Synchrony - ke ... yezilimi synchronic futhi kolimi e

Awezolimi - akuyona isayensi elula. Kubonakala sengathi ukuba afunde ulimi akunakwenzeka kuze kube sekupheleni, kodwa luselude ochwepheshe Sekungamakhulu eminyaka abaningi uzama umkhondo izitayela sokuthuthuka, ukusungula amanye regularities, ukukhomba izici ezithinta ushintsho kuye. Ngo imisebenzi abacwaningi abaningi wayevame ukubhekana igama elithi "diachrony futhi synchrony", okuyinto uhlukanisa cwaningo ezilimini ezimbili. Yini yasisiza migomo kungani ezisithintayo imfundiso yokuziphendukela yezilimi?

Qala izincazelo

ulimi Synchronic futhi kolimi ihlobana ukucupha isikhathi. Esimweni sokuqala, ulimi siqondwa njengoba uhlelo static, nento cwaningo wesayensi yezilimi kuyinto esimweni saso nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.

Endabeni kolimi ukuvela ulimi, yonke imiphumela yaso ahlelwe uhlobo ukulandelana, ngemva kwalokho ulimi kuwufanele esimweni sayo samanje. Uma acha- umsebenzi I. A. Boduena de Courtenay, sezilimi Polish kwekhulu le-19, singabona ukuthi synchronic futhi kolimi - kungcono into efanayo statics futhi Dynamics, ngokulandelana.

Ferdinand de Saussure futhi umbono wakhe

Ngokokuqala ngqá wethula le miqondo e yezilimi Swiss uFerdinand de Saussure. Synchronic futhi kolimi, ngokombono wakhe, bangamathe nolimi: ke - is kokubili isikhathi nesikhumba esasisetshenziswa kwemvelo, iyasebenza namuhla futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo umkhiqizo esidlule. Saussure uthi diachrony - kuyinto uchungechunge obuphathekayo benkolelo yazo ezindaweni lapho ngesikhathi esisodwa ungabona eyodwa kuphela komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane. Isiqalo nesigcino zonke izigaba ibanga elide ukuze zibonise izinguquko okwadingeka ukuba kudlule ulimi ngaphambi kokuba ifike esimweni ezikuso manje.

A Synchronicity - uchungechunge izigaba kanyekanye esihlobene, okungukuthi, akukho ukuthuthukiswa futhi umphumela sikhathi, kukhona kuphela ulimi isimo okwamanje.

Inkambu entsha wesayensi yezilimi

It iyaqhubeka nomsebenzi wayo Saussure ukwethulwa ezindaweni ezimbili ezintsha wesayensi yezilimi, okuyinto study yezilimi synchronic futhi kolimi e. Esimweni sokuqala, e yezilimi synchronic, Igxila izakhi zokuxhumana ngolimi, okungukuthi, lonke uhlelo lonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, synchrony kusekelwe bezibona ulimi zonke nemithombo yalo yezindaba, yamukela iyoke.

Ngokuphathelene yezilimi kolimi, okusebenza kanye izakhi efanayo, kodwa ubabheka ngokungaguquki, ngokuphathelene indlela ziqondakala iyoke. izakhi ulimi ulandele nomunye futhi akuzona uhlelo - okungukuthi mqondo eyinhloko yezilimi kolimi.

Imithombo yolwazi synchrony futhi diachrony

Synchrony - ekutadisheni izakhi kuyinto kusetshenziswe ulimi olulodwa kuphela, kunokuba sishaye ku isethi, ngisho noma izilimi ezihlobene esikhathini esifanayo. Diachrony futhi basebenzisane izilimi eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa, uqhathanisa ukuvela izakhi zabo. Ulwazi mayelana into yabo yokutadisha yezilimi synchronic uthola kusukela izifundo, phakathi lapho ukuxhumana inkulumo, kuyilapho kolimi baphoqeleka ukuba ahlole abuye nakho esikhathini esidlule, futhi acabangele ukuthuthukiswa wamanje ulimi kuphela - okungukuthi, it is ucabangela izici ezingaphezu kuka synchronic.

Yiziphi izizathu?

yezilimi Synchronic futhi kolimi zilandise futhi izigaba ezithile kuso. Statics, ie yezilimi synchronic, ukusebenza lolimi jikelele - libonisa ngokugcwele ubudlelwano phakathi zonke izakhi ze-limi. Endaweni ehlukile, kuyafaneleka ukuthi synchrony uthambekele lula idatha okunemibandela ngenye isimiso solimi futhi ngeke balolonge.

yezilimi Kolimi ligxile amafonethiki, ngoba umsindo kalikaze ilungiswe iyiphi ngaphansi kombandela owodwa: isikhathi awunakuhlukaniswa ehlangene izitayela fashion namaqiniso, okwenza njalo izinguquko yokubiza. Yingakho kukhona into eyinhloko cwaningo wesayensi yezilimi ashukumisayo.

Ndawonye noma ngokuhlukana?

Saussure, ngubani esethula umqondo wesayensi yezilimi, synchrony futhi diachrony, wagcizelela ukuthi kunoma yisiphi isimo abakwazi likhanyelwe, ngoba lezi zici yezilimi kukhona okuphambene komunye nomunye. Kepha wavumelana yokuthi lezi zazi zolimi ngokuvamile ancike yezilimi synchronic, uyakwazi ukunikeza izimpendulo zemibuzo eminingi zolimi, ngaso leso ukufunda abakhuluma izilimi - nje Ukucabanga ithuluzi, okwethulwa ukuvela izici disparate, ezinye zazo akuzona kufinyeleleke bezibona njalo.

Yebo, static ukwakha ulimi ibhalansi eyayidingeka kakhulu, kodwa ngaphandle diachrony ngeke kwenzeke kwemvelo wayo.

Ubudlelwane of synchrony futhi diachrony

Ngesikhathi esifanayo asikwazi ukuthi synchrony - kuphela obonakalisa isimo samanje ulimi. yezilimi Synchronic bangabonisa isimo ulimi ngekhulu le-11, futhi engu-16 - ku yisiphi isikhathi sokuphumula. By endleleni, besebenzisa lezo zingxenye zabantu synchrony usukela nokuthuthukiswa kolimi: esigabeni esisodwa izovela ukuthi kamuva zinyamalale noma ishintshe (isibonelo, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yolimi lwanamuhla Russian besusa unkamisa umsindo, washintsha yokubiza abanye inhlanganisela ungwaqa, isigaba atholwe futhi izithombe ezingaphili). Kuyinto ngokusebenzisa lezi "buthakathaka", kanye isici variable kungenzeka ukufunda ukuvela ulimi, okungukuthi, ngokucabangela isici yayo kolimi.

Izilinganiso Synchronic futhi kolimi

Kukangaki sekushiwo, synchronic futhi kolimi ngolimi zihlobene kakhulu. izakhi elibanzi imbangela yayo kwemvelo, kanti ingxenye esitebeleni elondolozwe ku izigaba synchronic, ukwakha ubuntu ulimi, kwakheka lokho iyahlule zonke ezinye izilimi zezigodi umndeni ngisho ezihlobene. Synchronic futhi kolimi e yezilimi kuphela umphelelisi nomunye, ukuvumela, ngesisekelo ukuhlaziywa ukuvela ulimi nokucabanga ukubukwa tincetu yayo synchronic at zokukhula ezihlukene, ukubikezela ukuziphatha kwakhe esikhathini esizayo: ukhethe izixhumanisi entsha "buthakathaka", maduze nje esingeke kuncike inakwe, nokuningi namandla ahlanganise ndawonye lokho isidlulile izigaba eziningana ulimi kwemvelo. Ngenxa yalesi yezilimi ashukumisayo kudingeka adzimelele hhayi kuphela izakhi ngabanye, kodwa futhi ukuthuthukiswa lonke uhlelo.

Ukutadisha isiRashiya: Limbo

Manje njengoba vele sesiyazi nomqondo synchrony futhi diachrony, zama ukuhlola sonke eduze isiRashiya kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa kulezi zici ezimbili zokuphila yezilimi. Okokuqala, cabanga ngempikiswano ngalokho iqembu izilimi kungokwalabo isiRashiya, kwenziwe isikhathi eside: othile uthi leqembu Finno-Ugric (kodwa-ke abezindaba Russian kufanele baqonde nezilimi zaseScandinavia, okuyinto, ngeshwa, awayona etholakalayo) abanye aveze ukuthi akubanga ngaphandle kwethonya Tatar (nansi indaba efanayo ne Scandinavians - lwesiTatar ulimi yezindaba yesimanje Russian futhi akunakwenzeka ukuba baqonde).

Kanye nokufika kwalolo ubuKristu phezu kwezwe Russian kukhona kwesigaba sokuqala ulimi synchronic: e lwesigodi of Rus sidilizwa avele amabala isonto-book of Old Church, okuyinto yayisalokhu alien iningi abayizakhamuzi ezejwayelekile.

Eyesibili locezu: ewindini eYurophu

Ngakusasa synchronic cut umugqa iba ekhulwini le-17 nele-18. Yebo, ekude kakhulu kusukela ekuqaleni, kodwa ngaphakathi namakhulu ambalwa eminyaka ngemva eRussia, okuyinto ngokomlando kwaba isimo sasivumela avaliwe, izinguquko ngolimi kancane kakhulu okwenzekile. Ekhulwini le-17, uPeter Okokuqala, usike efasiteleni eYurophu, is ukusebenzisa ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko waboleka omningi imibandela kanye nje namagama avela kwezinye izilimi.

Kusukela kulo mzuzwana ngamunye nkosi entsha isiRashiya isiba imiqondo zakwamanye amazwe ezingaphezu nokuningi, unezela turnovers entsha lucebe, imiklamo, waives ezinye izinhlaka zayo (isibonelo, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, waxoshwa okuthiwa yokubiza, namanje ezigcinwe Ukraine futhi Polish: .. Mamo, mfowethu, njll), eshintsha oyiyo ifonotiki (uma siqhathanisa isiRashiya kwekhulu le-17 nge cut wakhe wokuqala synchronic, ke izobonwa iveze ukuthi ingxenye yalesi unkamisa kokuqala umsindo lususiwe kusukela ulimi lula-ke, kwanezelwa, ngasendleleni, inhlanganisela umsindo ungwaqa).

slice Synchronic ngolimi lwanamuhla Russian

Synchrony - ukubonakaliswa umphumela ukuthuthukiswa kolimi kolimi. Uma siqhathanisa locezu yesibili synchronic of Russian yesimanje, kuba sobala ukuthi ulimi emakhulwini ambalwa edlule, lula nakakhulu. Siyabonga kuPetru, kwakunengozi lolimi lokuqala jikelele eyayinegama imithetho kuphoqelekile zonke. Namuhla kunomkhuba ukuba a ukwehla imithetho ehlobene yokuthi ezinye abathwali akufanele enekhono ngokugcwele ngolimi. Yebo, zikhona archaisms, ezinye izimiso nezakhi imishwana okunzima ngempela ukuchaza, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo wesaba udlame kwenkulumo, ke ophoqelelwe ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, hhayi ukulungiswa kubahluleli. Kuze kube manje, lo kolimi ukuhlaziywa imibukiso ukuthi siqhubeke iqhubeka zokweboleka emagama angaphandle, bayokhululwa 'kancane kancane esikhundleni wakudala Russian, emva kwesikhashana uqale zinyamalale ezinye umfutho mlando, yadedela wonke omhlaba lula.

isiphetho

Ngakho manje sesiyazi ukuthi zisho ukuthini "Synchronicity", siqonda umahluko kwegama elithi bavumelane diachrony yakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, senza hhayi kuphela eqonda umhlaziyi imiqondo la, kodwa futhi baqhuba ukuhlaziya elincane isiRashiya. Siyethemba migomo eziyinkimbinkimbi babé kancane eduze futhi sicace.