Ukuphepha etifundvweni-chemistry: imithetho yokuziphatha kulolu cwaningo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali abafundi

School. yabafundi abahluphayo. Ngisho esikoleni esiphakeme, izingane ukuhlala nezingane. Ngakho-ke, ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kufanele ikhokhwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bayahambisana nomthetho obizwa nge imithetho yokuphepha kwamakhemikhali izifundo, ngoba lesi sifundo imisebenzi nge imithi enobungozi kanye reagents.

imithetho yokuphepha eklasini-chemistry izingane zifundiswa ekuqaleni ajwayelane isihloko esisha. Futhi unyaka wonke esikoleni ngoba indlela abafundi babo bagcine, uthisha obhekene.

Indlela uzilungiselele ukufunda esifundweni-chemistry?

Ngo-laboratory, lapho ucwaningo abazenzi, nsuku saziso kufanele kube zosizo lokuqala nigcwalisiwe ngokwazi konke imithi edingekayo engasetshenziswa ukunikeza usizo lokuqala for ukulimala etholwe abafundi. Ngaphezu usizo kits yokuqala, igumbi kumele ifakwe mlilo futhi uqiniseke isihlangu.

Ngaphambi uthisha ekilasini kumele ubambe ukuqeqeshwa ukuphepha eklasini kwamakhemikhali. Futhi, kanye ngenyanga, abafundi kudingeka ukuthatha ukuhlolwa ulwazi imithetho yokuphepha kulolu cwaningo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Imfundo kanye offset idatha ezilotshwe bokuphepha iphephabhuku ekhethekile kwamakhemikhali amakilasi. Umfundi ngamunye kufanele asayine, okubonisa ukuthi ujwayelene imithetho futhi uyavuma ukuba sizigcine.

Okudingekayo ukuthi ifakwa phambili ukuvikelwa siqu abafundi

Ekuhloleni laboratory isebenza ngezinye izikhathi abekwe alkalis futhi acid, amagesi noma nezinye izinto ezingase zibe yingozi. Vele usebenzise ezahlukene Ukushisa Imishini kanye glassware. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ingozi yokulimala kakhulu, uma bengenayo athobele zokuphepha izifundo chemistry imithetho yokuziphatha ehhovisi.

Ukuze wenze lokhu, uthisha kanye nabafundi ngokwabo kufanele ngokugcwele ivikelwe uma eziphuthumayo. Okokuqala izingubo kufanele ivikeleke ijazana lasebusuku esandleni - amagilavu iraba, iso izibuko zabo zisitshekelwe. Shoes kufanele futhi ukhululekile futhi ezingokoqobo. Akuvunyelwe High Heels noma nge yedwa beya.

Zonke izivivinyo kumele kwenziwe ngokuqinile in the lab. Akunakusetshenziswa alikwazi kubo ezindaweni ukuthi ayifanele ucwaningo. Ngaphambi kokuqala amakilasi, ikakhulukazi umsebenzi laboratory, udinga ngokucophelela hlola isimo yonke imishini, kanye ukukhumbuza kumele athobele kanjani nge ukuphepha kwamakhemikhali amakilasi. Ukuze abafundi ukuqeqeshwa iwukuba yazi nezinjongo umsebenzi.

Kwenzakalani uma umfundi ekilasini-chemistry i- ukuphepha?

Ngesikhathi sokuhlola, kungase kwenzeke isimo engalindelekile. Cabanga ngalo icala okuyisibonelo. Schoolboy ekhohliwe ukuvala tube ne reagent washiya ke evulekile etafuleni. Yini engenzeka kulesi simo?

Khona-ke imicimbi elandelayo kungenzeka:

• I reagent kungaba shabalala, kuyilapho likhipha i nephunga ezingemnandi, ezingaholela amabombo ubuhlungu.
• Intuthu angangena ipheshana zokuphefumula siyingi kubangele ubuhlungu noma okunoshevu anobuthi.
• Glassware kungaba phenduka, futhi isixazululo - uthole izingubo noma isikhumba sakho umfundi, okuyinto igcwele nemiphumela ezifana ukuthungela zokugqoka noma ushise.

Ubani kungavunyelwa ukuthi asebenze cwaningo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali?

Qaphelisisani imithetho yokuphepha eklasini-chemistry kufanele ubani ehhovisi, ngaphandle kokukhetha. Ukuze usebenze nge reagents bavunyelwe ukuvuma abantu Usufike engu-18 ubudala futhi baye badlula lapho ngihlolwa, ikakhulukazi ukusabela iguliswa imithi kuphela.

Abantu ababeka bavunyelwa ukuba basebenze, kumele ngokucophelela ukuphepha ekuhloleni i-chemistry, kanye nemisebenzi yansuku zonke.

Iyini imiphumela yanoma yimuphi non-ukuhambisana TB?

Kungakhathaliseki sebenzisa ukuphepha izifundo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali, namanje izimo ezingalindelekile zenzeka.

• Burns ngenxa ye reagents contact nge nesikhumba noma namehlo.
• ukusha Thermal amalahle amadivayisi, noma ilangabi kuvulekile amalahle reactants e umfuma.
• Cuts amathuluzi laboratory at ukusetshenziswa kwabo zokunganaki.
• Anobuthi evala elinobuthi, uma usetshenziswa ngokungalungile.
• Burns lapho umlilo eyalandela ngesikhathi operation abanganaki Ukushisa Imishini.
• Phakathi ukusebenzisa kabi izinto zikagesi kungaba ukushaqeka eqinile kagesi.

Imithetho yokuziphatha ekuhloleni i-chemistry, okuyinto edingekayo ukuze afeze abafundi

Njengoba kulolu cwaningo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali has inqwaba ayingozi, sebenzisa lokhu okulandelayo:

• Okokuqala kumelwe sikhumbule ukuthi abafundi ngabe yikuphi hhayi kungaba ehhovisi ngaphandle uthisha chemistry.
• Abafundi noma kunjalo abavunyelwe ukusebenza laboratory.
• Chemistry iKhabhinethi ukuba ingasetshenziswa kuphela inhloso yazo futhi kunoma isiphi isimo akufanele akhishwe amaqembu enwetshiwe wosuku, kanye izifundo kokuqhuba kwezinye izifundo.
• Ngemva kwamahora angu-e cwaningo-chemistry abafundi abenza mug noma yokuqokwa kwamakhemikhali uvunyelwe kuphela.
• Kunoma ikuphi akuvumelekile ukudla ekuhloleni chemistry izingubo.
• Kumele kube khona kulolu cwaningo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali hood ;
• Wonke umuntu ngubani ehhovisi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali, kumele bagqoke siqu imishini zokuzivikela: ingubo, amagilavu, amagogolo, iphinifa. Ijazana lasebusuku ngempela inkinobho kuphela ngaphambili, cuffs kakhulu, kumele ziboshelwe izinkinobho, elingenamikhono eside kufanele kube ngezansi ngamadolo.
• Sula izinto zokuvikela, ezisetshenziswa ekuhloleni i-chemistry, ngokuhlukile lonke izingubo nelineni.
• Wonke umuntu ngubani ehhovisi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali, kudingeka bagcine sinemikhuba emihle yenhlanzeko futhi ungasebenzisi izihloko zabanye abantu.
• Esifundweni yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali kumelwe abe isihlangu umlilo futhi ibhokisi esihlabathini futhi mlilo.
• Ngo laborantskoy kufanele ibe ikhithi zokuqala zosizo, sikuhlomele ngokuphelele ngemithi sosizo lokuqala.
• Wonke umuntu ngubani ehhovisi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali, kufanele uqaphele lapho unogada umlilo kuqala zosizo.
• Esimeni esiphuthumayo okokuqala udinga ukwazisa abaphathi school.
• Wonke umuntu ngubani ehhovisi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali, kudingeka sazi ukuthi singaphila kanjani ukugcina nokuphepha-chemistry izifundo esikoleni, obusa sokusingatha reagents futhi izinto zikagesi, ezisetshenziswa esifundweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuntu kufanele ugcine emsebenzini ahlanzekile.
• Ngempela ehhovisi kufanele ifakwe "Ukuphepha Corner", okuyinto kufanele ibe yonke imithetho yokuziphatha eklasini kwamakhemikhali.

Abafundi abangafuni zithobele imithetho yokuziphatha ekuhloleni i-chemistry, noma uma ungahambisani ukuphepha ekuhloleni i-chemistry, kukhona unswinyo kwezigwegwe ngokuhambisana nemithetho yangaphakathi lokungaziphathi kahle. Futhi, ngokufanele, kuzothatha udumo ngenxa yokushintsha ukuqinisekiswa nolwazi ngezokuphepha okungavamile.

Izidingo Eziyisisekelo yokwamukelwa ukusebenza kulolu cwaningo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali

Ukusebenza ehhovisi labafundi-chemistry kungavunyelwa kuphela uma izidingo ezilandelayo zihlangabezwa:

• Ngaphambi kokuthi uqale, kudingeka pholisa igumbi ukugwema ubuthi kwenzeke intuthu reagents.
• Gqoka zonke izinto zokuzivikela ukugwema reagent contact nge isikhumba namehlo.
• ukulungiselela ngokucophelela yonke imishini edingekayo ukuhlola.

Indlela zithobele imithetho yokuphepha ngenkathi usebenza?

Umfundzisi kufanele kuqala ukufundisa abafundi ukulandela imithetho embalwa ngenkathi usebenza:

• Lapho usebenza endaweni yokucwaninga kuzomele sifake endaweni umsebenzi ohlanzekile.
• Kunoma yikuphi akufanele kube ukuzama ukunambitheka reagents futhi reagent ukuphefumula evala ngokujulile.
• ukusingatha kakhulu ngokucophelela reagents ukugwema isikhumba contact.
• Qinisekisa ukuthi izitsha ucwaningo ukuthi zazihlanzekile oyinyumba.
• Zonke izitsha amakhemikhali kufanele kumakwe;
• Flasks nge reagents kumele kuthathwe esandleni, kokulandela imithetho. Okungukuthi, ngesandla esisodwa ukuthatha Intamo, Gcila etidzingweni yesibili phansi.
• Ngokumpontshelwa izihlanzi zanoma izitsha endishini, qiniseka ukuthi ilebula wokugubha zibheke phezulu.
• Lezi zinsalela ziyavezwa ukuthi sihlanzwe reagent entanyeni ware kuphela emaphethelweni umfuma, elithululelwa reagent
• Uma usebenzisa pipette, noma kunjalo ayikwazi ukubandakanya reagents ngomlomo.
• reactants okuqinile kufanele athathwe kuphela esebenzisa akhe noma namanye amadivayisi ezikhethekile.
• Phakathi amalahle reagents noma kunjalo asikho isidingo ukuvula isidlo entanyeni noma abheke ngaphakathi kuwo.
• Kungenzeka kungavunyelwa ukucwila reagents futhi acid, yonke imfucumfucu eqoqwe esitsheni akhethekile.
• Akunakusetshenziswa ungethele izitsha zabo ngoba ucwaningo.
• Abafundi kufanele ikhishwe reagents kuphela isamba ezidingekile ukuhlolwa.

Iziphi izenzo aphethwe ngemva kwesikole

Ngemva kokusebenza e-laboratory abafundi kumele ulungiselele isifundo ngokuba bamakhemikhali abasha olandelayo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kumele enze lokhu:

• Kuphoqelekile ukususa emsebenzini.
• Ukusingathwa likhanyelwe ibe isidlo esikhethekile mayelana nokulahla.
• Susa umsebenzi izingubo nezimpahla zokuzivikela;
• Geza izandla ngensipho namanzi.
• Vula amawindi neminyango ukupholisa.

Yini okudingeka uyenze ngesikhathi isimo esiphuthumayo?

Uma ngesikhathi ukusebenza namanje wahileleka engozini futhi umuntu okulinganiswa reagent abalimala ithuluzi zamakhemikhali noma kwakukhona enye into, isenzo kufanele kube:

• Uma umkhumbi iphahlazeka, doti bugcogcwe ngosizo lwezinto okhethekile le njongo.
• reagents ezichithekile isuswe ngokuhambisana nezidingo zokuphepha.
• Uma uketshezi elichithwayo laboratory, oluvuthayo, kufanele kube ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze uqale kabusha futhi ngokushesha uyobiza umnyango umlilo,
• Endabeni ukulimala wazise Directorate esikoleni, uma kunesidingo - ukubiza usizo oluphuthumayo.

I zosizo lokuqala kufanele igcwaliswe isifundo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali?

Lena - isihloko ezibalulekile ekutadisheni amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo, khona zigcinwa imithi edingekayo kakhulu futhi antiseptics. Isethi elula kanjena:

1. Packaging ngebhandeshi oyinyumba.
2. Isembozo ngebhandeshi non-oyinyumba.
3. Packaging usula oyinyumba.
4. 50g ukotini oyinyumba uvolo.
5. Udlawana, eyenzelwe laying tampons.
6. 1 isitsha 25-50 ml glue BF-6, okuyinto Welashwa nge izilonda ezincane.
7. I isitsha 25-50 ml i isixazululo utshwala iodine, ukwelapha ukusikeka.
8. 50 ml isixazululo 3% we-hydrogen peroxide.
9. namalahle kwasebenza.
10. 10% isixazululo ammonia.
11. I isitsha 10-20 ml Albucidum 30%. Asetshenziswa uketshezi ibhethri uthola emehlweni akho.
12. 30-50 ml ethanol.
13. 20-30 ml glycerol ekwelapheni kushe.
14. 200-300 ml 2% isixazululo soda ekwelapheni ukusha acid
15. 200-250 ml 2% boric isixazululo acid.
16. 3 PC. pipettes
17. plasters Ordinary futhi amagciwane.
18. tourniquet Hemostatic.