I-Doctype HTML - iyini? Okudingayo ukwazi ngesici

Noma ngabe yiziphi izinsolo ezishoyo, inqubekelaphambili namanje iyinto engakwazi ukumiswa. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi abanye becasukile ngokunyakaza okuqhubekayo kuze kube yilapho kutholakala ama-dachas, abanye bahlushwa ngokweqile, ngoba ukuqhubeka nezinguquko kuba nzima nakakhulu. Isibonelo sokuthi "ukubamba" okunjalo yizithunywa zabasebenzi ezihlobene nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu.

Ngesikhathi abakhiqizi bewebhu abaningi, abahleli nabakhi bezakhiwo behambisana kakhulu nomoya wezikhathi kunanoma yikuphi "iNura Baba", othola ulwazi ngokulibazisa kweviki, futhi ngisho nokuphazamiseka okuphawulekayo, isimo sangempela siba sehlukile. Kunzima ukufanisa izinga lenqubekela phambili emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe obusha. Ake sicabangele isibonelo esilula: eminyakeni engaba ngu-5-10 eyedlule umthuthukisi wemidlalo e-intanethi ku-Adobe Flash angafinyelela impumelelo engokoqobo, iningi elithi "Merry Farmers" liyisiqinisekiso. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nanamuhla, lobu buchwepheshe buya kancane kancane, kuhlinzeka ngendlela enkulu yesimanje esingaphansi kodwa esingaphansi kwesisekelo se-HTML5. Ngendlela, i-HTML5 futhi ingenye ye "abalingiswa" bomlando wethu wanamuhla, ozinikezelwe emsebenzini wansuku zonke we-HTML-coder.

I-Doctype HTML - iyini?

Lesi yisikhumbuzo se-tech high kuya izisulu zokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe. Ukuqeda ama-90-s, okwahlukanisa hhayi kuphela "isimo sokulwa" ezweni lakithi, kodwa futhi impi yangempela yeziphequluli, kwalethwa ezweni imikhiqizo eminingi evumela abasebenzisi bekhompyutha ukuba balime ama-expanses wenethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke. Kodwa kukhona ukudoba okukodwa kuphela - okuthandwayo yi-Netscape Navigator ne-Internet Explorer ebheka amakhasi afanayo ngezindlela ezehlukene, ngokulandelanayo, futhi abadali bezingosi badala amakhasi ahluke ngokuphelele kulezi zinhlelo.

Amazinga? Ngalezo zinsuku, kwakungenalutho ukukhuluma ngabo - i-W3C yayisemncane, kanti iMicrosoft, eyakhuthaza i-IE yayo, idumile ngokukhetha ukusekela amabhayisikili ayo ayengavumelani nanoma yini. Noma kunjalo, ekupheleni kwalowo wesabekayo (we-web developers) eyishumi, isimo sasisesijwayelekile: kubonakala sengathi kukhona amazinga afanayo, okungakhathaliseki ukuthi aphelele, kodwa ahlonishwa yizo zonke iziphequluli ezidumile.

Kodwa-ke, isimo saba njalo ukuthi izindinganiso zabakhiqizi be-consortium nabaphequluli abazange bafanane. Ungakwazi ukudala ikhasi elihle kakhulu kusukela ekubukeni kwe- HTML, i-CSS ne-DOM, kodwa isiphequluli sakho esikhethiwe asizange sikhombise lokho okulindele ukukubona.

Noma kunjalo, isikhathi sidlule, abathuthukisi bagcina benqume ukucabangela hhayi kuphela ngomncintiswano, kodwa futhi mayelana nabaphathi bewebhu, futhi wabonakala - i-Doctype HTML. Lena i-tagname ekhethekile etshela isiphequluli ukuthi ubuke kanjani ikhasi elithile.

Kungani ngidinga i-Doctype ku-HTML?

Ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale izindinganiso ezifanele, okuqala ukulandela yonke indawo, abathuthukisi abaningi bezithuthuthu bazama ukukhipha ingubo phezu kwabo, bezakhele izindlela zabo zokufinyelela kobuchwepheshe obuthile. Ngenxa yalokho, ikhasi elifanayo libukeka kuhluke kwiziphequluli ezahlukene. Kodwa-ke, sesivele sikhulume ngalokhu, asizange sisho ukuthi lapho abakhiqizi bezinhlelo zokusakaza ngewebhu befika ezinhliziyweni zabo, omunye, kwakungekho inkinga encane eyithakazelisayo.

Cabanga ngesimo: ungumthuthukisi ovamile wewebhu we-90s ngasekugcineni. Kwenzeke ukuthi isikhathi esiningi osichitha kwisiphequluli se-Inthanethi Explorer 4. Ngokungazelelwe, iMicrosoft inquma ukufika ezinhliziyweni zakho bese yenza isiphequluli sayo esisha ibe "okulungile", ngenxa yalokho engacacisi ukuthi ubhala kanjani amawebhusayithi nokuthi yini okumelwe iyenze nalabo asebevele bekhona Kudalwe. Ngokuvamile, uma unesikhathi esanele, ungaphinda ubhale ikhodi yakho ye-HTML ngendlela yokuthi ihambisane nezindinganiso ezintsha, kodwa abantu bayizidalwa ezivilaphayo.

Kule nkinga ukuthi i-Doctype HTML yiyona "inqubo" efanelekile. Kuye ngokuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwedokhumenti oluboniswa ekuqaleni kwekhasi, isiphequluli sizokhetha okufanele kakhulu kulolu cala indlela yokunikeza. Uma kungekho i-Doctype ku-HTML-ikhodi, isiphequluli sizohamba ngendlela yokuhambisana (njengomthetho, kodwa hhayi). Ngenxa yalokho, i-Internet Explorer 6 efanayo (noma ngabe ingobo yomlando, iyoba phansi), lapho kungekho khona ithegi yeDoctype, iziphatha njengokungathi usebenza inguqulo yayo yesine.

Izinhlobo ze-Doctype

Ithegi le-Doctype inezinhlobo eziningana ezingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezithile. Okokuqala, ichaza izinhlobo eziyinhloko zolimi lwe-markup: HTML 4.01, HTML 5, XHTML 1.0 noma XHTML 1.1. Okwesibili, ngasinye salezi zilimi sinama-sub-sections, okukhomba "coefficient of finding-fault," okungukuthi, indlela eqinile ngayo ikhodi ye-HTML isethwe ngamazinga we-W3C. Kuyiqiniso, esimweni sesibili kukhona okunye okuhlukile - i-HTML5 ne-XHTML 1.1 ayinayo i-subspecies futhi inefomu eyodwa kuphela ye-Doctype HTML. Kodwa okuningi ngalokhu kamuva ...

Indlela eqinile: I-Doctype iqinile

Uma ukhetha ukwakha ikhodi ye-HTML efana nombhalo ngamunye womthetho we-validator, khona-ke ukukhuthaza okungeziwe (ngaphandle kwesithakazelo sakho) kungaba ukusetshenziswa kweDoctype Strict. Uma uhlela ukusebenzisa i-XHTML 1.0 eyithuthukisiwe, khona-ke umugqa lapho ingxenye ngayinye izoqala khona kufanele ibukeke kanje:

Ukukhetha ithempulethi yomphakathi ye-Doctype HTML eqinile kuqinisekisa ukuthi noma yikuphi ukuphambuka okuvela emgomeni kuyothathwa isiphequluli, emva kwalokho umaka ongasetshenzisiwe ongasetshenzisiwe uzobe unganakwa. Ikakhulukazi, esimweni esiqinile, noma iyiphi ithegi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ifomu, isithombe, noma esinye isici, kufanele sitholakale ngaphakathi kwamathegi okuvimba. Uma unquma ukwenza ngaphandle kwalo, isiphequluli asivele sibonise lesi sici, futhi uhlu lwamaphutha wokuhlela luzogcwaliswa okufakiwe okumbalwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathegi ambalwa avumela ukufometha umbhalo, futhi kuyadingeka ukukhipha - imodi eqinile ifaka ukusetshenziswa kwe-CSS.

Indlela yomuntu: I-Doctype Transitional

Uma i-template eqinile eqinile ayihambisani nawe, noma uma ujwayele ukungahambisani nemithetho, ngaso sonke isikhathi kukhona ithuba lokusebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lomuntu we-Doctype HTML Public. I-W3C inakekele labo abangafuni ukuyeka imikhuba futhi bafuna ukusebenza ezimweni ezimbi, ukudala ithempulethi yesikhashana esimele imodeli yesikhashana yokufinyelela ekuqinisekiseni. Le template ikunika ithuba lokuzikhululela ngokukhululekile ezinye izinkululeko, njengamathegi avinjelwe yi-Template-Strict, kanye nezinye izindlela eziningi zokuhlela ezingazange zilahlekelwe ukuhambisana kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engu-90.

"I-Doctype" ye-Doftype ye-HTML 4 ebizwa ngokuthi "i-Soft" ihlelwe kanje:

Ku-XHTML, umugqa uphinde ubheke kancane, kodwa umkhuba jikelele uhlala:

Kuze kube manje, naphezu kokuthi isakhiwo ngasinye sizama ukufanisa i-template eqinile, yi-Doctype yesikhashana ethandwa kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, lesi template sinomkhawulo owodwa womgomo: i-validator "izola" noma yikuphi amakhasi lapho kukhona ozimele khona. Uma udinga ukusebenzisa le ndlela yokuhlela, kufanele uqaphele lokhu okulandelayo - ithemplate yokugcina.

Kusuka Kujwayelekile kuya Kuqondile: I-Doctype Frameset

Indlela yokuhlola ikhasi lokufanisa ithempulethi ye-Frameset ngokuvamile ifana neyesiThuthi, kodwa, ngaphezu kwe "izinkululeko" ezibalwe ngenhla, le template ikunika amandla okusebenzisa ozimele. I-Frameset ayinayo enye umehluko, ngakho-ke ihlala kuphela ukuhlunga imigqa yezikhangiso, i-HTML 4.01 ne-XHTML 1.0:

Emaphethelweni enqubekela phambili

Ngokwemvelo, njengoba sekushiwo ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko yonke izinga le-HTML5 elitholayo, asikwazanga ukungazinaki lolu limi lomlingo. Kuyinto ehlekisa ukuthi i-W3C ibheka le nguqulo ye-HTML oyinhloko, ngakho i-Doctype HTML 5 yayo ibukeka ilula. Ngamanye amazwi, lolu hlobo lwencazelo lusho ukuthi isiphequluli sidinga ukusebenza nge-HTML "ehlanzekile", okuyi-HTML5 okucatshangwayo namhlanje, ngenkathi inguqulo yesine, eyisiko labaningi, ibhekwa ukuthi ingasasebenzi.

Ezinye izinhlobo ze-Doctype

Kuze kube manje, kunezinhlobo eziningana zamathempulethi e-Doctype, eziningi zazo eziphathelene ne-XHTML. Ngenkathi inguqulo yesibili yalolu limi lwe-markup engakaze ivele, eyingxenye ye-HTML5 engenhla, ukuhluka kohlobo lwayo lokuqala, naphezu kokusakazeka okukhulu, kuphila futhi kuhle.

Ingabe i-Doctype ibalulekile?

Mhlawumbe abanye "abalobi" be-novice ku-HTML bazozama ukunganaki ukushicilelwa kohlobo lwekhasi. Yebo, uma bengakhipha ulwazi olubalulekile kusuka ngenhla, ake sinike isibonelo esisodwa esilula. Nasi isibonelo sekhasi usebenzisa isifanekiso seTransitional:

Konke kubheka ngendlela okufanele kubonakale ngayo kumklami, kodwa kudingeka "sihlanganise" i-Doctype, futhi sithola okulandelayo:

Njengoba ubona, ikhasi liye labhekana nezinguquko eziphawulekayo: isithombe sangemuva sinyamalale, imenyu iphenduke uhlu oluthile, amanye amakilasi e-CSS akhishwa ngokungahambisani, ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhasi linomqulu wesibhakela wesibili.

Sithemba ukuthi lesi sibonelo sitholakale ngokugcwele ukuze sichaze ukubaluleka kwalokho okulotshiwe, ngakho-ke kufanele sihlale siqaphile noma, ngokuqinisekile, sifunde ukubhala ikhodi edlula ukuqinisekiswa okuqinile. Inhlanhla kuwe!