Russian asemaqeleni reserve: uhlu

Ezweni lanamuhla, sivamile ukhohlwe mayelana nemvelo ezizungezile, ngifuna bayanda yiso minyaka yonke. Growing edolobheni, motorways entsha zakhelwe, displacing ezimpilweni zethu namathafa zemvelo futhi emuhle. Indima kulondolozwe flora zemvelo nezilwane beye bazama ezindaweni ezikhethekile - izinqolobane. Ezweni lethu, sidale engaphezu kwekhulu ezindaweni ezivikelekile, nemvelo reserves futhi enkangala Russia hlala ebalulekile kulesi simiso.

Kuyini inqolobane?

Reserve Kusolwa ingxenye ethile eseduze (noma amanzi), ngaphakathi okuyinto kugcinwa zonke eziyinkimbinkimbi yemvelo ephelele futhi zemvelo.

Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi imizamo yokuqala nokuvikelwa kwemvelo baye emuva BC III ekhulwini, eSri Lanka. Kwakulapho esashicilelwa ngowokuqala ngqa emhlabeni yomthetho ukuvikelwa izilwane zasendle. Le ndawo kuqala nge isimo sokulondolozwa uvele ekhulwini XIII e Ifriqiya, ngesikhathi uhlanga lwamakhosi Hafsid ukuvinjelwa ukuzingela eduze omunye emachibini.

Ngokombono umthetho wesimanje isiRashiya, isimo Russian alondoloza zemvelo - kukhona izikhungo ekhethekile yesayensi esungulwe ukuze alondoloze futhi ukutadisha izinqubo zemvelo futhi izimiso zokusebenza kwemvelo.

Imigomo Nezindlela Izinhloso

Zonke Russian evikelwe nemvelo reserves azilungiselele izinhloso ezifanayo:

1. Ukulondolozwa echibini isakhi sofuzo ka yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene.
2. Ukulondolozwa kwemvelo simiso semvelo ubuqotho.
3. Ekulondolozeni ukwehluka yezitshalo nezilwane imiphakathi.
4. Ukuqala kokusetshenziswa ucwaningo vivo.

Zonke zokulondolozwa eRussia, hhayi kuphela e-Russia, eyakhelwe isimiso esifanayo. Uma sibheka ukwakheka kwazo zabo kungenziwa wahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amagatsha amathathu amakhulu:

• Londvolota core;
• isikhumbulo sesikhana (sf) zone;
• indawo evikelwe (ushintsho phakathi esiqiwini langempela futhi ezindaweni ezakhelene olungavikelekile).

Futhi inothile Russia nase ezincane ezakheke kanjena. Lezi zigaba ezintathu kukhona isici izakhiwo zesigaba ezahlukene kanye nosayizi.

Umlando Russian nemvelo reserves

Cishe zonke izinqolobane isiRashiya, okuyizinto amagama uzothola kulesi sihloko, ngandlela-thile, banomlando omude yomsuka wawo.

Izoni lokuqala eRussia kwamiswa ngo-1917. It reserve Barguzinsky e Buryatia. Kamuva uhlu ezindaweni wezwe evikelwe kuphela agcwaliswa. izinqolobane okunjalo enkulu Russia njengoba e-Astrakhan, eCaucasus and Ilmensky kungabuye chasiselwe endala. Bonke bavele ngaphambi 20s kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Kodwa omncane kunathi angabhekwa inqolobane "Utrish", okuyinto yasungulwa ngo-2010. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esikhathini kuze kube 2020 sihlelwe ukwakha eminye ezindaweni 11 entsha evikelwe eRussia.

Okubekiwe Russia: uhlu asemaqeleni izinqolobane

Kusukela ngomhla ka-2014 e-Russian Federation zikhona 103 nemvelo reserves. Bonke hlala endaweni ingqikithi 340.000 amakhilomitha square. Lena indawo enkulu ukuthi ingafaniswa endaweni uthi European, ezifana Finland.

Kuleli nani, abangu-11 nemvelo reserves akunakubangelwa asemaqeleni. Sibala lezi reserves yeRussia. Uhlu bafaka ngezansi:

• Astrakhan
• "Belogorye"
• Voroninsky,
• Voronezh,
• White-naped,
• East-Ural,
• "Galichya Intaba"
• Orenburg,
• Rostov,
• "IVolga asemaqeleni"
• "Black Earth".

Zonke izinqolobane isiRashiya, amagama abalwe, babelwe Ministry of Natural Resources Environment. Ababili babo - East-Urals futhi "Ntombazane Intaba" - kuncike nezinye izinhlaka.

Lo mkhuba asemaqeleni Russian

asemaqeleni Russian - kuba engokwemvelo eliyingqayizivele futhi eyingqayizivele. Russian asemaqeleni izinqolobane, utshani zabo zasendle futhi obuntofontofo feather silvery utshani, bafana mane wehhashi.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, umbono yokudala izindawo ezifana evikelwe umsuka kuyo asemaqeleni. Ezivelele usosayensi inhlabathi kanye sezolimo namahlathi Vasily Dokuchaev bakhuluma ngale isidingo eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. Noma kunjalo, akukho reserve ayizange yayikhona eRussia ezonini asemaqeleni of phezulu 90-yalolucwaningo. Eyokuqala kwakuyincwadi Orenburg asemaqeleni reserve, okuyinto lahlelwa ekuthatheni isinyathelo Alexander Alexandrovich Chibilova ngo-1989.

Asemaqeleni inqolobane "Orenburg"

Uvele Meyi 1989, namuhla ke ihlanganisa indawo amahektheli phezu ayizinkulungwane 21.

Asemaqeleni inqolobane "Orenburgsky" kuhlanganisa izindawo ezine ezihlukene:

• Talovskaya asemaqeleni
• Burtinskaya asemaqeleni
• Aytuarskaya asemaqeleni
• Aschisayskaya asemaqeleni (endaweni ngobukhulu ezweni 7.200 amahektha).

Ngaphakathi kwale ndawo ungabona hhayi kuphela asemaqeleni isetshenzwe. Kunezindlela eziningi izikhumbuzo bemivubukulo VII-III ekhulwini BC. Lokhu izindunduma isiko Sarmatian.

Isimo sezulu - ezomile futhi leli zwekazi. Isilinganiso lokushisa laminyaka yonke kuwubufakazi 2,5 ° centigrade, kanye imvula yonyaka negligibly encane - kusuka 250 kuya 350 mm. Ngu-degree of ogelezayo nokumanzisa endaweni kungenziwa ngokuphepha chasiselwe semi ehlane.

Ye izitshalo wokugodlwa ahlukahlukene: kukhona 14 zezintaka isikhunta, 150 zama-ulele, 8 zama-moss futhi 1.350 zezitshalo semithambo. Ayikho ngaphansi ocebile nezilwane ezihlukahlukene endaweni: 48 zezilwane ezincelisayo, izinhlobo ezingu-193 zezinyoni, 6 kwezinhlobo zezinhlanzi, 526 zama-mabhungane futhi 184 zama-izicabucabu. Insimu ugajwe asemaqeleni ikakhulukazi utshani-wapheka, emithambekeni amagquma bakha asemaqeleni enamadwala enhlabathini nosawoti - ehlane izakhiwo kanye nomphakathi.

Esiqiwini kukhona mayelana ezimbili kweshumi izitshalo ezisohlwini Red Book of Russia. Izilwane eziningi reserve Russian "Orenburg" nazo Encwadi Red. Phakathi kwabo bee asemaqeleni, itshe inyoni Curlew, Balaban, i-golden eagle, asemaqeleni ukhozi, bustard futhi stilt futhi European Beaver.

"Belogorye"

Russian asemaqeleni izinqolobane - siyigugu ngempela izwe lakithi. Esinye sazo esiqiwini imvelo "Belogorye" ku Sifundazwe esifundeni, okuyinto sihlehlela emuva 1924. Khona-ke wabizela "Yehlathi eMfuleni Vorskla," futhi ngo-1999 kwaba ihlelwe kabusha zibe ukuvikelwa entsha ensimini engaphansi ngegama lalo lamanje.

Le ndawo evikelwe kuyinto yesayensi kanye nezemvelo imfundo izindawo okubalulekile sikahulumeni. Inhloso yayo - sokulondoloza cwaningo enemininingwane kwezinqubo ezingokwemvelo futhi izenzakalo indawo ehlathini-asemaqeleni, kanye nokongiwa zilwane ngazinye futhi imiphakathi flora, nezilwane kanye nemvelo esiyingqayizivele eningizimu ye-Central Russian upland.

Insimu Nature Reserve "Belogorye" kuhlanganisa izigaba emihlanu ehlukene, okuyinto zitholakala ezifundeni ezintathu esifundeni. It osongoza:

• Ihlathi phezu Vorskla,
• Izgorya odongeni,
• Bald Hills,
• Yamskaya asemaqeleni,
• nemihosha Ostrasevy.

Le ndawo ingqikithi "Belogoriya" kuyinto 2131 amahektha.

Phakathi esiqiwini, ososayensi Kukhona 149 zinhlobo ezahlukene zezinyoni, kanye mayelana 370 zezitshalo semithambo. Fauna imelelwa 50 izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo eziningi, 15 kwezinhlobo zezinhlanzi, zilwane ezihuquzelayo, 6 nele-9 zezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ukuphila kokubili emanzini nasezweni.

Bhuka "Voroninsky"

inothile Russia edonsela inqwaba izivakashi kanye zemvelo. Omunye reserve Voroninsky enjalo etholakala ihlathi zone Tambov esifundeni. It yadalwa ngo-1994 ukuze kuvikelwe izinhlelo ihlathi asemaqeleni of emaphakathi neRussia. Le ndawo Imininingwane - ezingaphezu kuka-10,000 hectares, esiqiwini imvelo itholakala ngaphakathi 40 emakhilomitha Crow Valley River.

Ukwakheka Voroninsky imvelo ihlanganisa amaqoqo amabili amakhulu - amahlathi "Inzhavinskaya" futhi "Kirsanovsky" nokuningi okuchaza endaweni ezincane eziyishumi.

Umqondo ukudala kule ndawo ndawo nokongiwa ephethwe ngenye VP Semenov Tian-Shanskii eyaziwa geography Russian. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, wathembisa ukuhlela lapha okubizwa ngokuthi "uromny Park" (uremia - ehlathini ekhethekile zezikhukhula plain). Kuyinto cwaningo kanye ekubuyiseleni lo ihlathi umsebenzi oyinhloko esiqiwini yesimanje.

Nokho, ngempela umsebenti lowentiwako on ukuthuthukisa umqondo reserve yaze yaqala ngasekupheleni 80-yalolucwaningo ka XX leminyaka. A umnikelo omkhulu inhlangano esiqiwini ube Voroninsky ochwepheshe Museum Yesifunda Tambov Pedagogical Institute.

Kuze kube manje, esiqiwini isungule nemizila izivakashi ezintathu: ". Izindlela Okuvikelwe" "Inzhavino-Barska Intaba", "Okuvikelwe Lake" futhi

Esinye sezipho ezinhle kakhulu ezikhangayo Voroninsky wokugodlwa okubizwa ngokuthi Bald Intaba - lutho efana sangaleso iVolga izinkalo. Gore has a ukuphakama isihlobo mayelana 50 amamitha. Futhi kuze kube namuhla entabeni embozwe yokufakelwa ihlathi emasimini, ngaphambi kwathiwa "Bald" ngempela, futhi ngenxa yalokho agcinwayo igama layo. By endleleni, ukuthi kule ntaba iwuphawu Inzhavino emzaneni.

Enye ekhangayo esiqiwini - eliyingqayizivele willow Grove eduze nedolobhana Semenovka. yobudala wakhe - iminyaka engaphezu kuka-150. Nokho, hhayi kuphela lokhu willow Grove abadumile, ngoba ngasondelana kanye umdwebi odumile Mstislav Dobuzhinsky. Futhi manje isithombe egcinwe at the Museum yaseLondon. Ngeshwa, namuhla kuphela izinsalela lokhu Willow Grove - abaningi zazibhekwa abhidlizwa ngesikhathi sempi futhi ngenxa imisebenzi ngesihluku ngo-90s.

"Rostov"

Amaze futhi obathandayo nge ubuhle asemaqeleni yayo izinqolobane Russia! Ngo-1995, e-Rostov esifundeni Rostov Reserve yasungulwa, nakuba preconditions inhlangano yayo kwenzeka ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka. Umqondo ukudala lapha inqolobane asemaqeleni ke usosayensi uzwakalise Vasily Dokuchaev, owachitha isikhathi esiningi nokuzikhandla ukuze sikwazi ukufunda asemaqeleni namathafa wendawo.

Rostov Reserve has isimo sikahulumeni kanye nokuphathwa ayo. Ubunjwe ezindaweni ezine ezihlukene, endaweni abevile 9 amahektha.

Phakathi esiqiwini, ososayensi abalwa 410 zezitshalo semithambo - ikakhulukazi okusanhlamvu, okusanhlamvu, Asteraceae kanye clove. Lapha ungathola 4 izinhlobo uphizi, nezinhlobo eziningana feather utshani, ikamela ameva. Khulisa esiqiwini kanye eziphilayo abalulwe Incwadi Red: i-Tulip Schrenk, iris yemifino, uphaphe utshani kanye nezinye izinhlobo.

"Black Earth"

Ezigcina enkulu hit eRussia isikali yayo nezwe unspoilt ebukeka intombi. Omunye ngobukhulu ezweni kuyinto Biosphere Reserve nge igama engavamile "Black Earth", lapho zigcinwa ezindaweni eyingqayizivele Kalmyk asemaqeleni.

Esiqiwini yasungulwa ngo-June 1990. Umsebenzi main - ukuze ulondoloze asemaqeleni kanye lulwimi ehlane namathafa, kanye lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela labantu saiga. Inani indawo endaweni evikelwe - amahektha kuka-120 eziyinkulungwane. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngo-1993 "Black Land" wathola isimo inqolobane uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli by UNESCO.

flora esiqiwini sika umelwe asemaqeleni nethafa zezitshalo. Ngakho, ezindaweni sandy ungahlangana ameva ikamela, utshani saseLyme, isihlabathi sagebrush. Ngo esiqhingini echibini Manichev-Gudilo babe emaqeleni nge feather Lessing. Khulisa lapha zezinyoni ezingavamile izitshalo: cornflower Taliev futhi Tulip Schrenk.

Nezilwane nakho emelelwa asemaqeleni kanye lulwimi ehlane zilwane. Lapha izinyamazane evamile, big-eared inhloli, Gopher encane, jerboa. Utholakala "abamnyama umhlaba" bandaging kanye polecat elikhanyayo. Eminyakeni yamuva, okwandisa labantu impisi esiqiwini.

Nest ezabelweni inqwaba Waterfowl. Lokhu thulisa nefukezi, ihansi, nevuba lwaseDalmatia, duck zasendle, grey duck, pochard nabanye. Kuvikelekile lapha asemaqeleni ejwayelekile zinhlobo yezinyoni: bustard, Lark, bustard kancane, asemaqeleni ukhozi Buzzard.

"IVolga asemaqeleni"

"IVolga asemaqeleni" - inqolobane nesimo sakhe Penza esifundeni, okubandakanya 5 ezindaweni ahlukene:

• Poperechenskaya asemaqeleni
• Ostrovtsovskaya asemaqeleni
• Kuncherovskaya asemaqeleni
• Pine Ihlathi ku Kadadah,
• Verhnesursky ihlathi ndawo.

Itholakala zone asemaqeleni we iVolga Ephakathi. Esiqiwini yasungulwa ngo-1989 ukuze kuvikelwe emaqeleni enyakatho nasemahlathini. Ihlanganisa namuhla indawo 8326 amahektha. "IVolga asemaqeleni" - kuyinto endaweni nature nokongiwa hhayi kuphela. I wokugodla uyabandakanyeka yesayensi, ucwaningo, ezemfundo kanye nemisebenzi zokungcebeleka ngempumelelo. Nokho, umgomo oyinhloko "eVolga asemaqeleni" kuyinto ukuvikelwa yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene, kanye nabameli babo ngabanye kanye nemvelo yonke.

Ngo "eVolga asemaqeleni" Kukhona cishe 860 zezitshalo semithambo kuze kube manje (lokhu, by the way, 55% of the ukwakheka zinhlobo we Penza esifundeni flora). Kulawa, angu-70 izinhlobo abadinga ukuvikelwa okukhethekile, ngisho eziyisishiyagalolunye izinhlobo ezisohlwini Red Book of Russia. Lokhu izinhlobo ezine Stipa (uphaphe utshani, enhle, opushennolistny futhi feather Zaleski), Fritillaria isiRashiya, iris ezingenamaqabunga, Cephalanthera rubra, epipogium ezingenamaqabunga futhi cucullata neottianta. 58 zezitshalo we wokugodla bahlanganiswa Red Incwadi yasendle.

Into ezithakazelisayo kuyinto pine ihlathi reserve ku Kadadah, noma okuthiwa "Borok", eduze nedolobhana Shatkino. Itulo endaweni pine ihlathi phezu lomfula Kadadah - cishe 400 amahektha. Boron kuyinto eyinkimbinkimbi yokufakelwa zikaphayini emasimini namahlathi e-oki. Iningi ndawo kuhlala into futhi Alder nasemaxhaphozini.

Lesi sihloko sichaza zigcine edume kunazo Russian. Izithombe yalezi izingxenye ezinhle kakhulu ezweni lethu lungatholwa lapha. Ezweni lethu, sidale engaphezu kwekhulu ezindaweni ezivikelekile, okuyinto sihlose ukuvikela imvelo ezungeze, ukuvikelwa ebukeka zemvelo, ukubuyiselwa kanye nokulondolozwa izilwane nezitshalo ngokunganaki okuthile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo ezivikelwe futhi afeze umsebenzi kwezemfundo futhi zemfundo eziningi ngokufaka ukutshala abantu eRussia nothando imvelo. Iningi zigcine Ubuye zokuzithokozisa kanye izivakashi izinto ezinkulu, kodwa futhi abanye kuzo babeze uzame nekuwusebentisa ngokuhlakulela ekhethekile nemizila izivakashi kanye emizileni semvelo.