zelinsky

Umlando waleli kusho of ukuvikelwa amakhemikhali ahlanganiswa elinye igama, ngokufanelekile baba isihloko wesibili e-buso igesi - Emond Kummanta, technologist ifektri "Triangle".

UK Patent inike igunya lokwenza Emond Kummantu kokusungulwa imaskhi yokuqala. Lokho imaski kuyinto Friend kanye ivaliwe ebusweni wabasindisa ayengakaze ahlangane nabo ezinobuthi esikhumbeni.

Positional impi lingabacindezeli ophoqelelwe isitha ukufuna izindlela zempi nokusetshenziswa ezinobuthi. Injongo eyinhloko ukufuna isivikelo, kuhlanganise nezisefo jikelele nokunokwethenjelwa imaski zokuzivikela. Kwaba enjalo khambi iye uthathwa buso.

Ukuzifihla Zelinsky: isakhiwo

Kwakukhona prototypes ezintathu - Petrograd, eMoscow futhi esemthethweni.

Eyokuqala, ngo-1915, wangenela inkonzo Petrograd imaski iphethini. Isigqoko evunule kwi unxande ibhokisi imaski kokuba ezimbili phansi ibhokisi usayizi 200: 80: 50 kwangu. phansi Lower nge phezulu livalwa nge kukakhokho emlonyeni engenhla efanayo soldered, kodwa ephakeme. Phakathi kwazo kunane-anezikhala lensimbi ungqimba gauze nhlangothi zombili. Phakathi pad gauze wabekwa 3-6 mm luyimbudumbudu ocushiwe carbon. Hlunga umqulu lalingama-700 cc. cm, ubude - 174 mm. Ibhokisi ukuvikela cap tin. The Mask khona ibhokisi orange isananyathiselwe tape.

isampula eMoscow wangenela inkonzo ngo-1916 futhi kwaba ibhokisi ezincane nge kobujamo obusaqanda. Umthamo lemifanekiso carbon baba 1,000 cubic ngamasentimitha.

Nokho, ukuhlolwa luye lwabonisa nesidingo sokwenza ngcono. Futhi kwakukhona inguqulo wesithathu imaskhi Zelinsky - uhlobo breech anti-gas isitshalo. Wayengumuntu kancane emifushane kwalowo odlule, nge ibhokisi okweqanda.

Ukuhlola amadivayisi

I-Russian igesi ibutho imaski Zelinsky - Kummanta uvele ubusika 2016. Phakathi neminyaka emibili yokuboshwa empini Russia bukhicite izingcezu angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-11 yokuvikela idatha.

Approbation imaski Zelinsky okwenzeka enkundleni yempi ka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ukuhlolwa abaqondiswa umfundi N. D. Zelinskogo UNikolai Shilov. Nguye liphakanyiswe UProfesa egqinsiwe carbon zokuhlunga. Yena ungumnikazi futhi ukuhlaziywa ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle ukuvikelwa amakhemikhali laboratories mobile, kanye nenhlangano izikole ngoba izisebenzi yebutho Russian, okuyinto eyenziwa ukusetshenziswa zokuzivikela ukuqeqeshwa imishini - imaski Zelinsky. Umlando ikufakazele ukubaluleka kwalezi izikole kanye nokuntula usizo nabo ngokusebenzisa umyalo.

Ngebuhle nebubi

The kungenzeka ihlanze umoya kusukela ezintweni ezahlukene esinobuthi, ukutholakala kombhalo adsorbent ekahle - okutholakele esichazayo ukuthi wenza lo profesa ND Zelinsky. Wokuphefumula eyasungulwa ngesikhathi nesenzakalo babengenalo analogs asendabeni umswakama. Kunohlobo olusha ukuhlunga igesi imaski isiRashiya kwakuwulimi ungakhululekile kakhulu kodwa ngempumelelo.

The Mask lokuqala Zelinsky kwaba nezihibe. Lezi zihlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo:

• Ngo zilwe isimo imaski ibhokisi ukugxambukela ukuzungeza ikhanda;
• Ngaphambi ukusebenzisa, kwaba khona isidingo sezisebenzi okwesikhathi ingashiswa, okuyinto kwawukhinyabeza sigqoka.
• Misting, okwenza Orienteering nzima;
• ukulalela Ukwehliswa ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento sokunikeza iziyalezo ngocingo;
• amasosha Ukungafundwa Russian abangakwazanga ufunde imiyalelo ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa.

Buso of empini

Amazwe - kubahlanganyeli impi lingabacindezeli akazange ame ngaphandle uzama ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokuvikeleka zamakhemikhali. imaski French Jules Tissot, isibonelo, kuhlaziywe amakhilogremu angaphezu kwamane, ibhokisi wabekwa emuva, futhi mfutho isinyathelo soda caustic, exutshwe ukhuni uvolo nensimbi imvuthuluka. Konke lokhu kwaba ayegcwele ngensipho, glycerin namafutha ocolisekileyo.

Namuhla, sibonelo igesi imaski yesimanje ubhekwa eBritish igesi imaski isampula kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ngokubukeka, ngempela njenge-okulingana yesimanje. Kodwa akekho British, noma isiFulentshi, futhi amaJalimane esetshenziswa njengoba absorber carbon. umbimbi British Russia ngo-1916 wacelwa ukuba uyithumele ezinhlanu igesi buso Zelinsky - Kummanta ukuhlola. Bemithi Britain babengakholelwa sezindawo ukumuncwa birch namalahle. Kodwa ngemva kokuhlola ukusebenza kwalezi amadivaysi, oMfelandawonye asikwazanga ukushaya UProfesa Zelinsky.

Ngokuthakazelisayo futhi iqiniso lokuthi amakhambi ezakhiwa for amahhashi. Kwakubukeka ethakazelisa kakhulu.

Wathola i-indlela yakhe uSolwazi

Chemical Committee Empire Russian bafaka sicelosikhalo emhlanganweni okhethekile ukuze umklomelo lo profesa ngoba indlela yakhe ukuthi isixwayiso kwasindisa izinkulungwane zabantu. Nokho, le ndaba njengabangelutho, futhi akusona isiphelo. UProfesa Zelinsky ayizange ithole ruble eyodwa uhulumeni waseRussia i-buso igesi Zelinsky. Uprofesa Umlando, akuzange wathola igunya lokwenza carbon isihlungi layo eliyingqayizivele, futhi yokunqaba yokuqokela uMklomelo KaNobel futhi phezu. Kodwa wakhe co-umbhali, umbhali we lobunikazi imaski E.Kummant usayine isivumelwano ne ifektri "Triangle" futhi wathola amasenti angu-50 iyunithi izimpahla zithunyelwe ngamasosha ngamunye - ekomidini yezimboni Russia. Ukuzifihla Zelinsky wenza isicebi Emond Kummanta.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi eRussia akukho lesikhumbuzo ukuze UProfesa ND Zelinskii, nakuba igama lakhe kuthiwa Institute e St - Pererburge.

Isebangeni, ukuthi ukudalwa buso owaqala ngokuvukela yethula inkonzo yamakhemikhali impi ejenti. Lesi sitatimende eyiphutha. Izindlela sokuqala Ukuvikelwa yasungulwa izinjongo zokuthula futhi emva yayisetshenziswa empini. Kuvikelwa odokotela nabahlengikazi, ube ukusetshenziswa ukuze kuvikeleke abasebenzi mbeni izinto eziyingozi - lawa eziseqhulwini iyiphi imisebenzi yocwaningo.