Sophistry - kuyini? izibonelo sophisms

Sophistry ngesiGreki ngokwezwi nezwi lisho iqhinga noma bumbela amakhono. Lokhu libhekisela isitatimende esingamanga, kodwa olungenayo logic isici, kanjalo yokuzenzisa kubonakala kweqiniso. Lo mbuzo ubuzwa: sophism - okungukuthi futhi ukuthi lihluke kanjani paralogisms? A umehluko wukuthi sophistry esekelwe liyinkohliso bayazi ngamabomu, ukwephulwa logic.

Indaba le eside

Sophistry kanye zango babebhekwa ezikhathini zasendulo. Omunye obaba wefilosofi - Aristotle ngokuthi lesi simanga ubufakazi ngengqondo, okuyinto avele ngenxa yokuntuleka ukuhlaziywa okunengqondo, okuholela luhlangotsi kuzo zonke izahlulelo. agumenti banelisa kuphela esingalindelekile ngenxa yesiphambeko okunengqondo ukuthi konke okushiwo Sufi ngokuqinisekile.

Sophistry - kuyini? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo kudingeka sicabangele isibonelo ufa logic lasendulo, "unayo into elahlekile. Walahlekelwa izimpondo zayo? Ngakho une izimpondo. " Kukhona ukungenzi. Uma umusho wokuqala ilungiswe, "unayo yini elahlekile," khona-ke okukhiphayo iba kweqiniso, kodwa kunalokho ungakujabulisi. Omunye wemithetho lokuqala amaSophist kwaba egomela ukuthi kubalulekile ukucabanga ngokuthi babi-case-agumenti njengoba best, futhi umgomo we ingxabano kwakuwukunqoba kuwo, kunokuba ukufuna iqiniso.

AmaSophist wagomela ngokuthi yimuphi umbono kungaba esisemthethweni, ngaleyo ndlela negating umthetho ukuphikisana, kamuva zavela ngu-Aristotle. Lokhu kuye kwaholela izinhlobo eziningi of sophistry wesayensi ezahlukene.

imithombo sophistry

Imithombo sophistry ingaba amagama ukuthi isetshenziswa ngesikhathi nixabana. Amagama amaningi anezincazelo eziningi (udokotela ungaba udokotela noma umcwaningi ngezinga), ngenxa okuyinto kukhona ukwephulwa logic. Sophisms mathematics, isibonelo, esekelwe amanani ukushintshashintsha ngokuvele azalane bese uqhathanisa original futhi wathola idatha. ukucindezeleka okungafanele nakho kungaba sophist isikhali, ngoba amagama amaningi uma uguqula ushintsho ukucindezeleka futhi unencazelo enenjongo. Ukwakhiwa ibinzana ngezinye izikhathi iyadida kakhulu njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, izikhathi ezimbili ezimbili plus ezinhlanu. Kulokhu, akucaci ukuthi kukhona isamba kusho amabili nanhlanu, iphindwe ezimbili, noma isamba umkhiqizo ngababili ngakuhlanu.

sophistry eyinkimbinkimbi

Uma sicabangela eziyinkimbinkimbi sophistry okunengqondo, kubalulekile ukuba senze isibonelo ne iinthombe ukuthumela umusho asadinga ukufakazela. Lokho i-agumenti ngokwako kungase kungabi ezifana nje it is hhayi efakazelwe. Enye ukugxekwa kubhekwa umbono ukuhlukumeza isitha sika, okuhloswe ngalo izitatimende eqanjwe ngothile ngokungeyikho kuye. Leli phutha kuvamile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, lapho abantu kuthiwa njengoba share imicabango yabantu futhi izisusa elingelona elayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkulumo ethi ekhulume ukubhuka ezinye kungaba ithathe yokuveza, ezifana ayinakho ukubhuka. Ngenxa yokuthi kugxilwa ukungahlali ngicabanga yokuthi iye ukunganakwa, isitatimende ibonakala ngempela ezinengqondo futhi ngokunengqondo lesifanele. Okubizwa ngokuthi logic zesifazane kusebenza futhi ukuphazamiseka yokucabanga, njengoba ukwakhiwa uchungechunge imicabango ezingenziwanga bahlobene, kodwa ukuhlolisisa ngokudlulisa amehlo yoxhumano kungatholakala.

Izizathu ka sophistry

Ngenxa yezizathu ngokwengqondo sophistry zihlanganisa ubuhlakani babantu, imizwelo yakhe futhi degree of suggestibility. Lelo nani lingaphezu indoda bahlakaniphe ngokwanele ukuba babe ophikisana naye nse, ukuze kuvunyelwane ngakho iphuzu ezihlongozwayo umbono ke. Isihloko ukusabela affective umuntu zinganqotshwa imizwa yabo bese nilahlekelwa sophistry. Izibonelo zezimo olunje nomaphi lapho kukhona khona abantu ngokomzwelo.

Lapho obukholisayo kuzoba umuntu, aba maningi amathuba okuba nabanye ngeke uphawule iphutha emazwini akhe. Kuleli ukubala, abaningi kulabo abasebenzisa izindlela ezinjalo ukuze impikiswano. Kodwa ukuqonda ngokugcwele lezi izizathu kungukuqonda ngokuningiliziwe, njengoba sophistry kanye zango ubuhlakani ngokuvamile enganakwa ngumuntu ongaqeqeshiwe.

izizathu Intellectual kanye affective

Ukuthuthukiswa lomuntu ohlakaniphile uyakwazi ukuqapha hhayi kuphela inkulumo yabo, kodwa futhi yonke imibono evezwayo umthombo, kuyilapho eziqhakambisa kwabo agumenti esetshenziswa interlocutor. Umuntu onjalo libhekene semali ukunakwa, nekhono ukuthola izimpendulo zemibuzo engaziwa esikhundleni esilandelayo amaphethini ngekhanda, kanye silulumagama enkulu ngeKukhuluma imiqondo uzwakalise kakhulu ngokunembile.

Umqulu wolwazi, futhi, kubaluleke kakhulu. ukusetshenziswa ngobuciko lolu hlobo ukugula njengoba sophistry mathematics N indoda abanye abakwazi ukufunda futhi ivela.

Lezi zihlanganisa i-ukwesaba imiphumela, yingakho abantu abakwazi ngokuzethemba umbonwabo phila agumenti ehloniphekile. Ukukhuluma ubuthakathaka ngokomzwelo yomuntu, kumelwe singakhohlwa mayelana benethemba lokuthola noma yiluphi ulwazi etholakale isiqinisekiso ukubukwa yakhe yokuphila. Ukuze humanities kungaba inkinga sophistry zezibalo.

Zimisele

Phakathi nengxoxo zemibono kuyinto ithonya hhayi kuphela ingqondo nezinzwa, kodwa futhi khulula. abantu Eqiniseka lisebenza ngempumelelo enkulu uyovikela ngombono wakhe, ngisho noma ukuthi washayelwa ayephuli logic. eqinile Ikakhulukazi le ndlela isebenza kuzo lokuhlala esikhulu sabantu obala umphumela isixuku abazange bakuqaphele sophistry. Inikeza isikhulumi? Ithuba ukukholisa cishe noma yini. Esinye isici yokuziphatha, okuvumela ukuwina kanjani impikiswano ethile ngosizo sophism iyasebenza. Le ndoda yekwentiwa ngokwengeziwe, amathuba ngaphezulu ngenjongo yokumbonisa ukuthi udaba lwabo.

Isiphetho - ukusebenza kwe zinto sophistical incike izici kokubili abantu abathintekayo engxoxweni. Kulokhu, imiphumela yazo zonke kulezi zimfanelo ezingenhla ubuntu tente futhi umphumela ingxoxo yenkinga.

Izibonelo ukwephulwa logic

Sophistry, izibonelo iluphi okuzoxoxwa ngalo ngezansi, ilungiselelwe isikhathi eside, futhi ukwephulwa elula logic isetshenziselwa kuphela ukuqeqesha ikhono phikisana, njengoba kubonakala nokushintshashintsha lezi imishwana Kulula ngokwanele.

Ngakho sophistry (izibonelo):

Okugcwele futhi ezingenalutho - uma neengcezu ababili bayalingana, futhi izingxenye ezimbili wonke futhi okufanayo. Ngaphakathi accordance nga lo - uma ingxenye ezingenalutho futhi isigamu-egcwele okufanayo, ngakho-ke, ilingana nalutho Imininingwane.

Esinye isibonelo: "Niyazi ukuthi ngifuna ukukubuza?" - "Cha". - "Futhi ubuhle - kuba izinga okuhle na?" - "Ngiyazi." - "It kuvela ukuthi awazi ukuthi wazi."

Medicine kusiza isiguli, kukuhle, nabahle kulapho ngcono. Okungukuthi, ungathatha imithi ngangokunokwenzeka.

Kakhulu sophism abadumile ufundeka kanje: "Lokhu inja unezingane, khona-ke uyise. Kodwa kusukela kungcono inja yakho, kusho ukuthi-ke uyihlo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma wena shaya inja, ukuthi wena ubaba kubande kwamancane. Futhi kuyinto engumfowabo nomdlwana. "

zango okunengqondo

Sophistry kanye zango - imiqondo emibili ehlukene. Indida ibizwa ngokuthi isahlulelo ukubonisa ukuthi isitatimende kokubili zamanga futhi kuyiqiniso. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa ihlukaniswe 2 izinhlobo: Aporia futhi antinomy. Eyokuqala ihilela ukubukeka okukhiphayo, okuyinto ephambene nakho. Isibonelo salokhu indida owasungulwa Zeno: Achilles imikhumbi ezinezinyawo ayikwazi ngelinye ilanga ufudu, njengoba kuleso naleso sinyathelo okwalandela kuyoba ukuhambisa kude ke buqamama, ngaphandle limazise uhambisane, ngoba division of ubude indlela yenqubo alupheli.

Antinomy efanayo - leli phuzu, esikisela khona yezahlulelo ezimbili eziphikisanayo eziyiqiniso ngesikhathi esifanayo. Inkulumo ethi "I am amanga" kungaba kokubili kweqiniso nokwamanga, kodwa uma kuyiqiniso, umuntu khuluma ke ukhuluma iqiniso futhi ayibhekwa njengeyingozi ungumqambimanga, ngisho noma ibinzana kusho okuphambene. Kukhona indida ezithakazelisayo futhi Sophisms logic, ezinye zazo ngeke kuchaziwe ngezansi.

indida elinengqondo ngokuthi "Ingwenya"

EGibhithe, ingwenya umhlali wahlwitha ingane, kodwa, ukuthatha sihawukele owesifazane ngemuva isicelo sakhe wabeka phambili izimo: uma yena eqagela kahle, uyobe babuyele uma ingane yakhe noma cha, it is, ngokufanele, ukunikeza noma cha lona. Ngemva la mazwi, unina wazibuza wathi ukuthi umntwana yena akazange adikibale.

Lokhu ingwenya waphendula ingane ungatholi, ngoba uma iqiniso, angikwazi ukukunika ingane, sengathi unike, amazwi akho ngeke kube yiqiniso. Futhi uma akusiwona kweqiniso - Angikwazi ubuyisele umntwana ngokwesivumelwano.

Ngemva kwalokho, umama inselele amazwi akhe, ethi noma kunjalo anakho ukunikeza ingane kuye. Amagama esekelwe ukucabanga elandelayo: uma impendulo kwaba yiqiniso ingwenya inkontileka ayezithathe emuva, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, ibizwa nangokuthi aphoqelelwe ukuba zifundise izingane zazo, ngoba ukungabahloniphi kungasho ukuthi amagama umama weqiniso, futhi uyaphinda ubophekile ukuba ubuyisele umntwana.

indida enengqondo "Sevangeli"

Njengoba efika amazimu, isithunywa sevangeli wabona ukuthi udliwe ngokushesha, kodwa ekugcineni wakwazi ukubuyeka ukukhetha - ke uyobe ukupheka noma eyosiwe. Lesi sithunywa sevangeli kwadingeka ukuba asho isitatimende, kanti uma uzibonakalisa kweqiniso, kuyobe ukulungiselela indlela yokuqala, futhi wamanga kuzoholela indlela yesibili. Ukusho ibinzana, "wena Fry kimi," isithunywa sevangeli ngaleyo ndlela dooms amazimu ku isimo unsolvable lapho abakwazi ukunquma ukuthi iyiphi indlela ukupheka. Eyosiwe ke amazimu bengayi - kuleso simo kuyinto efanele nokuthi balindeleke ukupheka zevangeli. Futhi uma akulungile - ke Fry, kodwa azisebenzi, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi Amagama ziyiqiniso.

Ukwephulwa logic mathematics

Ngokuvamile sophistry zezibalo ukufakazela ukulingana ukungalingani izinombolo noma izinkulumo izibalo. Omunye onobuhle elula - ezinhlanu futhi iyunithi ukuqhathanisa. Uma ukhupha 3 kusukela 5, kuvela 2. nekususa 3 kusuka 1 -2 eyatholakala. Nge ukwakhiwa izinombolo ezimbili etholwe esigcawini sithola imiphumela efanayo. Ngakho, imithombo eyinhloko le misebenzi kukhona, 5 = 1.

Wazalelwa zezibalo izinkinga-sophistry ngokuvamile kakhulu ngenxa ukuguquka izinombolo eluhlaza (isibonelo - squaring). Umphumela uba ukuthi imiphumela lezi zinguquko, kusukela kulo waphetha mayelana nokulingana idatha yoqobo.

Izinkinga logic kahle

Kungani ibha uhlala esimweni ukuphumula, uma uzalela isisindo enesisindo 1 kg? Ngempela, kulesi simo-ke amandla adonsela phansi, akuyona kuphambene nomthetho lokuqala Newton? Umsebenzi elilandelayo - amaphaphu ngentambo. Uma ulungise intambo nezimo kolunye, ukusebenzisa yesibili amandla F, amaphaphu ngamunye endaweni yayo iba elilingana F. Kodwa, njengoba siqukethe inombolo okungenamkhawulo amaphuzu, ke amandla isetshenziswa kwayo yonke indikimba, kuyoba ulingana inani ngokungenamkhawulo enkulu. Kodwa ngokuvumelana nakho, lokhu akukwazi ngokomthetho. Mathematical sophistry izibonelo ngezimpendulo futhi akekho ungathola encwadini ebhalwe ngu AG DA Madera.

Isenzo ukuphendula. Uma yesithathu umthetho Newton isebenza ke lokho obungenza amandla nor exhunywe umzimba, ukumelana ngeke asibambe futhi ngeke ukuthutha.

esibukweni Flat kushintsha ohlangothini sokunene nesobunxele into uboniswa ke, manje kungani phezulu futhi ngezansi musa ukushintsha?

Sophisms geometry

Iziphetho, kokuba igama sophisms weJiyomethri ukuthethelela noma yikuphi isiphetho esingafanele ezihlobene ukusebenza lezinombolo Jomethri noma ukuhlaziya.

Isibonelo esivamile ukufana isikhathi eside kunaleso nesigxobo yocingo, futhi kabili.

Ubude ukufana uzobe luchazwa ngegama, ubude ikholomu - b. Umehluko phakathi kwalezi amagugu - c. kuvela ukuthi b - a = c, b = a + c. Uma izinkulumo ezingenhla ukuze wande, uthola lokhu okulandelayo: B2 - ab = ca + C2. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ezothando abonisiwe ngahle susa le bc ingxenye. We ukuthola okulandelayo: B2 - ab - bc = ca + C2 - bc, noma b (b - a - c) = - c (b - a - c). Lapho b = - c, kodwa c = b - a, ngakho b = a - b, noma = 2b. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana umdlalo ngempela isikhathi eside ngokuphindwe kabili ikholomu. Iphutha idatha Computing isisho (b - a - c), okuyinani elilingana zero. Izinkinga ezinjalo zivame udidekile abafundi sophistry esikoleni noma abantu kude wezibalo.

nefilosofi

Sophism owasungula njengoba isiqondiso zefilosofi mayelana nengxenye BC V nekhulu lesibili leminyaka. e. I babalandeli bale nhlangano babe abantu abazihlanganisa amadoda injengeyabahlakaniphileyo, njengoba igama elithi "sophist" lisho ukuthi "indoda ehlakaniphile." Umuntu wokuqala bazibiza, kwaba Protagoras. Yena nabantu bangesikhathi sakhe, ukunamathela Sufi ukubukwa, wayekholelwa ukuthi konke subjective. Ngokwe imibono amaSophist, umuntu esilinganisweni zonke izinto, okusho ukuthi noma iyiphi imibono kuyiqiniso futhi akukho umbono asikwazi kuthathwe njengoba ezesayensi noma efanele. Lokhu kwakuyiqiniso izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo.

Izibonelo sophistry ifilosofi: owesifazane - hhayi indoda. Uma kucatshangwa ukuthi ungumuntu ke la mazwi ayiqiniso nangomqondo, ukuthi le nsizwa. Kodwa njengoba kwasho insizwa egama - akusiwona intombazane, intombazane - akuyena yini lo muntu. I sophism edume kakhulu, okuyinto sihlanganisa ingxenye amahlaya, imi kanje: ekuzibulaleni ngaphezulu, ekuzibulaleni ambalwa.

Okufike kudide nge-inkantolo

Indoda okuthiwa Evatl sophism wathatha izifundo kusukela ayisi- abadumile Protagoras. Imibandela zazimi kanje: uma umfundi ngemuva kokuthola amakhono ukunqoba impikiswano ecaleni ke ukukhokhela ukuqeqeshwa, kungenjalo inkokhelo ngeke. Catch wukuthi ngemuva kokufunda umfundi akazange ahlanganyele kunoma yiluphi inqubo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, akuzange kudingeke ukuba akhokhe. Protagoras ukusabisile ukufaka isikhalazo enkantolo, ethi umfundi uzokhokha noma kunjalo, umbuzo kuphela ingabe kuyoba isinqumo inkantolo noma umfundi kuphumelela kanye uzophoqeleka ukukhokha yesikole.

Evatl awavumelani, bethi uma wagwetshwa akhokhe, ngaphansi kwesivumelwano ne Protagoras, ukulahlekelwa ukuthi ikuphi, akaphoqelekile ukuthi uzokhokha kodwa ukunqoba ngokuvumelana isinqumo inkantolo, wabuye akazange abe imali uthisha.

Sophism "sinqumo"

Izibonelo sophistry ifilosofi kwahambisana "umusho", othi akukho umuntu oyedwa enikwa isigwebo sokufa, kodwa kubikwa koMbuso owodwa: ukubulawa ngeke kwenzeke ngokushesha, kodwa ngaphakathi ngesonto, usuku ukubulawa Ngeke waziswe kusengaphambili. Lapho ezwa lokhu, walahla ngaqala ukuziphendulela, ezama ukuthola ukuthi ilanga kwenzeke isehlakalo esibi kuye. Ngokusho izizathu zakhe, uma isigwebo ngeke kwenzeke kuze ngeSonto, bese ngoMgqibelo uyokwazi ukuthi kusasa - okungukuthi umthetho, yena wathi isivele ngobugebengu. Elingafaki ngeSonto walahla ngendlela efanayo futhi wacabanga mayelana neSabatha, ngoba uma azi ukuthi ngeSonto wayengeke abulawe ke isimo ukuthi kuze kube uLwesihlanu, isigwebo ngeke kwenzeke, ngoMgqibelo bakhishwa inyumbazana. Ngacabanga ngalokhu, wafika esiphethweni sokuthi ngeke abulawe, njengoba umthetho woniwa. Kodwa ngoLwesithathu wamangala lapho wesahlulelo lamelana nabo, futhi wenza isenzo sakhe kabi.

I Umfanekiso wesitimela

Isibonelo salolu hlobo logic iziyaluyalu, njengoba sophistry kwezomnotho, kuwumbono ukwakhiwa wesitimela emzini esisodwa esikhulu komunye. Isici esikhethekile lo mgwaqo wakhonza ikhefu esiteshini esincane phakathi kwezindawo ezimbili ukuthi ukuxhuma komgwaqo. Leli gebe kusukela iphuzu kwezomnotho umbono, kusize emadolobheni amancane ngokuletha imali eya kubantu. Kodwa endleleni kwale mizi emibili emikhulu, akukho edolobhaneni elilodwa, okungukuthi, amakhefu ku ujantshi, ukukhipha inzuzo esiphezulu, kufanele kube nenala. Lokhu kusho ukwakhiwa wesitimela, okuyinto alikho ngempela.

KWEZINGQINAMBA

Sophistry, izibonelo zazo kuxoxwa Frederikom Bastia waziwa kahle, ikakhulukazi ukwephulwa of logic of "abangele isithiyo." indoda lwasekuqaleni kwadingeka cishe lutho ukuze uthole okuthile, Kwadingeka ukuba nginqobe izithiyo eziningi. Ngisho isibonelo esilula sokunqoba ibanga ibonisa ukuthi umuntu kuyoba nzima kakhulu bebodwa ukuba inqobe zonke izithiyo ukuthi bame endleleni yisiphi isihambi olulodwa. Kodwa emphakathini wanamuhla, ikhambi lokunqoba izithiyo zezinkinga iphathwe abantu ezikhethekile ku lesi sifundo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zingqinamba babé ngabo ngendlela yezinzuzo, okungukuthi ukuthola ingcebo.

umsebenzi ngasinye esisha wadala isithiyo unikeza omningi abantu, kusobala ukuthi izinqinamba kumele kube umphakathi futhi wonke umuntu ahlanganiswe ngamunye. Ngakho yini isiphetho lesifanele? Isithiyo noma ukuqedwa salo iyisibusiso isintu?

I ukuphikisana kule mpikiswano

Izizathu ezinikezwe abantu engxoxweni, ihlukaniswe umgomo nokungalungile. Eyokuqala igxile isinqumo isimo inkinga nokuthola impendulo efanele, kuyilapho inhloso yokugcina ukuze impikiswano futhi akukho okunye.

Uhlobo lokuqala agumenti angabhekwa agumenti engavumelekile ubuntu nomuntu onjani zigcinwe ingxabano, benaka ubuntu bakhe izici, izici ukubukeka, izinkolelo nokunye. Ngokusebenzisa le ndlela, kuphikisana okubangelwa abantu abali- interlocutor, ngaleyo ndlela ukubulala ke isiqalo ezinengqondo. Kukhona futhi agumenti igunya, amandla, inzuzo, okuyize, ukwethembeka, futhi ukungawazi ingqondo.

Ngakho sophism - kuyini? I reception, esiza impikiswano noma ukuhilizisana lutho ukuthi awukho impendulo, ngakho-ke ube ngalutho? Futhi ngaleso sikhathi, nokuningi.