Ukubalwa umthwalo esisekelweni. Isibonelo ekubalweni imithwalo esisekelweni

Ngesisekelo yimuphi umsebenzi omkhulu wokwakha obeka isisekelo. On kuyakwenziwa njani thembeke incike lokho okulindeleke kusukela ukwakhiwa impilo inkonzo isakhiwo. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu, ebeka isisekelo ngo isakhiwo kubhekwa omunye izigaba ebaluleke kakhulu.

Ukuze base lalingabulawa kalula ukumelana yonke imithwalo kulindeleke, kubalulekile hhayi kuphela ukuqapha ubuchwepheshe of isitayela yayo, kodwa futhi pre-ukubala lonke ithonya kungenzeka kuso. Feza ukubala lesifanele ikhumbula zonke izinto ezingase zibe nethonya kancane esisekelweni, kungaba onguchwepheshe, ubani ngemva kwakhe okuningi okuhlangenwe nakho kulo mkhakha. Kodwa ubani ungenza ukubala owandulelayo umthwalo Imininingwane esisekelweni, ngaleyo ndlela ukuba baqonde indlela kuyoba onamandla futhi uqede izindleko ezingenasidingo.

imininingwane edingekayo

Umbuzo sokuqala, yini okudingeka wena ukwazi ukuze ukubala kahle umthwalo esisekelweni. Kuyinto kanje:

• kusakhiwo jikelele walesi sakhiwo, ukuphakama, okungukuthi, inani phansi, indaba ka okuzokwenza ukuba kwenziwe ngabantwana uphahla;
• Inhlabathi, komhlaba ukujula;
• impahla asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni izakhi ukwakhiwa ngamunye;
• endaweni ukwakhiwa;
• ukubaluleka Ukungena isisekelo;
• the inhlabathi okokuqandisa ukujula;
• ukushuba we ungqimba inhlabathi ukuthi echayeke imithwalo deformable.

Lolu lwazi kudingeka acabangele izibalo ezincane ngokunemba izibalo.

Kungani Balisisa

Yini enikeza unjiniyela ukubala ikusasa umthwalo esisekelweni?

• Amanani lesifanele kuzosiza ukuthola indawo efanelekayo kakhulu futhi iphephile lapho ungakwazi ukwakha isakhiwo.
• Uma ukubala ke, bese ungakwazi kalula ukuvimbela ukusonteka izindonga noma isisekelo, + kodwa ngemva kwaso kanye nesakhiwo.
• Ukubalwa kuzosiza ukuvimbela subsidence (ukubhujiswa okuseduze sonke isakhiwo).
• Uzokwazi ukuba baqonde kangakanani udinga ukuthenga izinto ukwenza umsebenzi wokwakha. Luphinde ukunciphisa kakhulu izindleko sezizonke.

Uma ukubala kwenziwa ngendlela engafanele noma musa ukukhiqiza nhlobo, kungaba khona deformations ezinjalo isakhiwo kanye isisekelo njengoba skew, ungagobisi, ukuwa, ungagobisi, roll, shift, noma ovundlile offset.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu umthwalo

Ngaphambi kokuqala ukubala of imithwalo, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi kukhona izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko, okungaba umthwalo:

1. Izibalo. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa isisindo isakhiwo ngokwaso futhi ngamunye isici umuntu wendlu.
2. Uhlobo lwesibili - lena umthelela okubangelwa izimo zezulu. Emoyeni, emvuleni nezinye kwezulu, futhi, kufanele ihileleke ukubala.
3. Izinto kuyoba kakade ngaphakathi endlini, futhi, abe ingcindezi ethile, ngakho umthwalo ukubala esisekelweni kufanele lifake lezi zibalo.

Substrate uhlobo kuncike hlobo inhlabathi ku kuso. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile futhi ukubala umthwalo phansi. Fundam futhi ucindezela futhi esibonakala ngokuqina nemingcele ezifana Imininingwane contact endaweni kanye nesenzakalo yayo ukujula.

Ifomula kuhlaziywa umthwalo phansi

Ukuze sithole amagugu, sisebenzisa le ndlela elandelayo eziyisisekelo:

H = hf + HG + Hb + HC,

lapho H - ukubaluleka kwangempela, okungukuthi, umthwalo Imininingwane emhlabathini, le NF - ukubaluleka ekhombisa umthwalo esisekelweni, Nd - umthwalo ekhaya, okungukuthi, umthwalo isakhiwo, HC - umthwalo ezithile zonyaka iqhwa, Nv - umthwalo umoya.

ND ngoba zonke izinhlobo isisekelo ibalwa ngendlela efanayo. NF ibalwa ehlukile kuye ngohlobo isisekelo.

Layisha tape base Monolithic

isizinda umthwalo Inkomba eyawela enhlabathini kuzosiza ukucacisa ubukhulu kahle endaweni engaphansi futhi zihlole umthwalo sezimvumela. Ngenxa yalesi sibalo, ikhipha efanelekayo strip isisekelo. umthwalo Ukubala yenziwa ngokuvumelana le ndlela elandelayo:

Nflm = V × Q,

lapho V - kuyinto umthamo isamba isisekelo, okuyinto laliqongelelwe siphindaphindeka ukuphakama, ubude nobubanzi base (tape noma waphonsa); Q - gravity ethize (ukuminyana) leyo nto yasetshenziselwa usakhiwa substrate. Lokhu value ibalwa ungayitholi yonke imingcele kudingekile ingatholakala amatafula zemibhalo.

Okulandelayo Inkomba Rr luhlukaniswe base endaweni (S) etholwe futhi ukubaluleka umthwalo (Hy), okumele ibe ngaphansi ovumelekile reference value inhlabathi ukumelana (Kr):

Awu = Nflm / S ≤ Kr.

Ukuze ugweme amaphutha izibalo kwethonya ukuphambuka ezinjalo kufanele idlule 25%. Uma ukubaluleka etholwe idlula inkomba, ububanzi izisekelo ukukhuphuka kangcono, kungenjalo uzoqala ukwambula bese liyazika.

Ukubalwa umthwalo plate isisekelo esimweni ukwakhiwa Monolithic base kuyafana. Kuyadingeka ukuba qiniseka acabangele umthwalo ukusonteka, izisekelo voltage namabhange. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ngibeke isisekelo nge wekhasi anda amanani kubalwa.

Layisha izisekelo columnar

Ukubala ngeke abale isibalo esifaneleko yinqwaba noma ukuphela kwesisekelo for ukwakhiwa ephephile.

isisindo Specific - lena ukubaluleka ebonisa esiphezulu design ingcindezi kwenhlabathi engaqinisa ukuthi kuleli cala yayingekho subsidence futhi displacements. Inani ezithile incike onjani inhlabathi umbuzo, futhi kulokho sezulu zone ukwakhiwa yendlu sihlelelwe. Nokho, lapho kubalwa ngokwesilinganiso bajwayele ukuthatha - 2 kg / cm2.

Umthwalo Imininingwane, onikeza phansi outsole base columnar siqukethe mass asakazwa isakhiwo kanye isisindo ikholomu. Ngakho-ke, umthwalo ukubala esisekelweni pier kuyoba kanje:

• VC = Sc x HC;
• Pc = VC xq;
• Pfc = Pc x N;
• SFC = Sc x N;

lapho Sc - asekelayo insika endaweni, HC - ukuphakama, VC - ikholomu ivolumu, Pc - isisindo kwekholomu, q - ukuminyana ikholomu impahla, N - Inombolo ephelele nezingodo Pfc - isisindo ingqikithi kwesisekelo, SFC - endaweni ingqikithi ukwesekwa.

Layisha inqwaba isisekelo

Ukusetshenziswa kwalesi ifomula ukuze senze ekubalweni imithwalo esisekelweni inqwaba, futhi kungenzeka, kodwa kuyodingeka ilungiswe kancane. Okungukuthi, uma umphumela etholwe kakade nge ifomula langaphambilini, kufanele siphindwe ngesibalo ingqikithi yinqwaba, bese ufaka ibhande isisindo (kuleli cala, uma ibhande lalisetshenziswa ukwakhiwa). Ukuze uthole ubukhulu oyifunayo, uphindaphinde yi ngu kwabantu (isisindo ethize) zezinto ezazisetshenziswa emsebenzini wokukhiqiza yinqwaba.

Lapho empeleni isibalo izisekelo Helical eyaziwa (N) isisindo isakhiwo (P), esiphathiswa asekelayo ezakhiwe endaweni eyodwa njengoba iyona ratio P / N. Hlalani nilungele ukukhetha yinqwaba esifaneleka kunazo zonke, nge eziveza ethile umthamo nokuthi obuphelele esifanelana izici Geological sendawo.

Umthwalo phezu kwesisekelo sendlu

Ukuze wenze umthwalo jikelele kwi ekubalweni isisekelo sendlu, isamba nenqwaba izingxenye ngabanye yendlu:

• Slabs nazo zonke izindonga.
• Iminyango namafasitela.
• Amasistimu yophahla.
• Ukushisisa nokushaya komoya amapayipi, amapayipi.
• Zonke ngombala zokuhlobisa, umusi kanye namanzi okuhlola.
• ezihlukahlukene zikagesi, ifenisha kanye izitebhisi.
• Zonke izinhlobo fasteners.
• Abantu ababeka kokubili bahlala isakhiwo.

Lokhu kuzodinga ezinye izibalo amatafula (inani kuncike impahla yokwakhiwa ingxenye ngayinye) ngaphambili ibalwa ongoti. Manje kungenzeka ukuba umane ukuyisebenzisa. Ngokwesibonelo:

1. Ukuze izakhiwo kanye isidumbu, ugqinsi engesiyo ezingaphezu kuka-150 mm, kulayishwa izinga 50 kg / m2.
2. Uma kunodonga sasakhiwe ngokhonkolo evundile, ukushuba zazo has kufika ku-50 cm, - 600 kg / m2.
3. Izindonga ukushuba obuphathekayo 15 cm abazikhandla nomthwalo 350 kg / m2.
4. Ukumboza, e ngesisekelo okuyinto umklamo ngesisekelo ukhonkolo ziye zasetshenziswa, sicindezelwe ngebutho 500 kg / m2.
5. Ukumboza nge sifudumale futhi yokuntwela izinkuni - 300 kg / m2.
6. Roof - isilinganiso 50 kg / m2.
7. Uma ukubaluleka ezidingekayo elibonisa umthwalo mhla weliqhwa elikhithikileyo, ngokuvamile kusho inani of 190 kg / m2 - ezindaweni ezisenyakatho, 50kg / m2 - eningizimu, 100 kg / m2 - ngoba iviyo maphakathi, noma ithola ngokuvele azalane endaweni esivezwa ophahla phezu izikhombo ezithile umthwalo kweqhwa.
8. Uma ufuna ukubala umthwalo emoyeni, nakuba kuwusizo ukuba le ndlela elandelayo:

HB = R × (40 × H + 15),

lapho P - iyona ndawo ingqikithi ezaziphase isakhiwo, futhi H - ukuphakama esewonke isakhiwo.

Ngokwesibonelo ukubala

Ukusebenzisa izibalo ngaphezu kuzovumela ukuba kahle ukunquma ubukhulu kudingekile isisekelo futhi uvikelekile ku-uqobo iminyaka eminingi isakhiwo okuthembekile. Futhi ukuze kube lula ukuba baqonde indlela ukusebenzisa amanani kufanele ubone isibonelo esekelwe imithwalo isisekelo.

Njengoba isibonelo, ukuthatha idatha eyodwa storey indlu ngokhonkolo evundile etholakala endaweni evikelekile iqhwa nomoya. Gable ophahleni nge ukuthambekela 45%. Fundam - Monolithic itheyiphu 6h3h0,5 m Izindonga: .. Ukuphakama 3 m and 40 cm inhlabathi obukhulu - nobumba.

1. ophahleni umthwalo libalwe umthwalo 1 m2 lelivakalako, kulesi sibonelo -. 1.5 m adonsela phansi Specific kusuka 6 - 50 kg / m2 / HC = 50 * 1.5 = 75 kg.
2. Wall umthwalo kunqunywa siphindaphindeka ukuphakama kanye ukushuba ku ireferensi umthwalo ethize kusukela 2: HC = 600 * 3 * 0,4 = 720 kg.
3. Layisha ukugqagqana Owandisa izimpahla isikhala wezimpahla ngu isamba kusuka 4: H = (6 * 3/6 * 2) * 500 = 750 kg. Cargo endaweni enqunywe endaweni ratio isisekelo kuze kube sebudeni zalo, lapho cindezela lags ukugqagqana.
4. Umthwalo kusukela phansi ibhande (Q eziphathekako amatshe - 230 kg / m2): 6 * 3 * 0,4 * 230 = 1656 kg.
5. Layisha imitha elilodwa lezisekelo: Kodwa = 75 + 720 + 750 + 1656 = 3201 kg.
6. Ingemuva yenani umthwalo ubumba: Kr = 1.5 kg / cm2. Ngo isibonelo umthwalo maqondana izisekelo isikwele ilingana: Hy = 3201/1800 = 1.8 kg / cm2, lapho 6x3 = 18 m2 = 1800 cm2.

Isibonelo ebonisa ukuthi lezi usayizi idatha kokuqala isisekelo esikhethiwe enganele, kusukela ukubaluleka ibalwa mkhulu kunezinhliziyo inkomba evumelekile kanye akaqinisekisi ukuthembeka ukwakhiwa. Inani oyifunayo kunqunywa Ukukhetha stepwise.

Lapho uhlela ukwakhiwa kwemijondolo kanye nokuhlaziywa eyenziwa kubalulekile, kungenjalo ngemiphumela amagugu ayilungile kungaba ebuhlungu.