Kanjani ukwakha indiza? Uyini indiza? Ingabe sidinga kubo ezweni lanamuhla?

Indiza (kusukela diriger French - «ukulawula») - ezindizayo umshini self ezinezinjini, alula kakhulu kunomoya emoyeni. izindaba zakhe nezindlela ukulakha izindiza, sizochaza kamuva kulesi sihloko.

timphawu tesakhiwo

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu oyinhloko nezindiza: soft, semi eqinile eqinile. Bonke libe izingxenye ezine eziyinhloko:

• igobolondo ugwayi noma ibhaluni egcwele igesi lapho inhlanganiso ingaphansi kwabantu emoyeni;
• abanikeze asebenza nabo noma gondola okwesikhashana ngaphansi igobolondo, okuyinto esetshenziswa ukuthutha nabagibeli abangu;
• motors ukushayela ophephela;
• umkhumbi evundla mpo ukusiza ukuqondisa indiza.

Uyini blimp? Lokhu cab ibhaluni enamathiselwe nalokho nge izindophi. Uma ukukhululwa igesi, igobolondo uzolahlekelwa ezakheke ngayo.

Semi-eqinile nakho ngeke kusize indiza (isithombe it is enikezwa esihlokweni) kubuye sincike ingcindezi zangaphakathi, okuyinto igcina ezakheke, kodwa kusekuningi asafuna metal keel kwesakhiwo ezisabalele longitudinally emazansi we ibhaluni futhi isekela cab.

nezindiza Ngesandla Esiqinile zakhiwe Uhlaka engasindi ezenziwe aluminium ingxubevange, embozwe ngendwangu. Abenzi lutho uphawu. Ngaphakathi lokhu sakhiwo Balloons eziningana, ngalinye elikwazi eceleni uyogcwala igesi. Aircraft yalolu hlobo ukugcina ezakheke ngaphandle kokubheka degree of ukugcwala amasilinda.

ezisetshenziswa amagesi?

Ngokuvamile esetshenziswa nezindiza ngoba ephakamisa hydrogen ne-helium. Hydrogen igesi eyaziwa akhanya, futhi kanjalo, it has a obunamandla. Nokho, kuyinto oluvuthayo kakhulu, okwakuyigama imbangela yokuphahlazeka eziningi ebulalayo. Helium akulula kangako, kodwa kuphephile kakhulu ngoba ungayishisi.

Negesi containment ekuseni indiza amasilinda wenziwe ngendwangu ukotini afuthwe ngesibulali iraba, kamuva ngelinye ngu izindwangu zokwenziwa njenge-polyester Neoprene.

Umlando sokudalwa

I indiza yokuqala yimpumelelo lakhiwa 1852 eFrance ngo Henri Giffard. He qamba a 160-ganda umusi injini uyakwazi ukuthuthukisa umthamo 3-litre. k., okuyinto kwakwanele ukuba sishayele bendiza elikhulu 110 ekuvukeleni ngomzuzu. Ukuze phakamisa isisindo sokuphehla amandla, ugcwalisa imitha-44 kanye ibhaluni hydrogen, kusukela Paris emjahweni landizela ngesivinini 10 km / h, nasekuhlephuleni ibanga km-30.

Ngo-1872, unjiniyela German uPawulu Haenlyayn kuqala ukufakwa futhi ukusebenziswa indiza yangaphakathi omlilo engine, okwakubonisa zikaphethiloli uphethiloli uMbhalo.

Ngo-1883, amaFulentshi Albert kanye na Gaston Tissandier lokuqala elawulwa ngempumelelo ibhaluni, okuyinto eliqhutshwa i motor ngogesi.

I indiza yokuqala eqinile nakho ngeke kusize nge izindlu aluminium ishidi lakhiwa eJalimane ngo-1897.

Alberto Santos-Dumont, ongowokuzalwa e-Brazil owayehlala e-Paris, isungule eziningi amarekhodi ochungechungeni walakha kusuka 1898 kuya 1905 14 indiza-non-eqinile nakho ngeke kusize inikwa amandla yi-yangaphakathi omlilo izinjini.

Bala von Zeppelin

Impumelelo opharetha ibhaluni eqinile nakho ngeke kusize nge injini kwaba German Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin, eyakha ngo-1900, indiza yayo yokuqala. Uyini LZ-1? Luftschiff Zeppelin, noma izindiza Zeppelin - kuyinto umkhumbi ngobuchwepheshe nzima futhi ubude 128 m kanye ububanzi of 11.6 m, owabekwa i Uhlaka aluminium ehlanganisa imishayo longitudinal 24 zixhunywe transverse izindandatho 16 futhi iqhutshwa izinjini ezimbili, amandla 16 l. a.

Indiza ongafinyelela ngesivinini angafika ku-32 km / h. Earl sathuthuka umklamo ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, lapho abaningi nezindiza yakhe (okuthiwa zeppelins) ziye zasetshenziselwa zibelesela Paris ne-London. Aircraft yalolu hlobo futhi wasebenzisa oMfelandawonye ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, ikakhulukazi anti-ngwenya lonogada.

Esikhathini 20s kanye 30s kwekhulu elidlule, eYurophu nase-United States baqhubeka ukwakhiwa nezindiza. Ngo-July 1919, British izindiza R-34 kwenziwa kabili indiza enqamula.

Conquest of North Pole

Ngo-1926, isiNtaliyane indiza lulwimi ngendlela elukhuni (isithombe enikezwa esihlokweni) "Norway" iye yasetshenziswa ngempumelelo Roaldom Amundsenom, Lincoln Ellsworth futhi Umberto Nobile Jikelele ukufunda North Pole. Lolu hambo elilandelayo kwenye indiza, eholwa Umberto Nobile.

Sekukonke, sihlelwe ukwenza 5 izindiza, kodwa indiza, elakhiwa ngo-1924, iphahlazeka ngo-1928 Ukusebenza ukubuyisela abacwaningi polar wathatha izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezingu-49, futhi phakathi naleso Kushone 9 abatakuli, kuhlanganise Amundsen.

Kwakungubani igama le indiza ngo-1924? Okwesine Air Transport Series N, elaklanywa ifektri futhi Umberto Nobile eRoma, wabizwa ngokuthi "E-Italy".

sokuthuthwa kwempahla

Ngo-1928, balloonist German Hugo Eckener esakhile indiza "Graf Zeppelin". Ngaphambi decommissioning, yaba yiminyaka emakhulu asithoba kamuva, akazange 590 izindiza, kuhlanganise 144 amavesi transoceanic. Ngo-1936, iJalimane umgibeli njalo enqamula phezu "Hindenburg".

Naphezu kwalezi zimo ezinhle impumelelo, ekupheleni kwezwe 1930 nezindiza cishe liphela ngenxa yokubiza kwalo okusezingeni eliphezulu, isivinini esiphansi, kanye sengozini izulu lina futhi kuneziphepho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uchungechunge izingozi, futhi elalidume kunawo wonke zazo - egcwele hydrogen ukuqhuma "Hindenburg" ngo-1937, kuhambisana nentuthuko izindiza kuleli 30 futhi 40 ubudala. baye benza lolu hlobo ezokuthutha kukhona okudayiswayo akusebenzi.

intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe

Negesi amasilinda we nezindiza eminingi yakudala eyenziwe okuthiwa "isikhumba zolotoboytsa": inkomo GUTS waziphindiselela, naye bese sisalokhu. Ukudalwa omunye izindiza edingekayo izinkomo eziyizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi amahlanu.

Phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, Germany kanye kubangane bawo imise ukukhiqizwa ayi, ukuthi kukhona nezinto ezibonakalayo ezanele ukwenziwa nezindiza ngawo eyenziwa nokubhonywa England. Intuthuko Indwangu ubuchwepheshe, kufaka phakathi, sibonga kokusungulwa e 1839 ka ephekiwe by Charles Goodyear American abadayisi, kuye kwabangela ukwanda emisha indiza. Esikhathini namathathu banesifo esibi ekuseni, US Navy eyakhelwe ezimbili "ukushayela izindiza yenethiwekhi" "Akron" futhi "Macon", ogama sikebhe livuliwe, ukukhulula fighter aircraft imikhumbi F9C Sparrowhawk. kwaphulwa Imikhumbi ngemva yokushayiswa isiphepho, futhi abangenaso ukufakazela ukulwa zabo amakhono.

irekhodi emhlabeni kuze kuphele isikhathi indiza yasungulwa ngo-1937, ukuvuleka "USSR-B6 Osoaviakhim". Indiza labetibambile emoyeni 130 h 27 imiz. Amadolobha babevakasha phakathi indiza indiza - Nizhny Novgorod, Belozersk, Rostov, eKursk, Voronezh, Penza, Dolgoprudny futhi Novgorod.

kwelanga ibhaluni

Khona-ke nezindiza yanyamalala. Ngakho, ngo-May 6, 1937 "Hindenburg" yamila phezu Lakehurst e-New Jersey - ibhola lomlilo Kushone 36 abagibeli kanye zezisebenzi. Le nhlekelele yathathwa ku ifilimu, nezwe wabona indiza German yamila.

Kuyini i-hydrogen, futhi yeka ukuthi kuyingozi kanjani kuyacaca kubo bonke abantu, futhi umqondo wokuthi abantu Ungahambisa kahle ngaphansi umthamo lokhu igesi ngomzuzwana baba kungamukeleki. Ngo izindiza yanamuhla isetshenziswa kuphela helium, okuyinto-non-oluvuthayo. Kuthandwa futhi baba izindiza ukonga ezifana ngesivinini "izikebhe flying" woBumbano American Airways.

onjiniyela banamuhla abathintekayo ekuklanyweni izindiza zalolu hlobo, baye wabalisa yokuthi kuze 1999, lapho yanyatheliswa iqoqo izihloko mayelana nendlela yokwakha indiza wabiza "indiza ubuchwepheshe" emabhukwinitifundvo itholakala kuphela kwaba incwadi "Aircraft Design" Charles Burgess , eyakhishwa ngo-1927

ngentuthuko zanamuhla

Ekugcineni, indiza Abaklami zisilahlile umbono ka umgibeli nempahla igcile, okuyinto alanele ukuze lelisu ngempumelelo wesitimela, umgwaqo kanye ulwandle ezokuthutha, futhi ingatholakali ezindaweni eziningi.

Kuragela embalwa yokuqala imisebenzi enjalo. Esikhathini yoma, kukaWilliam Miller, owayeyisikhulu fighter umshayeli Naval Fleet e-New Jersey esiye sabhekana umkhumbi umoya deltoid ukuma ngokuthi Aereon 26. Kodwa izindlela Miller yaphela ngemva kwezikhathi indiza ekuhlolweni kokuqala. Ukudala izindiza prototype wezimpahla zidinga utshalomali olukhulu, futhi abathengi ezingaba kwakungenele.

EJalimane Cargolifter AG wafika ukwakhiwa ezimele esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ekwakheni ezingaphezu kuka-300 m ubude, zazo inkampani ihlela ukwakhela helium lulwimi indiza eqinile nakho ngeke kusize wezimpahla. Kuyini ukuba abe iphayona emkhakheni yamabhanoyi, kwaba sobala ngo-2002, lapho le nkampani ubhekene nobunzima bobuchwepheshe futhi yokuxhasa ngemali okunomkhawulo, wafaka isicelo Ukuvikelwa ezikweletini. I lendlu yebhanoyi iseduze Berlin, kamuva waba ngobukhulu zasendlini amanzi ipaki eYurophu "tropical island."

Ekufuneni ubuqhawe

Isizukulwane esisha design onjiniyela, ezinye zazo zenziwe nguhulumeni abalulekile futhi kweBraam-, siyaqiniseka ukuthi, unikezwa ukutholakala ubuchwepheshe obusha futhi izinto ezintsha, inkampani uzokwazi ukuba bazuze ukwakhiwa nezindiza. NgoMashi ngonyaka odlule, i-US House of Abamele wahlela umhlangano abazinikezele kuleli hlobo lomoya ezokuthutha, inhloso okwakunzima ukusheshisa inqubo yentuthuko yabo.

Eminyakeni yamuva, ukuthuthukiswa nezindiza wahlanganyela Aerospace heavyweights Boeing futhi Northrop Grumman. Russia, Brazil kanye China baye bakha noma bayatfutfuka prototypes yabo. Canada isungule eziningana amaphrojekthi izindiza, kuhlanganise "Umkhumbi Solar", okuyinto ifana ususuthi webhomu esilayidi ne-solar panel ibekwe phezulu amaphiko egcwele helium. Zonke zinengxenye uhlanga babe kuqala futhi ulawula emakethe yezokuthutha wezimpahla lingalinganiswa kungenisa izinkulungwane zezigidi zamaRandi. Okwamanje, ukunakekelwa ukhangwa amaphrojekthi ezintathu:

• IsiZulu Airlander 10, Hybrid Air Izimoto Inkampani - njengamanje indiza enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni;
• LMH-1, inkampani "Lockheed Martin";
• Aeroscraft, Emhlabeni wonke Eros Corp Inkampani esungulwe basemazweni okufika kusuka Ukraine Igor Pasternak.

RC ibhaluni ngezandla

Ukuze ukuhlola izinkinga ekwakhiweni izindiza zalolu hlobo, kungenzeka ukwakha izingane indiza. Ubukhulu bayo lincane kokwanoma yimuphi oyisibonelo, angathengwa, futhi sinamathambo inhlanganisela umhlabeleli ukuzinza maneuverability.

Ukudala indiza miniature uzodinga izinto ezilandelayo:

• Three motor miniature enesisindo 2.5 g noma ngaphansi.
• Pico isisindo 2 g (isib DelTang Rx33, lelo, kanye nezinye izingxenye, angathengwa izitolo ezikhethekile online, ezifana Micron Radio Control, Aether Sciences RC noma Plantraco), inikwa amandla yi-olulodwa lithium-polymer cell. Kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana isixhumi injini futhi owamukelayo, noma kudinga isidingo nokunamathisela ngomthofu.
• Transmitter iyahambisana iziteshi ezintathu noma ngaphezulu.
• Lipo-mah umthamo webhethri ka 70-140 futhi ishaja efanelekayo. Lokho isisindo ingqikithi ingeqi 10 g, ibhethri uzodinga kuze kufinyelele 2.5, amandla ebhetri amaningi sizonikeza enkulu indiza ubude: at 125 mah kungaba kalula izuzwe ubude bayo amaminithi angu-30.
• I izintambo yokuxhuma ibhethri umamukeli.
• ophephela ezincane ezintathu.
• Induku carbon (1 mm) kanye nobude cm 30.
• Deprona ucezu 10 x 10 cm.
• tape Cellophane, superglue futhi sikelo.

Udinga ukuthenga ibhaluni eyenziwe latex, egcwele helium. standard Kufanele noma yimuphi omunye umthwalo okungenani 10 D. Ukuze kufezekiswe lo isisindo oyifunayo yengezwe isikebhe sizinze, okuyinto isuselwe leak helium.

Izingxenye anamekwe kushaft ngentambo ingcina tape. Ngaphambili motor isetshenziswa phambili, nengxenye yalo engemuva setha perpendicular. motor Okwesithathu iseduze maphakathi gravity futhi siqondiswe phansi. I bendiza unamathele kuso uhlangothi, ngakho angenza noma yini lizokhuphuka le indiza. Motors kufanele ethe njo ne superglue.

Ifaka i-stabilizer umsila, kungaba ngokuphawulekayo ngcono ukuhamba phambili, njengoba ephakamisa bendiza enamathiselwe ezincane ukunyakaza ukujikeleza, futhi Rotor umsila inamandla kakhulu. Kungenza kubo deprona bese unamathisela nge tape.

Ukuphokophela phambili kumele inxeshezelwa ukwenyuka okuncane.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, indiza ungakwazi ukumisa ikhamera engabizi, isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa ngendlela Fob ukhiye.