Rock: izinhlobo amatshe. Rocks imvelaphi. Izinhlobo rocks

Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka isakhiwo esikhulu esakhiwe sasiyidwala. Izinhlobo zamadwala zikhethwe ngabantu kuye ngokuthi izici zabo, izakhiwo zomzimba, amandla, ubukhulu, ukugqoka, njll. Njengoba kungelula ukwenza umsebenzi ngamatshe, ezikhathini zasendulo kuphela izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezakhiwe kuwo, isibonelo, izindlu zamakhosi, ukuzivikela Izakhiwo, izikhumbuzo zamasiko. Kuvela ezintweni ezinjalo zemvelo ukuthi amaphramid yaseGibhithe, i- Great Wall yaseChina, i -pyramid yase-Aztec, iTaj Mahal nezinye izakhiwo ezidumile eziyisimangaliso zomhlaba zakhiwa.

Isici

Amatshe ahlukene akuzona ukuqongelela okungahleliwe kwamaminerali, kodwa ukuhlangana kwabo kwemvelo. Incazelo yamadwala ingahle yenziwe ngendlela elandelayo: ukuhlanganiswa kwamaminerali emvelaphi yemvelo ngesakhiwo nokubunjwa okuqhubekayo. Isikhathi sokuqala leli gama lisetshenziswe yi-chemist waseRussia kanye ne-mineralogist VM Severgin ngo-1798. Kuxhomeke emandleni, ukuhlobisa, ubukhulu, i-porosity, ukumelana kwamaqhwa nezinye izici, amaminerali athola izicelo ezahlukene. Ngokuyinhloko, emsebenzini wokwakha, amadwala asetshenziswa.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamatshe

Kuye ngendlela yokwakhiwa kwazo, zonke izimbiwa zingahlukana zibe amaqembu amakhulu amathathu. Ososayensi bahlukanisa amadwala ase-sedimentary, magmatic kanye ne-metamorphic, uhlobo lwezingubo lubhekiselwa ekilasini elithile. Lezi zinhlangano ezivamile zezinto ezihlukahlukene kanye namaminerali, okuyingxenye ebalulekile yomkhumbi womhlaba.

Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ukukhishwa kwe-volcanic ukukhwabanisa nokuqongelela, i-magma cools futhi iqinisa. Ngakho-ke, amadwala asemagmatic akha emgodleni ophezulu futhi emhlabathini we-crust ekujuleni okukhulu.

Izimpande zemihlobo ehlukahlukene zakha uhlobo oluthile lwe-sedimentary. Ochwepheshe, ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa, banquma uhlobo lwemvelo lapho izinto zenziwe khona, izici zomsuka wazo , uhlobo lwama- agent abathwala, njalonjalo.

Amadwala we-Metamorphic avela lapho izinhlobo ze-magmatic ne-sedimentary zishintsha ekujuleni kwenhlabathi. Amatshe anjalo anezolimo zamakhemikhali ezihlukile, kepha isisekelo samaminerali okubeletha avela kuwo. Zonke izinqubo ze-metamorphic ikakhulukazi zenzeka ekujuleni komhlaba.

Kukhona namadwala wokugqoka, okwakungokoqobo kokuvela kumagmatic, kodwa wabe eshintsha izinguquko eziphawulekayo esihlokweni.

Amadwala aseMagmatic

Abacwaningi bahlukanisa izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zemagmatism: i-effusive ne-intrusive. Ahluke endaweni yokuqina kwe-magma, kanye nokuhamba kwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokhu kokubili, kunezindebe ezinezinyosi kanye ne-hypabyssal ezingavamile, eziyizinhlobo eziphakathi. Banikeza ama-dikes kanye nemithanjeni, ekwakheni emifantwini yamanye amatshe lapho i-magma iqinisa.

Ama-intrusive, noma ama-plutonic aqhubeka nenqubo ende yezemfundo, engadlula isikhathi esingaphezu kwenkulungwane. Zingaqukatha amakristalu amancane amakhulu, ngoba i-magma igxila kancane kancane ngokujula okukhulu. Nakuba amadwala ase-plutonic ayesekujuleni kwenhlabathi, lapho kusetshenziselwa isimo sezulu futhi kuphakanyisiwe, bavame ukuphindaphindiwe ezintabeni. Isibonelo esicacile yiNtaba iSpitskoppe eNamibia. Amaminerali asemqoka alolu hlobo awu-granite, i-labradorite, i-syenite, i-gabbro.

Uhlobo lwamagmatic of effusive (volcanic) luyakhiwa ngenkathi kuqhuma ukuqhuma komlilo, okungukuthi, uma i-magma ivela emhlabathini. Ayakha ama-crystals amakhulu ngenxa yokupholisa okusheshayo. Isibonelo esicacile sedwala lolu hlobo kukhona ama-rhyolites nama-basalts. Kulezi, esikhathini esidala ngokuvamile kwakhiwe izithombe ezihlukahlukene, izikhumbuzo.

Amaminerali ase-Sedimentary

I-Clastic, i-chemogenic ne-organogenic yizinhlobo eziyinhloko zamadwala. Zihlukahluka kuye ngokuthi imodi yomsuka futhi yenziwa emhlabeni. Uhlobo lokuhlonza luyakha ngenxa ye-cementation kanye nokukhishwa kwezingcezu ezihlukene zamadwala ahlukahlukene. Isibonelo esicacile samaminerali angasebenza njengama-sandstones nama-conglomerate. E-Barcelona kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-Montserrat, nansi nje i-conglomerate, ngoba iqukethe ama-cobblestones ahlanganiswe ne-limestone.

Izinhlobo zama-chemogenic zakhiwa ezivela ezinhlayiyeni zamaminerali zinyuka emanzini. Kungenxa yesakhiwo samaminerali ukuhlukaniswa kwamatshe. Ummeleli ovame kakhulu we-chemogen yi-limestone. Isibonelo, e-Australia kukhona iDedakli Desert, eyakhiwe kusukela kulolu hlobo. Uhlobo lwe-Organogenic lufana nezici eziningi kumalahle, ngoba luphinde lwakhiwe ngenxa yokwehla kwezinsalela zezilwane nezitshalo. Wonke amatshe asezindaweni ezibonakalayo abonakala ngokukhwabanisa, i-porosity ne-solubility emanzini.

Amaminerali e-Metamorphic

Amakilasi amadwala ngokuvamile avame ukujwayelekile. Uhlobo lwe-Metamorphic lungaba ngamaminerali kokubili okuvela emdeni nasemgmatic. Zinezigaba ezihlukahlukene zokuqina kwezinqubo zokuguqula. Uma iphansi, khona-ke imetamorphism isivumela ukuba sinqume idwala lomzali, kodwa ngezinga eliphakeme, akunakwenzeka ukwenza lokhu. Amaminerali anjalo ashintsha ukubunjwa kwawo nokuthungwa. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, amadwala e-metamorphic ahlukaniswe futhi ahlukumezeke, futhi, ngokuya ngezimo zokwakheka, amaqembu amakhulu amathathu ahlukanisiwe: izifunda, i-hydrothermal kanye nokuhlangana komzimba.

Ngezinye izikhathi kwenzeka ukuthi amatshe amakhulu amakhulu amatshe avezwe ngaphandle, isibonelo, ukushisa okuphansi noma okuphakeme, ukucindezela. Isibonelo esicacile singasebenza njenge-gneiss. Lezi zimaminerali zingabhekwa njengesifunda. I-metamorphism yama-hydrothermal iyenzeka ngokubandakanya iziphethu ezishisayo. Amaminerali axhumane ne-ion-rich rich fluid ehambayo eyenza indlela yayo ngokusebenzisa ukuqubuka kwezintaba, ne-reaction chemicals eguqulela ukubunjwa kwamadwala. Isibonelo yi-quartzite, evame ukubunjwa ngama-limestones. Kukhona futhi ukuhlangana kwamametraphism. Kulesi simo, amadwala aphethwe ngamakhemikhali kanti izinga lokushisa likhuphuka ngezixuku ezibuthakathaka.

Izakhiwo zamadwala

Kukhona izindawo eziningana zamaminerali, futhi zonke zibalulekile kwelinye izinga noma enye. Uma zisetshenzisiwe njengezinto zokugqoka, kuqala ukucabangela ukukhanga kwabo. Kwezinye izimo, ikhwalithi yokuhlobisa yetshe ibaluleke kakhulu, iphethini yayo, umbala ukhethwe. Inkomba yocingo incike ekutheni idwala lingakanani. Izinhlobo zamadwala zilula futhi zinzima. Esikhathini sokubonisa isibalo sokuqala - kufika ku-2200 kg / m ³ , futhi okwesibili - ngaphezu kuka-2200 kg / m ³ . Uma itshe likhethwa ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo, isisindo sayo kufanele sithathwe ngokucabangela, isisindo salo, isisindo esiyinkimbinkimbi sizoba. Le parameter ixhomeke ekubunjweni kwamatshe, porosity.

Enye yezakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu zetshe (ikakhulu uma kuziwa ekwakheni) ingamandla. Kuxhomeke kokumelana nokugqoka kwento. Uma kunamandla okwebiwa kwamaminerali, isikhathi eside sizogcina ukubukeka kwawo kwasekuqaleni. Kulokhu, wonke amatshe ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu: aphansi, aphakathi kwamandla futhi aqinile. Konke kuxhomeke ekubunjweni kwedwala, okungukuthi ubulukhuni bamaminerali. Phakathi kwamatshe aqinile kukhona i-gabbro, i-granite, i-quartzite, i-limestone, i-marble, i-travertine kuya phakathi, i-low-burn, ama-limestone avulekile.

Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamadwala zinamazinga ahlukene we-porosity. Kusukela kulesi sici kuncike ekutheni ukumelana no-asidi nosawoti, ukumiswa kwamanzi ngetshe. Nge-porosity, ukunakwa okukhethekile kufanele kukhokhwe lapho kwenzeka ukuthi idwala elithile likhethwe njenge-liner. Lesi sibonakaliso sinquma ukuqina kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ukungaziphathi kahle, amandla, ukuhlolisisa, ukuqhuba kahle kwe-thermal, ukulimala, njll. Ukuphakama kwe-porosity, okungenani isisindo setshe, kungcono kusetshenziswe, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ivolumu yayo, amandla anciphisa, nokungaziphathi kahle kwehla.

Inkomba yokungena kwamanzi edwaleni nayo ibaluleke kakhulu. Kuxhomeke ku-frost, i-asidi kanye nokumelana nosawoti kwento. Amanzi angena kuma-pores, uma efriziwe, akhula ngokwevolumu, enza ukucindezeleka, okubangela ukuphazamiseka ekugcineni. Okufanayo kwenzeka ngezinxazululo zikasawoti, okugqugquzela ukukhula kwamakristalu okwenza ingcindezi eyengeziwe. Uma i-porosity yamaminerali iphansi, khona-ke imifantu ivela kuwo, kwezinye izimo ingase iqede ngisho. Ematjeni amabi, ukucindezelwa kusatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo, futhi akukho ukuqhuma okuvela.

Inqubo yokushintsha amatshe ithinteke kakhulu ekuphikeleni kwama-asidi. Ama-Acids angashintsha ngisho nokubhubhisa amanye amaminerali. Ngakho-ke, lapho ukhetha itshe lokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, leli qiniso kumelwe futhi libhekwe. Isibonelo, i-hydrochloric acid iyingozi enkulu emarble, dolomite, travertine. Kodwa i-limestone ne-granite ibonakala nge-acid enhle kakhulu, ngakho-ke kuze kube namuhla kunezinkampani eziningi zenkolo ezivela kulezi zinto.

Izinqubo zokuguqulwa

Amadwala amakhulu, izintaba eziphakeme zezintaba zinikeza umbono weziqhwaga ezinkulu, isikhathi esithile kanye nezici ezihlukahlukene ezingaphandle. Kubonakala sengathi zigcina ukubukeka kwazo kwasekuqaleni amakhulu eminyaka, kodwa lokhu akunjalo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, noma yikuphi amatshe awela izinguquko ezinkulu. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamatshe kunganquma ukuthi amaminerali agcina isikhathi esingakanani isimo sakhe sokuqala, ukuthi yini eyithinta kakhulu.

Ukwakhiwa kwetshe kuguquka isikhathi eside. Ukuguqulwa kwamadwala kungaba yendalo yemvelo noma i-anthropogenic. Isimo samatshe sithonywa yizici ezinjengama-thawed noma amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, imvula, umoya, ilanga, okushisa okuphakeme nokuphansi. Ukubhujiswa kwamadwala ngendlela engokwemvelo kuyashesha kakhulu, kodwa akukwazi ukumiswa. Ukugeza imvula nokuphefumula emoyeni kokubili izendlalelo ezingaphezulu kanye namathafa angaphansi komhlaba. Kancane kancane azishintsha kuphela ifomu, kodwa futhi ukuguqula amaminerali.

Izinqubo ze-anthropogenic zihlobene nemisebenzi yabantu. Ukubhujiswa kwamadwala kungenziwa ngokusiza kwezobuchwepheshe. Isibonelo, amabhiligade wokwakhiwa ngokuphindaphindiwe asusa insimu yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, ngenkathi esusa ingxenye yamassifs entabeni. Yiqiniso, imisebenzi enjalo ibhubhisa umhlaba wezemvelo futhi inomthelela omubi kuwo. Amadwala awonakele ahlinzeka ukuphazamiseka, ngenxa yalokhu, emaphandleni nokuwa kwehla. Umuntu angashintsha ukubukeka kwamaminerali ngokushesha kakhulu kunezici zemvelo.

Ngakho-ke, zonke izindawo ezisezintabeni zishintsha ukubonakala kwazo ngesikhathi. Ijubane lokuguqulwa kwabo lixhomeke kakhulu ezimweni zangaphandle, ukwakheka kwedwala, amandla, izinga kanye nobude bomthelela. Inqubo yokuguqulwa nayo ithonywe yisimo sezulu endaweni lapho amatshe atholakalayo khona.

Umjikelezo wamadwala

Izinqubo ze-geological zokwakhiwa kwamaminerali magmatic, sedimentary and metamorphic ziboshwe emjikelezweni othize. Konke kuqala ngeqiniso lokuthi i-magma iphuma, ipholile kancane kancane futhi ifaka, futhi ifomu lamagmatic ifomu. Izinhlobo zamadwala zishintsha ngokushesha nje lapho zisemhlabeni. Umoya, amanzi, izinguquko zokushisa zakha uhlobo oluthile lwamaminerali. Amatshe achotshoziwe, ahlangene, athuthwa ezindaweni ngezindawo, ayeke emabhodini ase-sedimentary. Kukhona lapho izingcezu zamatshe ziqedela indlela yazo, ikhekhe futhi ziba uhlobo oluthile lwamaminerali. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izixuku zezintaba zigcwala ukujula okukhulu, ngaphansi kwethonya lezinqubo ze-tectonic. Konke lokhu kuholela ekusungulweni kwamadwala we-metamorphic. Ezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa nokucindezela okukhulu, amaminerali ayancibilika, aphenduke abe magma. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikhululeka, idale idwala elimagmatic, futhi inqubo yokwakha amatshe iqala kusukela ekuqaleni.

I-Petrology nePetrography

Zombili ezingeni le-micro- kanye ne-macro, izifundo zamaminerali zenziwa. Esikhathini sokuqala, kunezinhlayiyana ezincane kuphela zamatshe athile afundiswayo, ama-transparent and semitransparent spili kuphela. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba usungule izici nezakhiwo zamaminerali. Esimweni sesibili, ososayensi bacabangela wonke amatshe ngokubanzi, ngoba bakha isici esithile somkhawulo womhlaba. Abacwaningi bakwazi ukucacisa umlando, izici kanye nesikhathi esilinganiselwe sokubunjwa kwabo.

Imvelaphi yamadwala ifundiswa ngezigaba ezimbili: i-petroli kanye ne-petrography. Isayensi yokuqala ihlola ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali nokumbiwa kwamaminerali amatshe, izimo ezenzekayo, ukuthungwa kanye nesakhiwo. I-Petrology iphinde ichaze ukubunjwa kwe-geological okwenza inqwaba yomkhumbi womhlaba. I-Petrography ihlanganyela ekuhlelweni nasekuchazeni izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, lokhu kuyisayensi echazayo kakhulu. Uhlola amasampula ngamanye ngamatshe, isakhiwo nokubunjwa kwawo. I-Petrographs isebenza ngezigaba ezibonakalayo nezingezansi, usebenzisa i-microscope ukuhlola izindawo zezingxenye zazo. Futhi ososayensi bangasebenza ngamasampula amadwala amakhulu amakhulu.

Kunezigaba eziningana zokutadisha amaminerali. Okokuqala, ososayensi bahlanganyela ekwakheni amabalazwe geological, kulandelwa inkambu, petrographic kanye geochemical ucwaningo. Zonke ziyahambisana futhi zivumela ukuba wenze isithombe esiphelele. Izifundo zasensimini zisisivumela ukuba sinqume izici zesakhiwo, isikhundla samaminerali, futhi senze izikhathi ezilinganiselwe zokuvela kwazo. Imisebenzi ye-Petrographic inqume ukuthi yiziphi izinsika ezivela emvelaphi, yiyiphi isilinganiso sephesenti yamaminerali kuwo.

I-Petrology yisayensi eyinkimbinkimbi. Isidingo sokucwaninga okukhethekile nokujulile kwavela ngenxa yokuqoqwa kwemithwalo enkulu yolwazi. Emadwaleni kukhona izinhlobo ezahlukene zamaminerali, okuhambisana ne-sedimentary, magmatic kanye ne-metamorphic type. Futhi ngamunye wabo uyisifundo sokufunda igatsha elithile lesiyalo. Ngakho-ke, isayensi yamaminerali ase-sedimentary inesithakazelo ekuthunjweni nasekubunjweni kwamanoni, ama-limestones, amatshe esisekelo, ama-conglomerate namanye amadwala. I-petroli yamagmatic ibheka amaminerali ahlanganiswe emagmini encibilikisiwe. Izifundo zesayensi ye-metamorphic marble, ama-slates, ama-gneisses namanye amatshe akhiwa ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ososayensi bahlanganyela ekucwaningweni kwe-geochemical. Banikeza umbono ojwayelekile wokuklama kwamakhemikhali edwaleni, ubudala, indawo okuvela kuyo, izigaba zamaminerali, izinga lokushisa nokucindezelwa lapho kwakhiwa khona.

Amatshe ajwayelekile kakhulu

Emhlabeni wethu kunomthamo omkhulu wemali yamaminerali ahlukahlukene. Abaningi babo bathole isicelo esisebenzayo. Eminye imikhakha idinga kakhulu, enye ingaphansi. Masikhulume ngamatshe avame ukusetshenziswa ngumuntu.

AmaGranite

Mhlawumbe, lena yitshe elivame kakhulu, eliqukethe i-quartz, i- feldspar, i- mica. I-Granite inesakhiwo se-granular-crystalline, ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu: ihle, iphakathi futhi ihlwanyelwe. Itshe linama-shades ahlukahlukene, i-rarest iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nobumnyama. I-Granite iyaphazamiseka kakhulu, ezinye zezinhlobonhlobo zayo zitholwa ukushisa okushisa. Lokhu kwenziwa ukudala imiphumela eyengeziwe yokuhlobisa. Izakhiwo zokusebenza kanye nezici zamagranite zilinganiswa kakhulu, ngakho-ke leli tshe lisetshenziselwa ukubhekene nezinhlaka, izakhiwo, ekwakheni izakhiwo zangaphansi. Ilitshe lisetshenziselwa ukwakha izithombe.

AmaSandstones

Enye idwala ethandwa. Izinhlobo amatshe incike indlela kumiswa. Sandstones kukhona uhlobo sedimentary, ngoba siqukethe isihlabathi ahlanganisiwe. Emvelweni, kukhona amatshe ngemibala eminingi: oluhlaza, ophuzi, gray, obomvu, ensundu. Ngezinhloso zokuhlobisa zivame kakhulu ezisetshenziswa okuncane ensundu, obomvu kanye green sandstone. Ngokuyinhloko, baya ulwelwesi izakhiwo.

zemabula

Ngowomnikazi luyimbudumbudu crystalline idwala, wabonakala ngenxa yokuchayeka dolomite namathempeli ngokhonkolo namatshe lokushisa eliphezulu nokucindezelwa. I zemabula has okusezingeni eliphezulu izakhiwo zokuhlobisa, kulula ukusebenza. Ngokwesibonelo, kunciphisa nokucija ukugaya nokukhanya, wokucwebezelisa, ngokuphambene nalokho, siqinisa isithombe, igawula Kuyanda ngemuva. Stone kuyinto anemibala, grey nomhlophe.

slate

Stone kwamiswa ngenxa compaction esindayo zobumba, recrystallized ngaphansi nengcindezi enamandla Emaceleni. Batts kungenziwa ahlukaniselwe ipuleti mncane kakhulu, kukhona libomvana umbala grey ansundu, umpofu omnyama, amakhophi abamnyama. Le nto zokuhlobisa futhi okuhlala Akudingi ukucutshungulwa, isetshenziselwa ezinengilazi Ingaphakathi nengaphandle.

amatshe semiprecious

rocks okunjalo njengoba Malachite, i-onikisi Lapis lazuli, Itshe Eliyigugu nejayidi, siyigugu kakhulu kunezinye, ngoba akuvamile yendalo. Lezi amatshe kukhona womshini ubucwebe, izingcezu zokuhlobisa, izakhi ezincane wezangaphakathi.