Uxhumano nge earthed hlangothi. isisekelo ikhebula. isisekelo kagesi

kusukela epilweni yangamalanga yesimodeni womuntu, induduzo yayo futhi ukuhlinzeka zonke kunesidingo, atehlukaniseki ngogesi. Siyabonga kuye, lowo muntu unamakhono bazitholele okokuziphilisa futhi ithuba ukuthonya emvelo ukuze sizuze esiphezulu impilo yakho. Kodwa eziningi pluses, esesikhundleni ugesi, futhi kukhona omkhulu lokususa - apharathasi nezimpahla kudle kanye ukukhiqiza ugesi, banciphisa ukuphila komuntu, uma ungenawo zithobele imithetho ukusetshenziswa kwazo.

izidingo kagesi nokuphepha ngezigaba

Izinto eziyinhloko ezinomthelela degree izingozi lokuphila kwabantu e ukufaka anoma yiluphi uhlobo yilezi:

• ukucindezeleka;
• uhlobo isisekelo kokungathathi hlangothi;
• zamanje ukubaluleka okungavaleka emhlabathini;
• ukwahlukanisa izingxenye, okuyiwona notshwala zamanje;
• Ukumelana zomzimba womuntu;
• ukumelana phansi (inhlabathi) ku kagesi zone zamanje.

Kusukela le mithombo okuyisisekelo "Regulation amadivayisi kagesi" (RB) ekhona, wonke amasethingi zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezine.

Eyokuqala sifaka ukufakwa nge earthed transformer kokungathathi hlangothi nokuqhuba 220 kV nangaphezulu, futhi nge ngempumelelo lusekelwe hlangothi - Ukulinganisa of 110 kuya 220 kV. Ngokuphumelelayo lusekelwe kwezomshado kuyinto wesifunda lapho wamanje nokukhawulela wesifunda phansi, kungase zimumethe izinhlobo ezahlukene resistances (asebenzayo, esisheshayo futhi non-eqondile) futhi hhayi lusekelwe hlangothi.

Eyesibili sifaka ukufakwa, esebenzisa angawodwa hlangothi noma resonant earthed nge arc ukucindezelwa yayo resistors kanye sikhungo ezisebenza amanethiwekhi, zinamandla kusukela 3 kuya 35 kV.

Esesithathu izinhlelo kagesi usebenzisa inethiwekhi ongachemile emhlabeni, futhi voltage ivela 110 kuya kwangu-600 V Kulezi izitshalo, imisinga phansi iphutha babe inqwaba.

Isigaba sesine siqukethe izinhlelo nge angawodwa hlangothi, usebenza amanethiwekhi engafinyelela kwengu-1 kV. izitshalo okunjalo abe ezincane emhlabeni iphutha zamanje.

ukusebenza okuphephile ukufaka kagesi

Ngokuphelele ukuqeda izici okusongela impilo nokuphila kwabantu abasebenza ukufaka kagesi, akunakwenzeka, ngoba banezizinda zemvelo. Kodwa ukunciphisa yabo futhi ukuze kwenziwe umsebenzi amayunithi njengoba ephephile ngangokunokwenzeka akuyona kuphela kungenzeka kodwa futhi kuyadingeka. Ukuze wenze lokhu, wonke ukugcinwa kanye nokusebenza kwezimiso ukufaka kagesi ihanjiswa eqoqweni elilodwa olungapheli lwemithetho neziqondiso, "Imithetho Ukufakwa kagesi" (PUE). Enye yezimfuneko zokusinda obaluleke kunayo Sae kuyinto earthing kwesivikelo ukufaka kagesi. Kuyinto kule mfuneko futhi kuzoxoxwa ngani kulesi sihloko kabanzi.

umhlaba Avikelayo yakhelwe ukuvikela kubasebenzi abasebenza kanye ukusekela nokufunda kulezi ukufaka namanethiwekhi, kanye abathengi ugesi bayisebenzisa ekhaya Imishini kanye namadivayisi. Ukunikeza phansi okuvikela? ukulondeka kwabantu uma contact ngephutha nge izingxenye zensimbi we kagesi non-conductive, kodwa abe bukhoma ngenxa ukubhidlika ukwahlukanisa ngaphansi ukushaqeka.

Lokho enesisekelo esihle kagesi?

Izidingo kanye nemihlahlandlela uma usebenzisa umhlaba zokuzivikela kucinisekiswe idokhumenti umqondo owodwa futhi belinganisa Standardization kwayo yonke le nqubo - GOST. Isisekelo ivikela izisebenzi kanye abathengi abanjwe ugesi, kufanele kwenziwe ngokuqinile ngokuhambisana nezidingo EMP kanye olufanele isimo ejwayelekile. Avikelayo emhlabeni agesi inikeza uxhumano kagesi izingxenye zensimbi ukufaka kagesi emhlabathini, kodwa ukungabi khona - isiqondiso, esikhundleni phansi. Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi lezo zingxenye izinhlelo lusekelwe ukuthi akusadingeki yimuphi omunye Ukuvikelwa.

Ngakho, nisekeliwe metal housings zikagesi, izimoto, imishini, ikhebula amabhokisi, ukukhanyisa zalapho, ukushintshwa nezinyawo, kanye izikhali ikhebuli izintambo.

izinhlelo akhona isisekelo kagesi

Kagesi zokuzivikela earthing uhlelo zinqunywa okusekelwe izici umthombo wamandla efana kokungathathi hlangothi, hlangothi angawodwa earthed. Kukhona izinhlelo ezintathu eziyisisekelo akhiwa International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC): TN, IT kanye TT. Ake sihlole kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

TN uhlelo kanye subsystems yayo

Systems nge earthed hlangothi, lapho izingxenye zensimbi yokumiswa uxhumeke kwi-zero kokungathathi hlangothi nge isisekelo babashayeli kukhona TN iqembu. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, leli qembu linamalungu iqeqebana ukwakha indlela usebenzisa zero ukufuduka kanye ukuzivikela babashayeli. Ngakho, uma lezi babashayeli ehlangana umqhubi olulodwa lonke ubude subsystem inethiwekhi luchazwa TN-C. Lona simiso esidala Soviet. Uma zokuzivikela futhi ukusebenza kokungathathi hlangothi kuqondaniswe kuphela esigabeni wesifunda eqala kusukela umthombo wamandla (transformer esiteshini), khona-ke kuyinto subsystem TN-CS. Nokho, esimweni lapho umqhubi hlangothi futhi esivikelayo zihlukaniswe izintambo ehlukile wonke web, lokhu subsystem luchazwa TN-S. Kuthathwa akukhetha ukuphepha ephelele ukufakwa.

izinhlelo IT TT

Uhlelo lapho kumiswa kokungathathi hlangothi earthing lingekho noma ngokusebenzisa isisekelo resonant, luchazwa ngokuthi IT. Esimisweni abanjalo bangabaphostoli lusekelwe metal izingxenye kagesi babashayeli ngazinye, exhunywe kwi amadivayisi isisekelo.

Uhlelo nge earthed hlangothi, lapho izingxenye zensimbi amadivayisi kagesi kuthiwa lusekelwe usebenzisa, unconnected nganoma iyiphi indlela nge umthombo wamandla iphuzu hlangothi, okhonjiswe TT futhi isetshenziselwa kuphela izindawo ephathekayo. Kwezinye izimo, uhlelo enjalo kudinga ukusetshenziswa kumadivayisi asalile zamanje.

Earthing

Ngokwe-Sae ukuvikela abantu kusukela voltages ayingozi asetshenziswa isisekelo wesifunda ukukhwezwa by izingxenye kagesi yokuxhuma zalesi sihlahla, kumiswa impahla conductive futhi ngci ezivela ezingxenyeni bukhoma umhlaba. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, umhlaba electrode wenziwe umqhubi metal kokuba ezinhle conductivity kagesi endaweni enkulu ukuxhumana emhlabathini. Zonke ndawonye - bese earthing izintambo kagesi nokuxhumana izingxenye kagesi kanye unedivaysi isisekelo.

Kuye uhlobo zamanje ukuthi kusetshenziswe ukufaka kagesi abafika kwabangu-1000 V zisetshenziswa isisekelo uhlelo earthed kokungathathi hlangothi noma ekhishwe inyumbazane (kushintshana lamanje) noma ngci earthed iphuzu maphakathi (DC). Ngiphakathi nendawo amandla umthombo (generator noma transformer) is earthed uma ixhunyiwe ngqo uxhumano phansi kanye kokungathathi hlangothi angawodwa nguye ayinayo noma ekhuthaza wabo ixhunyiwe ngokusebenzisa idivayisi ukumelana ezinkulu.

Izinhlobo amadivayisi isisekelo

Isisekelo ihlukaniswa ibe izinhlobo ezintathu ezimbili: yokufakelwa kanye zemvelo. Kokuqala phansi izakhiwo kuhilela ukusetshenziswa izinto ezihlukahlukene metal. Kungenzeka emakhoneni, izinduku kanye amashubhu kokuba ubude ngamamitha hhayi ngaphansi kuka ezimbili nohhafu angcwaba (transfixed) emhlabathini. Phakathi kwabo sihlanganyela nabo emapheshana steel noma izingxenye wire metal - induku - ubukhulu esikhulu (okungenani 8-10 mm) by Welding. babashayeli isisekelo kungaba metallic, noma imigoqo ithusi kanye nethusi wire izinyanda ne izingxenye kokuzalela noma Welding kagesi, noma bolting.

Uhlobo lwesibili kuhilela ukusetshenziswa phansi izakhiwo njengoba isisekelo zezakhiwo ezenziwe metal futhi uxhumeke ngokuphephile emhlabathini. Zonke izakhiwo zikakhonkolo Kufanele ube metal esishunyekiwe for axube babashayeli isisekelo. Kulokhu, babashayeli isisekelo kukhona izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana kusuka babashayeli asetshenziswe yokufakelwa emhlabeni electrode.

Omunye umbono zedivayisi isisekelo is nokunyamalala. Lolu hlobo lwe-zokuzivikela emhlabeni uxhumano behlukene izingxenye kagesi kokungathathi hlangothi zamanje emhlabeni nge umqhubi hlangothi. I Vanishing inikeza iphutha nesenzakalo isiphi wesifunda isigaba kudivayisi, futhi ivumela kubhidlizwe inhlamvu imishini iyashelela zokuzivikela.

Izimfuneko amadivayisi isisekelo

Wonke amadivayisi esetshenziselwa isisekelo kumelwe ihambisane namazinga eyasungulwa yokwakha regulations isimo namakhodi. Umsebenti wabo - ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabantu, ukuvikelwa ukufaka kagesi futhi izindlela wokusebenza.

Akunakusetshenziswa ngeke uxhumano uchungechunge izingxenye eziningana earthing kagesi babashayeli - ingxenye ngayinye kumele ihlangabezane eyodwa kuphela isisekelo ikhebula kokuba ububanzi hhayi ezincane esigabeni cross kuka uthe RB. Isisekelo babashayeli ibekwe obala bavikelekile ukugqwala ngokusifaka imibala emnyama.

isimo Kobuchwepheshe isisekelo amadivayisi futhi isisekelo yokuqinisekisa eyenziwa ukuhlolwa ngeso lenyama ingxenye ebonakalayo idivayisi ngokwengxenye ukuhlolwa ukuvulwa kanye nekulinganisa inhlabathi imingcele isisekelo kudivayisi. Ingxenye ebonakalayo idivayisi zihlolwe kanye njalo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha.

Izimfuneko compounds zokuzivikela futhi isisekelo babashayeli

Zonke compounds earthing futhi isisekelo babashayeli yenziwa Welding. Corps kwemishini kagesi kanye apharathasi, main phansi kulamakhasi wesifunda isisekelo, futhi isekela high-voltage imigqa uxhumeke umshudo isisekelo umqhubi. babashayeli isisekelo zakhiwe ngensimbi noma ithusi Amabha kanye izintambo zethusi. Futhi, wokuba umbhidisi isisekelo lingasetshenziswa phansi ikhebula. Ngenxa yale njongo isetshenziswa njengophawu core zethusi ezaziseshweni olulodwa izintambo, esigabeni cross ka okuvumela uxhumano ongaphakeme-ukudaza inkani.

Ukumelana nesilinganiso amadivayisi isisekelo

Ukuqinisekisa ukulandelwa kwemithetho ukumelana samanje isisekelo imithetho neziqondiso mayelana nomkhiqizo, izilinganiso zithathwa we ukumelana ekhona. Inkinga Kulesi silinganiso kutfola ukumelana uhlelo isisekelo odlulayo therethrough yindawo wamanje - okuthiwa zamanje lisakazeka.

Izilinganiso zenziwa ngokuhambisana izindinganiso zokuphepha edingekayo: zokuvimbela wesifunda owodwa esigabeni futhi ukusetshenziswa izembatho zokuzivikela, kubandakanya ekuvikeleni amagilavu kanye amabhuzu, kanye ithuluzi atihambi todvwa.

Isisetshenziswa namathuluzi nesilinganiso emhlabeni u elana

Insimbi main, okwakwenza yokulinganisa ukumelana zibhebhetheka imisinga kuyinto imitha IC-10 isisekelo. Lolu cingo ku amabanga ezinhlanu wokulinganisa, echaza yokusetshenziswa kwawo kabanzi. Ububanzi obuncane ukungawi kusuka 0.01 kuya 9.99 Ohm, balandela amabanga 0.1-99.9 Ohm, 1-999 Ohm 0,01-9,99 equlekile. I ukumelana esiphezulu kunqunywa kule divayisi, ungaphakathi uhla kusuka milliohms 1 kuya 999. Lihambisana idivayisi esetshenziselwa izilinganiso eqhelile electrode wamanje kanye voltage.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi wesifunda wokulinganisa Ground Ukucwiliswa imithetho eqinile - babashayeli uxhumano zedivayisi, ngokuyinhloko electrode njengamanje kanye nabasha ke kudivayisi nowokugcina - emhlabathini electrode.

Izindlela yokuvivinya

Inani ukumelana lisakazeka zamanje amadivayisi ezahlukene isisekelo kuyehluka futhi kuncike ezintweni eziningi ezifana uhlobo izinhlelo kagesi, izimo umhlabathi isayithi ukufakwa ukufakwa, kanye nohlobo liphindze lisho leli thuluzi.

Inqubo nesilinganiso yakhiwa izindlela ezimbili, okuyinto ayaboniswa simiso ekhona IS-10 zomculo lapho kulinganiswa the ukumelana phansi. Uma ukumelana zedivayisi, kukhonjisiwe ipasipoti yayo kuka 5 ohms, ezintathu-wire wesifunda isetshenziswa. Uma ukubaluleka lingaphansi kuka lesi silinganiso - ezine-wire wesifunda isetshenziswa.