Uhlelo Lokufaka Lwe-Brazilian Oscar Niemeyer: Biography, esebenza ngayo. Indawo egcina amagugu esizwe futhi Isikhungo samasiko Oscar Niemeyer

Oscar Niemeyer wazalwa ngo-Rio de Janeiro, Disemba 15, 1907 Le senzakalo senzeka emgwaqeni, ethiwa emva kwesikhashana igama kumkhulu wakhe Ribeyru Di-Almeida. Lo muntu waba yisikhonzi Brazilian Federal eNkantolo Ephakeme.

intsha wezakhiwo

Njengoba wakhumbula Oscar, wayephila ukuphila bohemian ebusheni bakhe. Uhlelo Lokufaka Lwe-Ikusasa Oscar Niemeyer washada ngokushesha nje ngiqeda isikole. Ekuqaleni ayesebenza khona endlini ukuphrinta, bese, ngo-1930, waqala izifundo zakhe e-National School of Fine Arts, elise-Rio de Janeiro. Oscar wazikhethela ubuhlakani bokwakha. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-4, Niemeyer iziqu. Waya ukusebenza kule studio Umklamo Lusio Kosty, uthisha wakhe wangaphambili. Lucio kuyinto umsunguli izakhiwo LwaseBrazil isitayela Art Nouveau.

Ukubambisana ne Charles de Corbusier

Okokuqala Oscar wasebenza mahhala. Esikhathini studio, lapho sahlangana nomuntu owavele babeba nethonya elikhulu kubantu umsebenzi wakhe. Kumayelana Charles Le Korbyuze, umakhi French. Wayengumuntu umxhumanisi abaculi nezinsizwa ezazisebenza umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa isakhiwo of the Ministry of Health kanye Nemfundo eRio de Janeiro. Lo muntu wake wathi Oscar ithalente. Wamnakekela kuphrojekthi ukuphathwa.

Niemeyer, sibonga kangakanani kulo msebenzi, nelungelo lokuphakelwa umakhi, asesabi ucwaningo. Waphumelela lolungenamaphutsa sihlanganise ezinye bobunjwa engalindelekile futhi imigqa umsebenzi izingxenye nangezinto zokwakha ezivela lapho kwenziwa. Ngemva kwalokho, lezi zici abe uphawu lokuhweba Niemeyer isebenza ukuthi uyoboniswa cishe ngamunye amaphrojekthi 600 eyenziwa yibo emazweni ahlukahlukene.

Inkundla Brazil kanye eziyinkimbinkimbi Pampulha

Igama umakhi ngo-1939, kwakuvele kwaziwa ngaphandle kwezwe. Niemeyer, kanye Lusio Kostoy, inkundla Brazilian lwenzelwe, okwethulwa New York eWorld Sikhungo. Ngo-1940 ekuseni umakhi isiyalelo ezinkulu entsha. Juscelino Kubitschek, kamuva owaba ngumongameli wase-zwe, futhi ngenkathi lo mbusi yangaphambili edolobheni elikhulu Belo Horizonte (Brazil), wamyala ukuba akhe eziyinkimbinkimbi zezakhiwo ogwini echibini. Pampulha. Kube kwakufanele abe club yacht kanye club ithenisi, esontweni, ihholo dance futhi emnyuziyamu. Ngemva kokuphothulwa project Pampulha zacishe ukukhangana esibaluleke kunazo zonke kuleli zwe. It ngokushesha waziwa ngokuthi Brazilian gem yezakhiwo.

UN izakhiwo kuphrojekthi eziyinkimbinkimbi

Oscar Niemeyer isibe real udumo. Ngo-1947 wayeyilungu leqembu abaklami abasebenze isakhiwo esiku-UN eNew York. Niemeyer wayengomncane kunabo bonke phakathi kwabo. Wayehola iqembu wezakhiwo American Uolles Garrison. Abalobi wafuna ukuqiniseka ukuthi umsebenzi zazo kwakuyisiliva ongokomfanekiso, ukubaluleka zefilosofi. Niemeyer yakhelwe nomqondo "workshop zezwe". Wayekuthanda nozakwethu evunyiwe iphrojekthi, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene nekuwusebentisa wehluleka.

Ikotishi Canoas

Ngo wezakhiwo-experimenter kwaba eningi imibono. Ikakhulukazi, izwe-owayedume yayo engavamile nangenye ekudalweni - akunika Canoas. Wakha-ke edolobheni laseRio de Janeiro ngo-1953. Namuhla Emaphethelweni wesifunda eziphambili São Conrado. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha lokhu izixazululo engadini kukhona kusekusha, kodwa sekuphele iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50. Indlu nezwi ezakhelwe imvelo yayo. Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela izinkondlo, idwala elikhulu, okuyinto ekwakhiweni wasala lapho walala, mhlawumbe izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Umakhi isinqumo sokuzakhela odongeni lwendlu ngenhla nje-ke. Umphumela waba ukuthi ingxenye enkulu ye itshe ekhaya, kanti enye ingxenye yaba - ngaphakathi. Lokhu kunikeza ingaphakathi okuqinile isakhiwo fantastic okwakhe.

Nokho, lo msebenzi kuphela ibika ukuthi impilo ibhizinisi wezakhiwo omkhulu, owaba emzini Brasilia, inhloko-dolobha entsha isimo.

Design yenhloko-dolobha Brazilian

Emuva ekhulwini le-19 kuvele umqondo ukuze uthumele inhlokodolobha yaseBrazil, kwaba ngaleso sikhathi iRio de Janeiro. Khona-ke umbono wagomela ngokuthi Rio isendaweni Atlantic coast, uma kwenzeka kuba khona okuhlaselayo echayeke engozini enkulu kunemicebo edolobheni, elise asemaqaqasini. Noma kunjalo, abanye bakholelwa ukuthi isizathu esiyinhloko ukudluliswa capital Brazilian - isidingo ukuthuthukisa maphakathi nezwe, ezigqagqene ngaleso sikhathi.

Ngo-1957, lo msebenzi wemfanelo futhi ohloniphekile Juscelino Kubitschek, manje umongameli we-Brazil wayala ukuxazulula Oscar Niemeyer futhi Lucio Costa. Lesi sakamuva kungokwalabo ukuthuthukiswa epulanini edolobheni, kanye Oscar - okusalungiswa omningi izakhiwo zokuhlala kanye izakhiwo. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, umsebenzi lezi abaklami baba edume kunazo ukuhlela zasemadolobheni experiment yesikhathi. Cishe kusuka ekuqaleni eminyakeni 3 anda edolobheni, eye ngokushesha ziye zaba ngomunye wemikhakha umxhwele kakhulu nemizana iplanethi. Kuze kube manje, kukhona akalingani emhlabathini. Idethi wokuvulwa - April 21, 1960

Lesi sakhiwo eyinhloko-dolobha Brazilian

Ekuqaleni, lo muzi waphinde yakhelwe ukuhlala kulo izinkulungwane 800. Abahlali, kodwa manje bangaphezu kuka-2.1 million. Njengoba baseBrazil uthi inhloko-dolobha yabo ufana indiza shape. Uma uthanda ukukhuphuka phezu kombhoshongo TV, elise enkabeni yedolobha, uzobona "umkhumbi flying", esakhiwa emgwaqweni engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili, tikwele, amapaki kanye izakhiwo. Maphakathi - endaweni esingunxantathu Three Amandla. Ezingosini it has 3 izakhiwo: Palace sikaMongameli, iNkantolo Ephakeme futhi National Congress. Lokhu "gumbi indiza." "Wings" ke - ezindaweni okuhlalwa kuzo, ababiziweyo - "eningizimu" futhi "enyakatho," noma iphiko. Ingxenye elandelayo yaleli dolobha futhi kube nomehluko ocacile emkhakheni - abamabhizinisi, ehhotela, lo lenxusa, ezonini ukuzijabulisa.

It is ndiyaza ngokoqobo zonke isakhiwo, okuyinto kwadalwa Oscar Niemeyer. la zokungcebeleka ziyasimangaza Umumo ezingalindelekile, imigqa ngokugqamile, wabuka engavamile. Ngokwesibonelo, phansi kwemibhoshongo lomthala National Congress, ngamunye ephethe 28 iphansi, platform olunzulu elula. It has 2 nezitsha omkhulu - housings House of Abamele kanye isiGele (ngenhla). Eyokuqala yalezi izinkomishi kuyinto okuhlanekezelwe kanye Dome, kanye nezinye ubabonisa maqondana esibhakabhakeni.

National Theatre, ngesimo isivivane, futhi umxhwele nge okwakhe yayo. Ingxenye esemqoka isakhiwo zingaphansi komhlaba. Emangazayo futhi lombhishobhi nge elikhulu ingilazi Isigaxa yayo. Lesi sakhiwo (nizhee esesithombeni) zizungezwé ngamakholamu ezimhlophe, lulolwé njengensingo ipensela. Bona ziphumule, bese, ukuphinda ukuma esontweni, kusale imicibisholo yakhe esibhakabhakeni.

Lesi sakhiwo lombhishobhi zifana umkhumbi njengabafokazi lawela ngengozi, kunokuba esontweni ngomqondo yendabuko. Budebuduze ke kukhona esinye isimangaliso izakhiwo - kwakhiwe Isigodlo Itamaraty, okuyinto eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Isigodlo nemengamo. It kungokwalabo Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Lesi sakhiwo nakho nokuntula amakholomu yakha igalari nge high nemengamo eziphathekako ukuvuleka ububanzi. imininingwane engalindelekile ngoba isikhungo esibalulekile esinjalo ichibi elikhulu ezungeze Itamaraty Palace nxazonke. Kube mnandi umdlalo inhlanzi.

Sichaza isakhiwo main kuphela, obadalwa enhlokodolobha yase-Brazilian Oscar Niemeyer. Amaphrojekthi ezihlukahlukene zalo nesinabantu abaningi. Bebonke bheka umahluko phakathi imibhoshongo, domes, inkomishi oyindilinga, sabakhukhula amakholomu, amapaki kanye tikwele, esiqinile Jomethri bobunjwa, kuhleleka isikhala nobe emigwacweni yase dolobheni inamathela Inkulumo elawulwayo ukugqama. isimanga okwengeziwe njengoba indawo umsebenzi umongameli Brazilian - esigodlweni "Planalto" (ngezansi).

Umbhali wayo futhi Oscar Niemeyer. Umklamo kwalesi sakhiwo Kuyinto ephawulekayo ngempela. Lesi sakhiwo elincane ezine izibuya akubukeki njenge ngokumfaka esigodlweni. unogada kuphela ibonisa ukuthi lokhu lapho izinqumo zezombusazwe ezithinta isiphetho amazwe ngobukhulu e-Latin America.

Kuningi kwezakhiwo zikahulumeni elaklanywa Nimeyer Oskar. Uhulumeni, isibonelo, wathola Palace yayo ngo-1960. Nokho, naphezu yaleyo nkonzo okusezingeni eliphezulu esimweni, umakhi namanje kwadingeka ashiye izwe lakubo. Sitshele ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani.

Niemeyer ukuphila ekudingisweni

Ngo-1945, u-Oscar wajoyina iCommunist Party of Brazil, futhi uye wahlala ngokwethembeka kwezifiso zawo kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe. Umakhi eklanyelwe idolobha elisha, kodwa wahlushwa yokuthi asikwazi ukuqeda imijondolo futhi imijondolo. Imibono Niemeyer neze wayifihla. Ngenxa yabo, akakwazanga ukuhlala Brazil ngemva ngo-1960 ngu umbuso wezempi. Oscar kwadingeka yathuthela Europe. Wahlala Paris. Lokhu kwenza ukuba abantu kokuhamba wezakhiwo ngokuthi "ukuxoshwa akunasidingo". Niemeyer ke amazwe, ngokuvakashela phakathi kwamanye amazwe, neSoviet Union, lapho athola abayithandayo eziningi abasekeli. Waba iqhawe entuthukweni yezenhlalo ukuthula emhlabeni. Ukuze lokhu yena waklonyeliswa umklomelo "ngoba eqinisa ukuthula phakathi kwezizwe" (International Lenin Prize).

Njengoba ngaphambili, umakhi kanzima. Kubonakala sengathi isimo sendawo umsebenzi wakhe Sichichima ngempela: i-Italy, eJalimane, eFrance, Lebanon, Congo, Ghana, e-United States, Algeria nakwamanye amazwe amaningi. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke amaphrojekthi wakhe ngalesi sikhathi babe iKomiti Central LamaKhomanisi yeFrance, etholakala e-Paris, kanye "Mondadori" eMilan.

Ukubuyela Brazil, Kubitschek Memorial J.

Kuphela 1980 zakuqala Oskar Nimeyer sabuyela eBrazil. Ngokushesha waqala ukuba afeze iphupho lakhe - iphrojekthi yesikhumbuzo kukhunjulwa "Ubaba" yenhloko-dolobha waseBrazil Juscelino Kubitschek. LweSikhumbuzo, lamatshwayo okuyinto zisikhumbuza isando isikela, ezungezwe zasemazweni. Itholakala eduze umbhoshongo TV. Lena enye yezinhlobo ezingu ezikhangayo esemqoka enhlokodolobha waseBrazil.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, ukufa wezakhiwo

Eminyakeni yamuva, ukuphila Oscar Niemeyer wasebenza studio yakhe, elise-Rio de Janeiro, phezu kwaleli chibi ka Copacabana. Phakathi imisebenzi yakhe yamuva zihlanganisa ukuvuselelwa "Sambadrome". leli lungiselelo nge zezitsha lakhiwa ngo-1984. Phakathi zomkhosi labetibambile lapha izikole mncintiswano samba. Kuphela by 2012 leli lungiselelo wanikezwa ngokuhambisana okusalungiswa Niemeyer.

Evelele wezakhiwo Brazilian Oscar Niemeyer washona ngoDisemba 6, 2012 esibhedlela eRio de Janeiro, lapho welashelwa ngenyanga. Oscar akazange aphile kuze kube usuku lokuzalwa 105th sezinsuku 10 kuphela. Indodakazi yakhe kuphela, u-Anna Maria Niemeyer, ushone eneminyaka engu-82 Juni 2012

Isikhungo samasiko Oscar Niemeyer

Lokhu into Itholakala Spanish Aviles inkulu Museum futhi embukisweni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngo ekhonsathini amahholo futhi Sekukhangisa elibamba ezihlukahlukene imicimbi yamasiko - nemibukiso bezithombe nabaculi, umdanso lokwentiwako kanye yaseshashalazini productions, amakhonsathi, ifilimu Ukuhlola, izinkulumo zemfundo kanye nezingxoxo.

Lokhu into ezithakazelisayo ngokwezimiso yezakhiwo. He is asifane ku lokudlala ngaphandle eziyinkimbinkimbi Museum. I-Centre siqukethe izakhiwo ezinhlanu, ngayinye yaba libhekene elikhanyayo umbala mbumbulu nomumo fancy. Isikhungo samasiko, elise Aviles, - kuba umbala kuphela imisebenzi ukwakhiwa Oscar Niemeyer. Wenza leso sinqumo ngoba anginikhethanga ngengozi - isakhiwo kwakufanele abe uhlobo ikhambi ukucindezeleka ngenxa labantu edolobheni elincane ezimbonini. Kwaphela isikhathi eside ukuba Aviles aphathwe njengodoti "Babukeka babahle kepha mine ugly" we enyakatho Spain. It kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa abakhileyo ukubhema noshimula wezwe etholakala lapha steelworks. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngezizathu embukisweni Oscar anikwa umuzi impilo entsha. umsebenzi Ukwakha kwaqala ngo-2008 futhi kwaphela ngo-2011. izingxenye ezinhlanu isikhungo - a Multiplex, nombhoshongo observation, ehholo kanye yomphakathi ephakathi nalesi siqhingi.

Oscar Niemeyer Museum

Curitiba (Brazil) - idolobha okuyinto hhayi kuphela emzini omncane kunabo bonke e-Brazil ezaziwayo. Kukulo muzi lapho edumile Museum Niemeyer. It is Kunikezelwa izakhiwo zesimanje, zobuciko, umklamo kanye isiqophi art. Isakhiwo saphela ngo-2002. Ekuqaleni le nto wabizwa ngokuthi "okusha Museum", kodwa zinikezwe igama Oscar Niemeyer kakade 2003

Lesi sakhiwo ubizwa nangokuthi "zonke iso bebona" noma "Museum samehlo 'ngenxa design yayo yasekuqaleni. Ngo ukuma kufana iso elikhulu, elenga emoyeni. Namuhla le uwuphawu Curitiba yiyona Museum of Art Modern. Oscar Niemeyer waqala umsebenzi kwiphrojekthi 1967. Khona-ke wakha isakhiwo aphathekako isitayela yesimanjemanje ukuze semfundo ephakeme. Kamuva, ngo-2001, wabuyela kule phrojekthi futhi uguqulwe ke. Ngakho kwaba khona isandiso omkhulu we steel anezikhala, ukhonkolo mhlophe futhi ipuleti ingilazi, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Oscar Niemeyer Museum. "Amehlo" kuyinto esisekelweni phakathi i echibini yokufakelwa.

Akhe gama ngokuqinile olotshwe umlando izakhiwo, wezakhiwo oluvelele Oscar Niemeyer. Umsebenzi wakhe is emhlabeni wonke ezaziwa. Bona bengayeki Ngamangala futhi sithokozise abantu besikhathi sethu.