Ububanzi ujantshi gauge eRussia nakwamanye amazwe

Rail zokuthutha - uhlobo olulodwa ehola yokuthutha abagibeli kanye imoto. Bambalwa abantu abacabanga obubanzi ithrekhi ehlezi isitimela. Ngisho nabantu abambalwa sazi ukuthi ayini la imingcele kuthiwa wabizela. Ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, indlela wesitimela ithrekhi has umehluko omkhulu emazweni ahlukahlukene.

Umlando omncane

Isayensi umlobi wezinganekwane olusuka eNgilandi Gerbert Dzhordzh Uells uthi ithrekhi kufanele nendawo esekelwe ibanga phakathi amasondo ezejwayelekile ihhashi ezinqoleni. Imininingwane ingatholakala umsebenzi wakhe "Ukuhlakanipha".

Kutfutfukiswa izitimela kuyinto phakathi nekhulu le-19. Khona-ke izinkampani giant kulomkhakha ngangokunokwenzeka ukwandisa ithonya lawo emibuthanweni ibhizinisi. Yiqiniso, ngesikhathi esifanayo eqoshiwe ukukhula elibalulekile embonini.

Amakhanda lokuqala ababebheka esikhundleni amahhashi. imingcele zazo zihambisana ngokugcwele ubukhulu nabasebenza. Yilokho nje isuke ibangelwa ubukhulu wesitimela wokuqala futhi ithrekhi ububanzi (1435 mm).

Akuwona wonke indlela yokuqala babekwa ngesisekelo kwezinkambiso owamukelwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ububanzi ujantshi amathrekhi endleleni esuka eDublin Drogheda (Ireland) kwaba 1600 mm.

Ukulwela ukukhipha ubukhulu gauge

Izambart unjiniyela Brunel, owaphila eminyakeni engu-1806-1859, uye njalo wakhuthaza ukwelulwa ithrekhi. Ngo-1835 yaqedwa ukwakhiwa Elikhulu Western Road. Ibanga phakathi komzila kwaba 2135 mm.

Ukungavumelani udaba ngokuqondene ububanzi ujantshi gauge uyothathwa njengoba standard, kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngo-1845. Phakathi ingxabano siye uzifunde ngokucophelela ukusebenza izinhlobo ezahlukene imigwaqo. Ukuze kokwenza isinqumo kuphela elungile eNgilandi wadala umsebenzi okhethekile ePhalamende, okuyinto kwaba ukusungula usayizi umfaniswano ujantshi wesitimela. Ngakho, ngo-1845 kwaba khona umthetho ku ukwakhiwa nojantshi nge ithrekhi gauge ka 1.435 mm. Kodwa zikhona izindlela zokwenza ukuthi akuzona uhambisane le datha, kwadingeka ukuba kabusha thina. Mthetho nazo inhlawulo ka £ 10 lebanga ngalinye ngalinye 1 usuku bokuba khona imigwaqo engekho emthethweni.

izimo ezikhethekile Ireland

Omkhulu Western Road waphoqeleka ukuba ngakhe elinye kukajantshi lwesithathu. Ukuze Ireland, uhulumeni waseBrithani yenza okwehlukile (ithrekhi ububanzi lapha kuze kube manje 1600 mm). Esikhathini ezweni 40s kwekhulu le-19 Bahlala ngempumelelo gauge izindinganiso eziyisithupha. Ukuze inkinga isixazululiwe kahle, lo hulumende ukhombe indinganiso olulodwa, ukubala isilinganiso.

Iron umgwaqo USA

E-US, uthi ziye zafuna abazihlukanisa yombango. Yiqiniso, lokhu kufanele kubonakale ezokuthutha. Indlela yokuqala ibanga ezihlukahlukene kakhulu phakathi komzila. ENew York City umthetho ukuqinisekisile ukuthi akuvumelekile kwamanye amagatsha exhunywe kwi imigwaqo (gauge sazo sasingamashumi 1524 mm).

Kusukela 1865 kuya 1886 kukhona inhlangano emikhulu American. States sebeqala ukuthola izindlela uxhumana, English standard isiba abasekeli abaningi.

Kuphela ngo-February 1886 amukela le 'owawuseGeorgetown ", okuyinto livikeleke ukwethulwa ithrekhi elilodwa e-United States. 21.000 km ubude onguthelawayeka abangu pereshito ngezinsuku ezimbili nje kuphela. A ukulungiselela wathatha izinsuku 79. Ububanzi ithrekhi United States sesitimela kwehliselwe ku 1.435 mm. Usayizi esifanayo ojantshi e-Canada.

ojantshi European

IsiZulu gauge (1435 mm) linwetshelwe kumhla ezwekazini laseYurophu. Ngokusemthethweni lokhu usayizi kwavunyelwana emazweni ahlukahlukene ngesikhathi ezahlukene izikhathi: eBavaria ngo-1836, Prussia e-1837, lonke TC German - 1850.

Njengoba gauge wesitimela e-Europe, ukusetshenziswa eNgilandi, kuthathwe njengoba ngesisekelo futhi yikho okuvame kakhulu.

Nokho, umsuka lezi nemingcele kufanele itholwe eRoma yasendulo. Ngalezo zinsuku, ukuze kuvinjelwe unomphela umonakalo izinqola, kwanqunywa ukuba ukudala kwenqola nge ibanga elifanayo phakathi kwamasondo ayingilizayo (futhi ilingana 1.435 mm).

ezibanzi gauge

Ngaphandle Ireland, i-track ububanzi (1600 mm) liyasetshenziswa emazweni anjenge-Australia (ingxenye kusukela 1854) ne-Brazil. I ebanzi (1676 mm) laqanjwa eSpain ngo-1848, e Portugal - ngo-1854, e-Argentina - ngo-1857-m, ngisho kamuva - e-India, eChile, eCeylon.

Kuzo zonke lezi mazwe ebizwa ke gauge yayisalokhu evelele.

Yini ngesiRashiya

gauge wesitimela eRussia lezwakala ezingaphezu kuka-English. Kusukela izibalo ku 1829 mm onikezwe indlela ye Tsarskoye Selo, izwe uye wathuthela ubukhulu 1524 mm. Kwaba isici emendweni eMoscow - Petersburg. Ngokuzayo le ndlela futhi kuyinsakavukela. Ngokusobala, onjiniyela Russian ezibolekwe sibalo e-United States. Ngesikhathi abeluleki American ziye bahileleke charting izindlela ezintsha.

Ububanzi 1524 mm kuye kwabonisani izibalo kwezomnotho. Uma udala uhulumeni ithrekhi wazala izindleko lingaphansi kuka engenamsebenzi. Mhlawumbe kwakungenxa futhi isinqumo amasu. Njengoba amazwe angomakhelwane ngeke ikwazi ukuba bahlasele ezweni ngokusebenzisa imizila izitimela.

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-60-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule, lancipha ithrekhi 1520 mm. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ngoba lula ukubala. Kuze kube manje, indlela ezokuthutha nge emikhondweni 1520 mm 1524 zibalwa yesibili emhlabeni ilandela ngo ubude imigwaqo (inani lesikhathi).

Ububanzi ujantshi gauge eRussia naseYurophu sathathwa njengoba izinga ngezikhathi ezehlukene. Kungaziphi izizathu izifunda ayifiki sibalo ezivamile, hhayi indlela yokwazi ngokuqinisekile.

ngezitimela ezigcwele Russian

Ububanzi ujantshi gauge eRussia zonke metro kuyafana kweziningi kwezitimela zwe. Lokhu kusebenza futhi bonke emazweni CIS. Russian tram imizila zifana ibanga phakathi komzila - 1520 mm. Kukhona ezinye imizi ehlukene kule ndaba. Ngo Rostov-on-Don, isibonelo, i-European wabeka ithrekhi. ububanzi 1435 mm. Kwezinye izinhlangano Russian nemizana we CIS for ukuhamba trams esetshenziswa ithrekhi ububanzi emincane 1000 mm. Kuyinto emadolobheni ezifana Kaliningrad (Russia), Pyatigorsk (Russia), Lviv (Ukraine), Zhitomir (Ukraine), Vinnitsa (Ukraine) nabanye.

Amazwe nge gauge Russian

Track ububanzi nge izinkomba 1520 no-1524 mm kwenzeka kwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kungenxa kakhulu ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union nasemazweni angomakhelwane Finland, Mongolia, Afghanistan. Yiqiniso, lokhu akusho ukuthi ezinye ithrekhi khona azisebenzi.

Kukhona ezinye izinketho lapho emidwebweni eziningana ujantshi esetshenziswa, ububanzi lapho lihlukile ejwayelekile wamukela ukuphi. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Bulgaria kuyinto ingxenye encane emgwaqeni Varna ku isikebhe. EJalimane - ethekwini Sassnitz. Ububanzi ujantshi gauge e China lapho bewela komngcele eRussia futhi usayizi olungile. ENyakatho Korea ngo-2011, abuyiselwe ukuthelekela izwe ekuqaleni Hasan umngcele Ukunqamula - Tumen. Romania has umugqa ohlanganisa Metallurgical Plant kanye Moldova. Futhi, lezi izinqamuleli ayatholakala e-Slovakia, Sweden, Iran.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lo jantshi gauge eYurophu kuhlukile imingcele yethu, ezindaweni lesikali Russian konga imali yokuhamba njalo kwezimpahla ezimboni, izitshalo kanye ezinkulu esitebeleni umgibeli traffic.

Ukusetshenziswa ewumngcingo gauge

Lapho usanda kuqala ukubeka komzila eNgilandi uvele endleleni nge ithrekhi 590 mm. Khona-ke eliqoshiwe wesitimela ithrekhi eFrance, eBelgium futhi eScandinavia. ERussia, kakhulu emincane-gauge wesitimela (ngo-1871) laqanjwa.

Kwamanye amazwe, le migwaqo zisasetshenziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Cape Colony obuphelele yabo inkulu ngakho (112,000 amakhilomitha), namanje abakashintshi. Umgwaqo okuthiwa - "Cape gauge", ububanzi - 1067mm.

Emazweni yaseNingizimu Afrika kanye eNkabeni Ye-Afrika, i-Philippines, New Zealand, izingxenye Japan nase-Australia futhi sibe ezifana ewumngcingo w / w komgwaqo. Ububanzi ujantshi wesitimela ku Sakhalin futhi kwadingeka ubukhulu 1.067 mm. Kusukela ngo-2004 JSC "Railways Russian" reconstructs ukwandisa sezimoto emgwaqeni.

EJapane, ngesivinini siqeqesha isakhiwo umugqa ibanga phakathi komzila 1435 mm.

Ububanzi ujantshi gauge eRussia komngcele ePoland naseKaliningrad okufanayo. Manje South Station komuzi ukuhlela eziningana zalokhu izindlela.

Ngo-USSR, iye yasetshenziswa njengoba ithrekhi 750 mm ububanzi. Lezi izindlela kwakungamadodana yesibili ethandwa kakhulu futhi wasebenzisa kuze 1980. Okwamanje, baye okushintshiwe noma ngaphansi elifanayo, noma umane ivaliwe.

Kwezinye amazwe aseYurophu besebenzisa ithrekhi 1000 mm.

nemibi ewumngcingo-gauge wesitimela

Nciphisa isilinganiso lalihlale abakhethiwe ngenxa umnotho. izingoma ukukhanya kuphela babe ukuhambahamba kuye. Kwakungisiza ukunciphisa izindleko ukwakhiwa r / w imidwebo. Izibalo wabonisa ukuthi eya Festinoge kungadla kathathu kakhulu uma kwadingeka evamile.

Ngeshwa, le ububanzi alanele ukwanelisa zonke izidingo. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, izwe waqala ngenkuthalo ukuthuthela namasayizi amakhulu.

Naphezu ukuzethemba abasekeli ewumngcingo gauge wesitimela nesifiso ukufakazela zibheke usizo kulaba emidwebweni, lokhu kubukwa awazange amamukele. Futhi 1435 mm-indlela ukusakaza ngesivinini esikhulu emigwaqweni namanani ahlukene.

Manje ewumngcingo gauge esetshenziselwa zokuthutha zezimboni ezimbonini ezinkulu kanye Izigayo, ngoba nemizila izivakashi, ezimayini, abanye imigqa kuleli zwe ukuthuthwa abagibeli.

Ezinye izibalo kanye curiosities

Road nge ithrekhi 1.435 mm kuyizinto ezivamile. Ingxenye wabo-75% w pheshana / d. ezahlukene ebanzi phakathi 11% futhi NGR - 14%.

Ubude yezindlela w / e emhlabeni - km 1.2 million. Imigwaqo eminingi babekwa US (cishe izinkulungwane 240 amakhilomitha). Ibe isilandelwa Canada (90.000 km). indawo yesithathu ngeka Russia (86,000 km).

I encane ithrekhi ububanzi (0 mm) uqhosha ingxenye w / w komgwaqo e-Germany lapho omunye wesitimela esetshenziswa. Le ndlela ezigugile zokuhlola.

I yasakazwa ithrekhi wesitimela endleleni (3000 mm) Ukumema-General Abasebenzi kaHitler ukuthatha aphume Ukraine matasa nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu izinto zokusetshenziswa. Ukunqoba phezu amaNazi wenza leli cebo engenakwenzeka. Ububanzi imitha emithathu ujantshi gauge e-Ukraine kuye kwaqhubeka kuphela ephepheni.

Okuvame kakhulu gauge

Track Ububanzi (mm)	Ubude (km)	Igama lomgwaqo	Amazwe lapho esetshenziswa
1676	42300	Indian	India, eChile, Pakistan, Argentina
1668	14300	Iberia	ESpain nasePortugal
1600	9800	Irish	Ireland, Brazil nase-Australia (esinqunyiwe)
1524	7000	Russian	Estonia futhi Finland
1520	220000	Russian	emazweni CIS, eLithuania, eLatvia, Estonia, Mongolia (kancane)
1435	720000	European	NeYurophu, iCanada, USA, China, Australia, Korea, eNyakatho ye-Afrika, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, e-Cuba, Panama, Mexico, Venezuela, Peru, Uruguay
1067	112000	Cape	South Africa, Central Africa, Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan, New Zealand, e-Australia, Sakhalin (Russia)
1000	95000	imitha	Eshiya (mpumalanga), eNdiya, Bolivia, Brazil, i-Uganda, eChile, Kenya

Izinkinga ukusetshenziswa ezahlukene ithrekhi nobubanzi

Ukusetshenziswa izindwangu nge Izikali ezahlukene emazweni ahlukene kudala ezihlukahlukene izimo nge ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla kanye nabagibeli. Esikhundleni "umhlangano" lezi zindlela kufanele utshalwe abantu (izimpahla ezinyakazayo). Futhi esetshenziswa bogie exchange ubuchwepheshe amanye amaloli.

Ububanzi ujantshi gauge eRussia naseYurophu libhekene 85 mm. Ngakho-ke, zonke yokuwela umngcele ezihlobene nobunzima ezengeziwe. Emacophelo esetshenziswa kakhulu - iyona gauge European futhi Russian.

Inani elikhulu yokuxhuma amaphuzu (15 izingcezu) tibheke ezindaweni komngcele-Ukraine. It elibamba ePoland, Slovakia, eHungary Romania. Ububanzi ujantshi gauge eRussia nase-Ukraine okufanayo. Noma kunjalo, bonke izimoto kufanele uhlele. Lo msebenzi uthatha amahora okungenani ezimbili tekutfutsa bagibeli. Ngesitimela esithwala impahla kungenzeka emasontweni kulayini ukwenza permutation.

Enye ubuchwepheshe iyona othomathikhi gauge ushintsho yasungulwa ngo-1968. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesivinini ongaphakeme ngaphandle iqhaza nojantshi abasebenzi.

Yiqiniso, sicabangisisa ngazo zonke lezi zici, abantu abaningi bakhetha ukuthumela izimpahla zabo olwandle. nezimbobo Baltic abasindwayo ngokugcwele. Abamele zikajantshi European kanye nokuphathwa Railways Russian njalo ukuxoxa kungenzeka ekuthuthukiseni ukuxhumana izindlela ikumodi othomathikhi.