Uhlu asebenzayo: izici, izici kanye nokubuyekeza

Namuhla, ingxenye enkulu yabantu abasemhlabeni wonke njalo kuwuthinta amakhompyutha, othile enza umsebenzi, umuntu ufuna ulwazi ku-intanethi, futhi umuntu nje ukuchitha isikhathi kule midlalo. Wonke umuntu unezidingo zabo, okusho ukuthi i-computer lapho babahlangabeze. Futhi uma sikhuluma mayelana "hardware" (technical ingxenye computer), khona-ke yonke into icacile ucishe: le entsha ye ngcono. Kodwa lapha "Softovaya" (software) ingxenye, kudinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile.

ikhompyutha ngamunye egijima uhlelo lokusebenza oluthile, zazo eziningi ezinkulu, ngamunye okuyinto efanelekayo imisebenzi ehlukene, imishini etholakalayo, nokunye. Ngakho-ke, into ebaluleke ukukhethwa yesistimu yokusebenza.

Kukhona ngempela uhlu omkhulu wokusebenza, kodwa lesi sihloko sizogxila yizinsika ezintathu, babeba nethonya elikhulu kubantu embonini futhi ithatha share oyinhloko wawo wonke nhlelo zokusebenzisa: Windows, MacOS ne-Linux.

Nokuphathelene wokusebenza

Okokuqala, ake sicacise ukuthi kukhona uhlelo lokusebenza nokuphathelene, yibo ukusakaza ilayisensi yomenzi. Lezi zihlanganisa wokusebenza Windows, uhlu okuyinto esethwe ngezansi, futhi MacOS. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi zombili izinhlelo ingalandwa kusukela kuwebhu (ukweba) ilungelo ukuthenga ilayisensi evela enkampanini-distributor futhi uyisebenzise.

Inzuzo lwalezi nhlelo kuba ukuthuthukiswa yabo, omningi isofthiwe izinga nabanekhono technical support, ozokusiza uma eziphuthumayo.

Le "free" yesistimu yokusebenza

Lezindawo zifaka cishe yonke Linux umndeni, ngaphandle mhlawumbe abanye ukuthuthukiswa nge zokubala noma isofthiwe professional. Lezi nhlelo zokusebenzisa ingalandwa ngokuphelele khulula futhi uyifake kusuka kunoma iyiphi ikhompyutha, ngaphandle ulahlwa unembeza.

izinhlelo ezinjalo zidalwe konjiniyela abazimele, kanye nomphakathi, Ngakho-ke, ezikhathini eziningi izinga izinhlelo kushiya okuningi okufanele oyifunayo, kodwa izinhlelo ezinjalo ziyathandeka lilondeke kakhudlwana, futhi ugijima esitebeleni ziqhathaniswa nezimbangi zazo nokuphathelene.

lwe-Windows

Kasibili wonke umuntu owake kwadingeka abhekane nalawo ikhompyutha ukwazi lo mkhiqizo Microsoft. Ikakhulukazi kumayelana ukukhululwa sverhuspeshnyh Windows 7. Microsoft ine uhlu wokusebenza ube izizukulwane kunabantu. Ziyakwazi ethandwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke futhi efaka cishe 90% wemakethe. Lokho elikushoyo ubuholi engakaze ibonwe.

Uhlu lwe-Windows asebenzayo:

• Windows XP;
• I-Windows Vista,
• Windows 7;
• Windows 8;
• Windows 10;

Uhlu ngenhloso iqala Windows XP, njengoba kuyintando version endala, isetshenziswa kuze kube namuhla.

System Izidingo Windows 10 (ukukhishwa zakamuva):

• Ukuze Umsebenzi kwakudingeka nge imvamisa hhayi ngaphansi kuka 1000 MHz.
• 1 GB RAM (32-bit) RAM noma 2 igigabhaythi (64 bhithi).
• ROM 16 igigabhaythi (32 bhithi) noma 20 gigabytes ROM (64-bit).
• Futhi, uhlelo oludingekayo noma GPU ihluzo ikhadi esekela IDirectX 9 ubuchwepheshe.

Izinzuzo ohlelweni:

1. Ukutholakala. Uhlelo ingaqalisa kunoma iyiphi ikhompyutha, kungakhathaliseki kwimodi.
2. Inombolo izinhlelo. Ngokuhamba wonke umlando omude wesizwe yesikhulumi kwaba izinhlelo omkhulu egciniwe futhi izicelo ukuthi basazama (nalawo sezisunguliwe engaphezu kwengu-10 edlule).
3. ukwesekwa izinga imidlalo. Microsoft kakade unazo walo zonke eziphambili kakhulu amageyimu impumelelo ngaso, okuvumela ukuthi isebenze kwabo, imidlalo eziphambili kakhulu.
4. Ukusekela isofthiwe ethize. Windows isibe womhlaba wonke, ngakho-ke izinhlelo eziningi futhi izicelo ukusebenza kuphela kuso. Ukuze labo zihlanganisa yasebhange noma i-accounting izicelo yekhasimende. Futhi ngokuvamile waqaphela ukuthi kwakubalulekile ukuba-Microsoft Office, okuyinto okufanelekelayo isebenza kuphela ku-Windows.

Okumbi kohlelo:

1. Ubuningi amagciwane. Ukuthandwa lokhu yesikhulumi akubanga yize. Ungavuli ngaphansi yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza ayidalwanga njengoba igciwane kakhulu ngendlela yokuthi babephelelwe ngaphansi Windows. Umsebenzisi kufanele banakekele ukuphepha kwabo, ukuthenga amagciwane futhi software yokuvikela.
2. ukusebenza engazinzile. Ngeshwa, i-Windows, ivela ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, kepha izuza amakhono entsha, ngaphandle ukususa kudoti. Kule kuba nzima, kukhona amaphutha amaningi ikhodi. Ngezinye izikhathi uhlelo liziphatha ngendlela ongayilindele futhi ungenza "sife."
3. Updates njalo. Ngokufaka Windows, kufanele siqaphele ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uzobe olusha ngokuvamile kakhulu, futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi ibe ngcono. Yebo, zonke izibuyekezo okuhloswe ngayo ukwenza ngcono isipiliyoni yomsebenzisi kanye nokuvikelwa, kodwa eqinisweni, isibuyekezo kungalimaza ikhompyutha yakho noma kakhulu ukunciphisa ukusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo olusha, ngaphandle kokubuza umsebenzisi ukuthi afuna noma cha, ngakho kumelwe kulungiselelwe kahle ekhanda uma umsebenzi wakho ubalekela ngenxa patch esilandelayo.
4. Isidingo abashayeli - kunoma iyiphi idivayisi ofuna ukuxhuma kwi-computer, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikhamera noma umshayeli iphrinta uzocela, ngaphandle okuyinto, cishe, ngeke isebenze.

Umbono mayelana Windows bekulokhu ekabili njalo. Othile ekhononda amagciwane eziphikelelayo neziphazamiso, umuntu onganelisekile okuthuthukile. Othile okunalokho adunyiswe umkhiqizo Microsoft ngenxa yekhono layo ukuze sisebenze Office.

Ngokuvamile, umkhiqizo iningi ngokuphelele efanelekayo. Windows kudinga labo abasebenza nge isofthiwe ethize, i-Microsoft Office, bese udlala imidlalo ye-computer yesimanje.

MacOS

Ngaphansi ezivamile, kodwa umkhiqizo omningi eliphezulu eyenziwe Apple. MacOS uqhosha ingxenye 9% nesizotha. Lesi simo kanzima ukushaya ngoba MacOS isebenza kuphela ngaphansi kokulawula Mac.

Uhlu olusebenzisayo, MacOS:

• OS X Mavericks;
• OS X Yosemite;
• OS X-El Capitan;
• macOS Sierra.

Izimfuneko zesistimu MacOS Sierra OS (i-release yamanje):

• iMac (eyakhishwa ngo ngasekupheleni 2009 noma entsha);
• Mac Incwadi (-12 intshi, eyakhululwa ngo ekuqaleni 2015 noma kamuva);
• Mac Incwadi Pro (eyakhishwa ngo ngasekupheleni 2010 noma entsha);
• Mac Incwadi emoyeni (eyakhishwa ngo ngasekupheleni 2009 noma entsha);
• Mac Mini (eyakhishwa ngo Ekuqaleni kuka-2010 noma kamuva);
• Mac Pro (eyakhishwa ngo ngasekupheleni 2010 noma entsha).

Ukuze uhlelo kudinga omunye amakhompyutha ngenhla.

Izinzuzo ohlelweni:

1. Ukuzinza kanye nokuvikeleka. Apple imikhiqizo bezilokhu eyaziwa ukulondeka nokuzinza. Ezamakhompiyutha bayajabula futhi ube muhle yiluphi uhlelo ukuncintisana. Ngaphansi MacOS wadala ngamathuluzi ahlukahlukene ukuvikela kanye imikhawulo ukuvikela ukulimala umsebenzisi sekupheleni. Futhi, ngaphansi kohlelo ezidalwe amagciwane ezimbalwa kakhulu.
2. I imikhumbi umxhwele software izinga. Esikhathini MacOS okuzenzakalelayo ihlanganiswe iphakethe "isofthiwe" adingekayo umsebenzi wokudala izinto. Uhlu izicelo yokuqopha okusebenza izinhlelo langena amanothi, okuphequlula iwebhu, okwenza amabhayisikobho, ukuxuba amathrekhi, ukudweba nokunye. Kodwa Onjiniyela AppStore, ngokungafani nalabo e-Windows, kuthiwa ukubhejela izinga ukucabangela kunokuba cheapness.
3. uhlelo ukuxhumana 'nensimbi'. yesistimu yokusebenza MacOS is "ngensimbi" ukusebenza ibanga emincane imishini Ngakho-ke, ngendlela enhle neyamukelekayo. Ingabe eziphambili ukwesekwa isiqeshana sokuhambisa iminwe. Cishe noma yimuphi umshini usebenza ngaphandle abashayeli.
4. iCloud. amakhompyutha Apple, kanye neminye imikhiqizo ye-enkampanini, njalo ezazihambisana ifu iCloud. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuvikela noma iyiphi idatha egcinwe kukhompyutha, futhi igcinwe kuze kube yimanje kuwo wonke amadivayisi wakho.

Okumbi kohlelo:

1. Expensiveness. Uhlelo lokusebenza ngokwayo imahhala, kodwa isebenza kuphela kwi-Mac, okuyinto, zibuye ecasulayo ezibizayo.
2. Ezimbalwa imidlalo. Gamers ngokuvamile akudingekile ukubheka maqondana MacOS, njengoba isibalo imidlalo, uma sikubeka kahle, iyahlupheka. Awukwazi ukusebenzisa yimuphi umdlalo umkhiqizo yesimanje, njengoba nje musa ukujwayela kwi-Mac, ngenxa ekusithekeni yayo nokusatshalaliswa ababuthakathaka.
3. ibhizinisi engaqinile ingxenye. Mac akuyona ovamile kakhulu imvelo yenkampani, ikakhulukazi e-Russia, ngakho cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthola isofthiwe efanelekayo. Izinhlangano ikakhulukazi ukudala imikhiqizo-Windows.

Abanikazi Iningi uthande Mac yabo OS, ukunconywa ngokubekezelelana isethi enkulu izinhlelo futhi umsebenzi ozinzile. Akafani MacOS ikakhulukazi labo abanamathela Windows ukulinganiselwa kwalo engcondvweni bese izindleko aphezulu amakhompyutha Apple.

Uhlelo kufanelekile bonke labo abamagama umsebenzi elihlobene ne lokusungula. It abaculi, nabaqondisi ngisho izintatheli.

Linux

Ngesikhathi khulula Linux uhlelo lokusebenza yisabelo owesincane emakethe computer. Yena evala okuthiwa uhlu PC wokusebenza nge isabelo 1%. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, uhlelo umholi emakethe in kumadivayisi eselula ukudleka amaseva.

Uhlu Linux asebenzayo:

• Fedora;
• ubuntu;
• Mint;
• Opensuse;
• Gentoo;
• Arch;
• Slackware.

Izimfuneko zesistimu Linux nhlelo zokusebenzisa kukhona edidayo. imishini yobuchwepheshe edingekayo ukusebenzisa uhlelo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu, ngoba yesikhulumi okudingeka bashintshashintshe ngayo futhi kungenziwa ihlanganiswe nganoma yisiphi "umshini".

Izinzuzo ohlelweni:

1. Yizinhlobonhlobo kalula. Uhlelo lusebenza ku-konke, ngokoqobo. Livame ukusetshenziswa enyakatho, ezikhungweni zemfundo. Yebo, futhi kumakhompyutha ikhaya Kuyinto ngokuya ezivamile, ngenxa yokufinyelela yayo. Uhlelo imahhala, kanye iningi izicelo ke.
2. ukwesekwa umphakathi. Wokusebenza esekelwe Linux omthombo Onjiniyela evulekile abasebenza kuzo isisindo, okuyinto kunciphisa lizinga igciwane izinsongo, kusheshiswe yokulungiswa zonke izinhlobo amaphutha, futhi ngokuvamile kuba nomphumela omuhle ekuthuthukisweni ohlelweni.
3. Speed. Linux, mhlawumbe, uhlelo undemanding kakhulu. Kuye "imvelo" (uhlelo esibonakalayo) nokusatshalaliswa (uhlelo uqobo), kungenzeka ukuba sifinyelele zizikhandle kakhulu ababuthaka "imishini."

Okumbi kohlelo:

1. Ukungavumelani ne-Windows. Cishe yonke isofthiwe kuphela isifaniso ne-Windows, ngaleyo ndlela phansi kunabaphostoli kakhulu izinga. Kungokufanayo uya for imidlalo.
2. Isidingo ukuthuthukisa esigungwini. kungenziwa nge sokuqhafaza ukuphathwa uhlelo interface yomsebenzisi, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuzoba khona isidingo ukusebenza esibulalayo (ukuphathwa uhlelo ithuluzi kumodi yombhalo), bese ukufunda izimiso kohlelo, ithimba, izisekelo lwezinhlelo.
3. Ukungavumelani kwemishini. Ephambi kwezinduna endlini ka enyathelisa ubudala, kungenzeka cishe 100% ngokuqiniseka ukuthi Linux ngeke ukumsekela.

Wancoma ohlelweni, yilabo kuphela abenza kakhulu othanda amakhompyutha kanye nolwazi ubuchwepheshe, labo bathanda zivule ohlelweni. abasebenzisi avamile ngokuvamile ukukhononda ngoba akukho ohlelweni ukusebenza, ukuzijabulisa.

Intuthu OS

Esinye uhlelo freeware, engesiyo lutho kodwa igobolondo nge Linux kusukela Valve. Lo mkhiqizo kuhloswe wabadlali kanye platform udlala Steam.

I-Chrome OS

umkhiqizo ampofu kusuka ku-Google, elinganiselwe izicelo wewebhu kanye isiphequluli of the gama elifanayo kuphela. Lolu hlelo akuyona konkuretosposobnoy kuqhathaniswa ne-Windows ne-Mac, kodwa senziwa unombono esizayo, lapho esibonakalayo web uzosusa "wangempela" isofthiwe. Okuzenzakalelayo ukubeka kuwo wonke amakhompyutha Chromebook.

Ukufakwa izinhlelo eziningi futhi ukusetshenziswa imishini virtual

Njengoba platform ngamunye has ubuhle nobubi bayo, kuvame kuba nesidingo ukusebenza eziningana. Onjiniyela lwamakhompyutha bayakubona lokhu, ngakho-ke, ukunikeza abasebenzisi ikhono ukufaka idrayivu nje ababili noma abathathu izinhlelo.

Kuyinto elula. Kudinga kuphela uhlelo ukusatshalaliswa (disc noma USB flash drive, zithwesiwe izinto zabo obandayo) futhi isikhala khulula kudiski kanzima. Zonke wokusebenza yesimanje ukunikela ngesikhathi sokufaka ukwaba Isikhala ukwakha indlela ukuqalisa ukuthi ubonisa uhlu wesistimu yokusebenza lapho amabhuzu ikhompyutha. Zonke kwenziwa kwimodi semi-automatic, futhi amandla ubani.

On Apple amakhompyutha abe Umbuso ekhethekile - Bootcamp, okuyinto yakhelwe ukufakwa lula futhi nekhono Windows eduze MacOS.

Kukhona enye indlela esingathola - ukusetha uhlelo virtual ngaphakathi yangempela. Ngenxa yale njongo hlelo: VMware futhi VirtualBox, bakwazi sokulingisa ikhompyutha okugcwele ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokusebenza.

esikhundleni isiphetho

Uhlu wokusebenza akugcini computer ezingenhla. Kukhona inala imikhiqizo ezivela ezinkampanini ezahlukene, kodwa ngempela ethize futhi akufanele ukunakwa umsebenzisi isilinganiso. Kukhethwa senziwa phakathi i-Windows, MacOS ne-Linux, ngakho angamuvimba iningi izidingo kanye elula ngokwanele ukuba ufunde.