Imithombo yamanzi kanye nabantu. Izici, isimo, izinkinga kwemithombo yamanzi wezwe. Kuyini amanzi?

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi cishe 70% surface yomhlaba imbozwe amanzi, kusenzima unento ewusizo olukhulu kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa izinga. Kuyini amanzi? Kuyini isakhiwo sabo futhi alondoloza emhlabeni? Yiziphi izinkinga zamanzi kunemizila acute kakhulu esikhathini sethu? Konke lokhu kuzoxoxwa ngakho esihlokweni.

Kuyini amanzi?

I ezindawo imvilophi Zomhlaba, njengoba sazi, siqukethe ezindaweni ezinhlanu: i lithosphere, umoya, begazi, kwezobuchwepheshe kanye hydrosphere. Kuyini amanzi? Lona wonke amanzi iqukethwe hydrosphere. Kuyinto olwandle nezilwandle emachibini noma emifuleni, kanye amadamu zeqhwa inhlabathi ikholomu futhi emoyeni (ngesimo umhwamuko).

Mayelana 70% surface yomhlaba wembozwe amanzi. 2.5% kuphela umthamo akha amanzi ahlanzekile ezidingwa abantu. Ngamagama ngokuphelele - kuyinto cubic amakhilomitha ezingeqile kwezingama-30 million, okuyinto izinkulungwane zezikhathi ngaphezu kwamaminithi izidingo impucuko izwe. Kodwa ungakhohlwa ukuthi kuyacaca ukuthi amaningi izinqolobane iqukethwe "ice cap" Antarctica, Arctic Greenland. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithombo yamanzi atholakale indoda, ngokuvamile abanelisi.

Ukwakheka Water kwamaplanethi

Imithombo yamanzi zomhlaba yizigaba ezimbili:

• amanzi olwandle;
• umhlaba Water (noma ngaphezulu).

Ngo imifula, amachibi, amadamu kanye nokuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa equkethwe amaphesenti amane kuphela zigcine ezweni amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iningi lazo (by volume) lunikezelwe zamaqhwa. A "ichibi" elikhulu amanzi ahlanzekile emhlabeni kuyinto Antarctica. Ngu izinsiza amanzi Zomhlaba wona angakaJehova, nemifudlana komhlaba, kodwa amanani azo ambalwa kuyahlukahluka ngamanani.

Hlanza namanzi agobhozayo - abalulekile loyimvelo ukuthi abantu kanye nazo zonke ezinye izinto eziphilayo. isivikelo sakhe futhi ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo - yezinkinga ezinkulu isintu esigabeni samanje.

amanzi Ukuthuthukela

Ikakhulukazi kwemithombo yamanzi amanga kungenzeka self-uhlanzekile futhi kabusha. Nokho renewability yamanzi kuxhomeke ezicini eziningana, ikakhulukazi uhlobo lwento kwamanzi.

Ngokwesibonelo, amanzi emilanjeni ibuyekeziwe ngokuphelele cishe amasonto amabili e-marsh - iminyaka emihlanu, futhi echibini - iminyaka 15-17. Isikhathi eside kunazo zonke, le nqubo ithatha indawo amashidi ice (ngokwesilinganiso kuthatha iminyaka eyinkulungwane 10), futhi ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka - ku uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. In vivo, amanzi sihamba umjikelezo ogcwele Ukuvuselela amahora ambalwa.

Ukusakazwa kwemithombo yamanzi phezu vumelekile izifunda kanye namazwe

Ngokusho zigcine jikelele kwezindawo zamanzi omhlaba anothile esifundeni Asian. Lokhu kuhlola kulandelwa i-Ningizimu Melika, eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu. Abampofu imithombo yamanzi ekhoneni iplanethi - kungcono Australia.

Nokho, kukhona eyodwa caveat ezibalulekile. Ngakho, uma ukubala umthamo wamanzi izinqolobane capita zaleli zwekazi noma ingxenye yezwe ngalinye, kuvela umbono ohlukile. Indawo yokuqala kule nokubala aphume e-Australia, kodwa-Asia ivuliwe lakamuva. Into wukuthi kwemiphakathi Asian ezikhulayo ngokushesha. Namuhla, lesi yafinyelela ingqopha-mlando obalelwa ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezine.

Ngiziphi iinarha ze-abakwazi ukhathazeke amanzi? Ngezansi emazweni amahlanu phezulu ne zigcine elikhulu amanzi ahlanzekile. Ziyakwazi:

1. Brazil (6,950 km ^3).
2. Russia (4,500 km ^3).
3. Canada (2,900 km ^3).
4. China (2,800 km ^3).
5. Indonesia (2530 km ^3).

Kuyaphawuleka bokungafani ekusakazeni amanzi Emhlabeni. Ngakho, e-enkabazwe kanye esipholile sezulu esihlukahlukene, zingabantu ngisho ngokweqile. Kodwa kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ezomile" (sezulu esishisayo zamazwe aphathelene nezindawo) labantu ihlangabezana i Ukushoda okukhulu kwabantu amanzi anikeza ukuphila.

Amanzi kanye Abantu

Amanzi funa emakhaya, amandla, umkhakha, endaweni yokuzithokozisa. Ukusebenzisa le nsiza lingaphathelaniswa ne isizinda yayo emthonjeni zemvelo (isib emlanjeni) noma ukudlula ngaphandle kwalo (isib ukuthutha amanzi).

I abathengi ngobukhulu kwemithombo yamanzi - kuyinto:

• ezolimo;
• ezimbonini kanye namandla labasemkhatsini nalabakhulu;
• ezinhlakeni zomasipala.

Umqulu kamasipala umthamo wamanzi asetshenziswa emizini njalo ziyanda. Kulinganiselwa of ezemvelo ezindaweni amakhulu eenarheni ezithuthukako oyedwa esebenzisa nsukuzonke hhayi ngaphansi kuka-300 amalitha uketshezi. Leli zinga ukusetshenziswa kungaholela ukushoda umthombo esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.

Kwemoya kanye Ukuwohloka amanzi emhlabeni

Ukunukubezeka kwamanzi kuyinto acute kakhulu izinkinga zemvelo besikhathi sethu. Kuze kube manje, siye safinyelela ukusebenza inhlekelele kwezinye izindawo emhlabeni.

Njalo ngonyaka izilwandle zomhlaba uthole izigidi zamathani amakhemikhali, uwoyela ongahluziwe petroleum imikhiqizo, i-phosphorus compounds, ukungcola okuqinile. ifomu kwakamuva esiqhingini omkhulu elintantayo izibi. Amanzi ePersian Gulf, North futhi ngoba uLwandle LwaseCaribbean amafutha Waze wangcola bo. Mayelana 3% of ebusweni eNyakatho ye-Atlantic embozwe i ifilimu uwoyela, okuyinto nomphumela olimazayo eziphilayo olwandle.

Inkinga enkulu nokuncipha ivolumu kwemithombo yamanzi kule planethi. Nokho, ukuwohloka engengaphansi esiyingozi quality amanzi anikeza ukuphila. Phela, eyodwa imitha cubic of ingelashwa indle imfucuza angangena Umsele Phakathi kwesitaladi sawo nomfula zichithe amashumi amamitha intilibathwa yamanzi ahlanzekile.

Emazweni asathuthuka, ngokusho izibalo, wonke umuntu wesithathu uhlushwa amanzi ompofu izinga ukuphuza. It ukhonza njengelungu imbangela eyinhloko yezifo eziningi sabantu "ezomile zone"-Afrika naseLatin America.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu futhi imithombo ukungcolisa amanzi emhlabeni

I kwemvelo nokungcoliswa kwamanzi by baqonde umngcele esingeqile lokuhlala kuvunyelwe izinto eziqukethwe kubo (chemical eziyingozi compounds). Kukhona into efana Ukuwohloka kwemithombo yamanzi - Ukuwohloka izinga amanzi ngaphansi njalo ithonya yabantu imisebenzi.

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu oyinhloko ukungcola kwamanzi:

• chemical;
• begazi;
• ezishisayo;
• ngemisebe.

Ngo indima contaminant kungaba iyiphi into ongena into kwamanzi ngenxa yomsebenzi womuntu. Kanjalo ketshezi kuyinto kakhulu kuthuntubeza ikhono lomuntu izinga lokuhlanzeka kwamanzi zemvelo. Omunye ezingcolisayo yesimanje eziyingozi kakhulu kuyinto uwoyela imikhiqizo kuwo.

Imithombo ukungcoliswa kungaba unomphela, ezikhathini ezithile noma ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka. Zingaba noma ezenziwe umuntu noma zemvelo, kube iphuzu, komugqa noma bhalobasar onek.

Umthombo elikhulu ukungcola yiyona okuthiwa indle. Okungukuthi, labo akhiwa ngenxa zezimboni, ukwakhiwa noma umsebenzi ohlanganyelwe. Ziyakwazi ngokuvamile izinto eziyingozi supersaturated organic wezinto ezingaphili, izinsimbi ezisindayo nezinto ezincane eziphilayo. Ukwabela nezolimo (kubandakanya okwami), kamasipala, izinhlobo yezolimo nezinye angcolile.

Izici kwemithombo yamanzi eRussia

Russia - kwelinye lamazwe emhlabeni okungahambisani ukuzwa ukuntuleka kwamanzi. imithombo yamanzi Modern wezwe - kuyinto ezigidini ezingu-2,5 imifula nemifudlana, abantu abangaba izigidi ezimbili emachibini amakhulu ezinkulungwane kwamaxhaphozi. Insimu Russia ubizwa wageza ngu ezilwandle nambili. Inani elikhulu lamanzi amasha lilondolozwe izinguzunga zeqhwa (entabeni nasezindaweni ezibandayo).

Ukuze uthuthukise yokutholakala kwamanzi endaweni isimo sethu wadala izinkulungwane amadamu letingemasayizi lahlukene. Ngokuvamile, ziqukethe cishe 800 ^km3 nomthombo wamanzi aqabulayo. Lezi zakhiwo, awakhonzi nje kuphela amadamu njengoba yokufakelwa mthombo wosizo yemvelo, kodwa futhi lokulawula umbuso yemifula, ekuvimbeleni izikhukhula kanye nezikhukhula. Ngakho, ukubaluleka kwabo ayikwazi overestimated.

Phakathi kwezinkinga main kwemithombo yamanzi Russia kufanele zabelwe kanje:

• Ukusentshenziswa kwamanzi okubhalwe kahle;
• Oqala ukungezwa aze agcine izinga amanzi okuphuza;
• isimo abampofu imisele yamanzi futhi izakhiwo wokubacindezela.

Ekuphetheni ...

Kuyini amanzi? Lona wonke amanzi iqukethwe hydrosphere. Ezigcina ngobukhulu kwemithombo yamanzi babe amazwe ezifana Brazil, Russia, Canada, China, Indonesia ne-United States.

Esikhathini isimo wamanje inkinga yokungcola neminingi imfucuza amanzi emhlabeni kuphuthuma kakhulu, kanti kwezinye izindawo - acute ikakhulukazi. Isixazululo sakhe awunakuba khona ngaphandle kokuthethelela ukuhlanganiswa imizamo wonke amazwe emhlabeni futhi ngendlela eyiyo amaphrojekthi ngokuhlanganyela emhlabeni jikelele.