Russian isonto lokhuni. Kizhi: ezikhumbuzo bokwakha lokhuni Russia

ERussia, ukwakhiwa izinkuni sekuyisikhathi eside kuyindaba yokukhathalelwa ongavamile, futhi ezindaweni lapho umhlaba ungakabikho nokubusa ihlathi, abaklami lasendulo esesikwenzile kuyinto eziphakeme liyamangalisa ngempela kuleli khono. Ezisekhona ubufakazi eziningi ithalente yabo esimangalisayo: amahle, isakhiwo obunobunye imininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi ezibaziweyo, intambo enhle - futhi eqinisweni wasebenza ngembazo ikakhulu ababazi, kuhloswe ukudala lace ezijabulisayo, okuvame ukuhlotshiswa ngemihlobiso nezakhiwo zasendulo lokhuni.

Ibhishi izakhiwo lokhuni

Ukuze ezisekhona zonke izibonelo okufanele bokwakhiwa ephakathi. Inani elikhulu of amasonto lokhuni wafa umlilo - umlilo ushwabadela emadolobheni wonke, engashiyi lutho. zemihla lasendulo ezigagula eyakhelwe noma phansi izakhiwo ezinkulu eyaqala AD I ekhulwini. Ngemva kokubukeza amarekhodi, sifunda ukuthi 1183 ashisiwe cishe yonke Vladimir (futhi kubandakanya 32 amasonto). Ngo 1369th zabulawa ezehlela Pskov, e 1636-m - Isigodlo Uyingelosi Enkulu.

Nokho, lohlupho izakhiwo sokhuni element of izinkuni, nazo zonke izinto zawo hhayi kuphela - material ibingaba eyesikhashana ngempela. Cabin ongema mayelana othile wekhulu, ihlelo (ngokunakekela efanele) - 3-4.

ifa aphelayo

Kukhona izakhiwo ezintathu kuphela ezakhiwa ngaphezulu XIII-XIV ekhulwini (ngisho-ke akuwona wonke abacwaningi bayaqinisekiswa). Ngakho, isikhathi ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XVI, sihlehlela emuva ethempelini Uvuko oNgcwele uLazaru - encane, wakha ibandla lasendulo wokhuni Murom sezindela. Kizhi Reserve odoimennom esiqhingini, ngo-1960 kwaba isiphephelo sokugcina. lavuselelwa ngokucophelela ngaphansi project wezakhiwo Opolovnikova, iyingxenye Museum wemboni eksopozitsii Russian Zaonezhye.

nezinye ezimbili Riznolozhenskaya noGeorge, ngokulandelana siyaziqhenya uCyril Belozero esigodlweni naseLeningrad esifundeni.

Iningi lezakhiwo ezinkulu zesikhumbuzo esekhona bokwakha lokhuni abaze ngaphambili XVIII leminyaka, okungenani - XVI- XVII.

Lapho Ososayensi abanesifiso lolu hlobo of izakhiwo, abaningi amasampula ayekanye naye elidukile. Afterthought, Abacwaningi baphawula ukuthi ukuthi kuqala ledzingekako zonke ukulungisa nalokho okusala. "Nakuba kubalulekile kuphela ukugibela, isithombe, umfanekiso ... lezi zinyamalale zonke izinto ngonyaka ngezinga elingakaze lifinyelelwe," - Wasebhala-yalolucwaningo 20 edumile art umhlaziyi, umculi kanye uthisha, I. academician Grabar. Futhi saya futhi izithombe, sketched nokwenza imizamo ukugcina funneling ngokoqobo izimpumputhe iso ubuhle, nento wasinda, kodwa okuthile - ukubuyisela imibhalo balondolozwa.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umphakathi kanye nesimo baqaphela indlela izinto esingenantengo lesikhumbuzo yezakhiwo kuyinto esontweni Russian lokhuni. Kizhi (kwesinye seziqhingi Echibi Onega) waba ubufakazi lokhu ukuqashelwa, yaphenduka i ezivulekile Museum-reserve. Namuhla ubonisa izivakashi zayo izimangaliso ezimangalisayo adalwe amakhosi esikhathini esidlule.

Northern ubuhle

nice ikakhulukazi izakhiwo lokhuni North Russia - lapha abakhi wakubonisa lokhu okumangalisayo ithalente, nobuciko kanye nomuzwa ubuhle ukuthi abavakashi kuphela bamangala. Kakhulu ngokuvamile nangentshiseko kukhulunywa ngalo Kizhi, okuyinto ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili uye waba idume kangaka ukuthi ngisho uMbusi uNicholas II wathenga isithombe nge ngomfanekiso wakhe ( "ezingxenyeni ezikude zenyakatho", umculi - Shlutleyt).

Isimo sezulu kulezi zindawo engamili lutho. Summer sifushane, ubusika nesithwathwa. Ngenkathi ezibandayo, ngaphandle ngendiza enophephela emhlane, akatholakalanga: Kizhi - esiqhingini esikebheni, kodwa ngaphandle kokuba? izingcezu Eduze sushi ukubonisa uhlamvu ngokulinganayo abukhali: amahlozi kuyo, kwemifula ejulile. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, abantu bazinza lapha isikhathi eside, ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule. Zona kanye igama lalesi siqhingi livela Karelian "kizhat" (ukuhumusha - "ukuzijabulisa"). Abacwaningi ukuxhumanisa le ndawo utholakala emikhosini yobuqaba yasendulo ezenzeka lapha ezikhathini ezidlule.

inqolobane

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-60-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule ku Kizhi Isiqhingi (Karelia) baqala ukuvela Reserve, labavulekela ngo-1966. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi amabandla sokhuni Kizhi esiqhingini aqala ukwanda: walondoloza izakhiwo SVEZA lapha eziningi okhuni ezingxenyeni ezahlukene Karelia.

Idolobhana eliseduze - Petrozavodsk (68 km), kodwa ungakwazi ukuya nokusuka Petersburg, besemkhunjini ukhululekile yesimanje (njengoba Kizhi - siqhingi, ungakwazi ukufinyelela kuphela ngokuthi amanzi).

Marina elula wemukela labo abafisa ukujoyina enhle. Kanti inikeza umbono omuhle: ngaphambi abahamba kulesi yonke inkazimulo yayo ivela esontweni isimo - mhlawumbe edume kakhulu izithombe amaningi emhlabeni lapha esontweni lokhuni. Kizhi ngeqholo oqhubeka ngasogwini lwalo olwa esikhanyayo isakhiwo esibhakabhakeni ukuthi owuthanda abahambi ubuhle layo eliyingqayizivele.

Izinganekwane nokuphila kwansuku yalesi siqhingi

Ngokusho kwenye legend, umbazi brilliant okuthiwa Nestor bagawula wakhe ngembazo, okuyinto emva ukwakhiwa waphonsa kude echibini, ukuze akekho owakwazi ukuphinda umsebenzi wakhe. Ayikho indlela, le yensimbi magic - isakhiwo sokhuni ngokumangalisayo ezinhle.

umsebenzi esivelele Russian lasendulo izakhiwo, Bandla isimo e Kizhi lakhiwa ngo-1714. Namuhla kuba emangalisayo wobuciko kungokwalabo izikhumbuzo ezibalulekile hhayi kuphela e-Russia, i-UNESCO neyaziwayo le Ensemble yezakhiwo Kizhi eziyiNgcebo Yomhlaba.

Kwezakhiwo abazenzi njalo. Kusukela esisekelweni esontweni has cishe akukho (ezithile ngomfanekiso wakhe wehlisa kuphela eyodwa ekhoneni isakhiwo), ngokuhamba umsebenzi wokulungisa nje ngangokunokwenzeka wamphakamisa kahle ngosizo ubuchwepheshe besimanje.

Ibandla edume kunayo isiqhingi

Isakhiwo ubukeka grand imitha-37 iSonto eliphezulu isimo e Kizhi okusezingeni eliphezulu ngeqholo kuphakamisa Dome yayo, okuyinto, akhanyayo esiliva, wangenela Umqansa ezulwini. Ekhulwini nesishiyagalolunye, base ehlotshiswe yensimbi, kodwa restorers kamuva ababuyela ukubukeka yokuqala ethempelini. Amageja (amapuleti sokhuni, Dome yokhuni ukweleta ebukekayo "zibe maholoholo" ukubonakala kwawo esikhathini esidlule) ukuthi, njengoba kulindeleke, abenziwe aspen (izinkuni zawo ngaphansi kwethonya umoya, ilanga namanzi iba kukhanya silvery esiyingqayizivele).

Ukuguqulwa KukaJesu Isimo Church Kizhi libhekisela ezihlukahlukene tiered amasonto octagonal - amanga at inhliziyo ukwakhiwa octagonal lwamakholi kumakhabheni isethwe nomunye. Kulokhu, basuke kulekelelwa prirub amane ebhekene kuya North, South, eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga. Abantu abaningi ngephutha zithi ibandla kunazo owaziwa (Kizhi) eyakhelwe ngaphandle izipikili. Lokhu kuyiqiniso kuphela lwamakholi, ababazi yendabuko sikhathi. Kodwa izinzipho (Yiqiniso, hhayi yensimbi) isetshenziselwe ukudala Dome, okuyinto kuwo akazange alahlekelwe.

Ukwakhiwa waphoqeleka kusuka isiteleka umbani uthwebule emi kusayithi esontweni ezindala zamapulangwe - Kizhi hhayi yokugwema izingozi ezivamile njalo esongela izakhiwo esidlule. A kwandulela kulendlu okuphawulekayo kwakuwumoya uyithempeli likaMoya Virgin Ongcwele Vologda esifundeni: wendlale liyabonakala kakhulu domes (esontweni, ngeshwa, akazange ezisekhona kuze kube namuhla - ngenxa ubugebengu, ukunganaki abanazaba walaliswa futhi kubhujiswe ngomlilo, kodwa kakade 1963).

Intercession isonto futhi isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi

By Ensemble igceke lesonto osebenza intercession Church: Kizhi, njengoba sekushiwo, kukhona isibonelo ukwakhiwa ezingokwenkolo yesikhathi esidlule. Lokhu ebusika (evuthayo), kokwakhiwa kwethempeli (ngokuvumelana kweminye imithombo, wawubuyisela) e 1764, esikhundleni isakhiwo agugile agugile.

Kuyinto ezincane futhi enesizotha esengeziwe umakhelwane ngendlela enhle kakhulu: 10 amamitha ngezansi futhi athwala ingqikithi ayisishiyagalolunye domes - esikhulu ukuzedlula zoke, isikhungo, sizungezwe ezincane eziyisishiyagalombili.

Amathempeli ezifana patsi ngobujamo ivamile impela phakathi ezikhumbuzo bokwakha wokhuni North Russia, kodwa-Church of the lokulabhela the Ensemble of Kizhi kahle side, imigqa nenhle. Dome ngalé Isonto kancane quin futhi original, igibele octagon sokhuni, ukunikeza wonke ekwakheni ukudlala ebukekayo, akwazi ukunqoba izinhliziyo. omangalisayo Ngiqinisile Kizhi - isiqhingi lapho ubuhle akuyona kuphela esiyingqayizivele, kodwa futhi uyisithelo esiyisimanga.

Esinye isici sokuqanjwa Itende (njenge kophahla) isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi. isakhiwo eyayisekhona lakhiwa 1863 esikhundleni emabhilidini agugile enkabeni injongo efanayo. Kamuva, ephenywa ushintsho Yiqiniso zazo ishintshile okuyingxenye layo elingenhla, kanye ezinye izakhi okuhlobisa.

Zonke izakhiwo ezintathu ezinsukwini ubudala yahaqwa eziklanywe wenza kocingo, okuyinto kuze kube yilolu suku engakaze balondolozwa. Yena ngasibuyisela wakhe kamuva kakhulu, sithembele isiko lendawo wokubaza.

isiqhingi Wonderland

Kizhi igceke lesonto Yiqiniso, uphakathi nendawo lo mbukiso, kodwa-ke, kulesi siqhingi ungabona nezinye izakhiwo ezimangalisayo (lezinto 89). Ngendlela yalo, isonto ngalinye enhle lokhuni. Kizhi - indawo engcono lapho ungabona lokhu. I owayemdala kunabo bonke, okukhulunywe ngaso ngenhla, sangomhla emuva XIV kwekhulu futhi isakhiwo elihle elula, bobunjwa ezingeyona inkimbinkimbi. Imiqhele ithempeli Dome eyodwa kuphela (uma akazange ukuqagela ukuthi lesi sakhiwo zenkolo, kuyoba yinkinga). Ngaphezu amasonto, umnyuziyamu Izindlwana eziningi, esenkabeni izindawo olunothile ngakho ngokwemvelo, njengoba uma usukhulile emhlabathini lapha.

ukukhalipha kwabantu nemvelo

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le esontweni lasendulo Russian sokhuni njalo kakhulu ngokuvumelanayo endaweni ezungezile. Bathi izingcweti lendawo aye umhlahlandlela esenzweni owawuyala ukwakha ngendlela abayazisayo "njengendlela elithile ubuhle futhi ngokushesha." Mangisho ukuthi baphumelela kahle. Izakhiwo yamisa futhi ehlotshiswe amathuluzi kakhulu elula uthinte yangempela amandla kanzima.

Ngokuqinisekile kuwufanele ukuvakashelwa. Zonke charm kule ndawo lwadlulela ngisho izithombe iningi eliphezulu. Kizhi amasonto ngokhuni okuyinto babé ezidumile emhlabeni wonke, basonta amakhona eRussia, okuyinto kuwufanele bebona ngamehlo ami siqu. Ninhlanhlathe ngaphansi ungajabule enyakatho esibhakabhakeni, ukujabulela ubukhazikhazi nemvelo, uzwa umoya bezikhathi zasendulo, okuyinto wasibekela siqhingi futhi amanzi Lake Onega. Lolu hambo ayinantshisekelo kuphela - ke kuthuthukisa ezingokomoya. Vravdu lapha ungezwa "nesiyaluyalu esaba of Ages" esiyisaga uthinte wayeyisazi abaculi engaziwa abakwazile ukwakha ubuhle yesiteleka, hhayi ukufihla, futhi kuqhakambisa nemvelo.