Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich: Biography emfushane, izithombe, ubuciko, amaqiniso okuphila

Omunye nosaziwayo kakhulu isiko Russian kokuphela XVIII - ekuqaleni XIX amakhulu eminyaka Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich. Yena wayengumuntu ovelele, futhi njengoba isikhulu sikahulumeni njengoba imbongi, ngubani nombhali inkondlo odumile isikhathi sakhe esiningi, benamandla ngomoya ukuKhanyiselwa. Bambalwa abantu amatasa kangaka sokuthuthukiswa isiko izwe lakhe, njengoba kwenza Gabriel Derzhavin. Biography kanye umsebenzi lo muntu omkhulu, akungabazeki, sifanelwe cwaningo enemininingwane.

Umlando

Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukufunda amaqiniso okuphila Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich, ake kafushane umlando umndeni wakhe.

Umkhaya Derzhavins kumaTatar. Umuntu owasungula le uhlobo kubhekwe zidlamlilo Murza Braga, owazihlanganisa ekhulwini xv enkonzweni Grand UMbusi eMoscow Vasily II Ebumnyameni , futhi yabhapathizwa igama Ilya. Njengoba sazi ukuthi osanda kuphenduka kwaba yesikhulu Tatar, Prince wamnika isikhundla yezikhulu.

Sathola indodana Brahim Narbekov ekubhapathizweni ngokuthi Dimitri, eyizibulo uhlobo okwenzeka Narbekova, futhi kusukela abasebasha - Alexei Narbekova, ethi The Power nje kwakhiwa Derzhavins lwamakhosi.

Inzalo abasunguli uhlobo Russified ngokuphelele, okuyinto kakhulu wayemthanda imishado eminingi nabameleli yezikhulu isiRashiya, wathatha isikhundla esibalulekile enezikhulu futhi amakhosi isimo Russian. Ikakhulukazi, nababusi nezikhonzi. Nazi nje ayeyinzalo ka umndeni ezidumile kwaba Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich.

intsha Derzhavin

Life Gavriila Romanovicha Derzhavina waqala Julayi 3 (ngokuvumelana kwezikhathi ubudala) 1743. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho wazalwa edolobhaneni Sokurov Kazan Isifundazwe emndenini yisosha Roman Nikolaevich Derzhavin futhi Fokly Kozlova.

Ngenxa yesimo senkonzo yezempi umndeni N. Roman kwadingeka sithuthe njalo bengonozulane. Nokho, Gavriil Romanovich elahlekile uyise lapho eneminyaka engu-11.

Imbongi esizayo yaqala ukuthola imfundo njengoba eseneminyaka engu-eziyisikhombisa, lapho wathunyelwa lokuyofunda endlini isivakashi. Nokho, ngenxa yobubha, okuyinto Kwehla umndeni ngemva kokushona umondli, ukuqhubeka nemfundo yabo kwaba nzima impela. Noma kunjalo, ngo 1759, Gabriel Derzhavin ifika Kazan e uhlobo esikoleni yokuzivocavoca, okuyinto iphothulile ngempumelelo eminyakeni emithathu, obonisa ezinye zezindawo ezingcono kakhulu yokufunda imiphumela. Nokho, kule ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe kuyaphela. Imfundo enjalo Ngisho nangalezo zinsuku sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi ezingabalulekile.

Ngokushesha ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu, Gavriil Romanovich ukuthi zenziwa amasosha, isosha elithile yangasese abaqaphi isimo. Wabe eseqala ukubhala ivesi lokuqala. Njengengxenye yalolu phiko wahlanganyela lokuketula uhulumeni 1762 lokuketula uMbusi uPetru III futhi ekubekweni Catherine, kamuva elika Omkhulu. Leli qiniso ngokwezinga elikhulu kubonakala emsebenzini wakhe esikhathini esizayo.

Kwakusazodlula iminyaka eyishumi ngemva Icebo lika Gabriel Derzhavin ekugcineni uthola isikhundla isikhulu, futhi ngemva konyaka yashicilelwa okokuqala izinkondlo zakhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wazehlukanisa ekulweni kokuhlubuka kuka Pugachev.

Abasebenzi bakahulumeni

Ngemva kokuyeka ezingenela impi e 1777, sibonga isicelo sawo incwadi eya uMbusikazi uCatherine, Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich eya umphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wathola enye abalimi ezingaphezu kuka-300. Ngemva komunye izinyanga eziyisithupha iba wesahlulelo in the iSigele. Ngo 1780 waba umeluleki kwembuyiseo uhulumeni kanye nezindleko, okuyinto impela isikhundla inzuzo.

Udumo Yande njengoba imbongi Derzhavin labawatfolile esifundvweni 1782, lapho kunyatheliswa ODE yakhe "Felitsa" anikezelwe ukukhazinyuliswa iNdlovukazi uCatherine II. Yiqiniso, lo msebenzi wayegcwele ukuthopha okuyize ukuze umuntu eliphakeme, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwaba kwezobuciko kakhulu, futhi kwaba nomthelela ngokuqondile kuleyo career okwengeziwe lembhali. Kuyinto ngiyabonga kuye, wathandwa iNdlovukazi Gabriel Derzhavin. Umlando wakhe esikhathini esizayo siqukethe Ukufa umsebenzi intuthuko. Ngawo lowo nyaka waba ikhansela isimo.

Ngo 1783, i-Academy yasungulwa Petersburg, futhi imbongi kusukela ukuyivula isibe ilungu egcwele.

Nokho, asikwazi ukuthi konke ayenakho ngokuphelele ngokushelela izinto ezindaweni zikahulumeni. Ngenxa ezingqubuzana isikhulu abaphezulu Vyazemsky, nomvikeli yakhe yangaphambili, umhlala Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin. Biography emfushane kukwenza kungenzeki ukugxila wonke amaphuzu kuqhubeka icala.

Nokho, kakade 1784 wathunyelwa ukuphatha Olonets esifundeni Karelia. Kube Gavriil Romanovich kukora ngokuzimisela okukhulu kakhulu ekusungulweni kwe empilweni yomphakathi kanye nezomnotho esifundeni, kanjalo obonisa amathalenta yaso ephezulu yenhlangano. Lesi sikhathi sokuphila nezwe, eliqhutshwa imbongi, wanikezela umzimba eningi zezinkondlo Derzhavin.

Eminyakeni emibili kamuva wanikeza isikhundla kunenzuzo ngaphezulu umbusi Tambov, sulivshuyu ingeniso ethe xaxa futhi amalungelo.

Pinnacle career

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ama-service ezingasho ephumelelisa eziphakeme Derzhavin Gavriil. Kafushane, ngo-1791, waba ngunobhala we uMbusikazi uCatherine, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emibili ukhushuliwe elisezingeni lephalamende nekhansela endlini yangasese. Kusukela manje singaba kugcwale umlomo ukuthi Derzhavin lifikile elite umphakathi waseRussia.

Ngo 1795 Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich akhononda isihloko uMongameli we-Commerce College - igunya lomphakathi, ogama msebenzi kwaba ukuphatha nokulawula ukuhweba. Yiqiniso, kwaba sesimweni lalihamba kahle kakhulu.

Ngemva kokufa Catherine, phakathi nokubusa uPawulu mina Gavriil Romanovich baba nesimo umgcinimafa nombusi iSigele Chancellery. Lapho owalandela kaPawulu u-Alexander I ngo-1802. Derzhavin got a iphothifoliyo ezikhonzayo ukuba babe kuNgqongqoshe Wezobulungiswa. Kwakuwusuku esivelele inkonzo umsebenzi wakhe.

ukwesula

Kodwa kakade 1803 eneminyaka engu-iminyaka emashumi mathandathu, kusho uNgqongqoshe woMnyango wezobuLungiswa lesula futhi ungalokothi wabuye waphindela enkonzweni yasobala, ahlala khona waze washona kwelinye imizi yakhe edolobhaneni sifundazwe Zvanka Novgorod. Kukhona izizathu eziningi ezaholela yokuthi waphoqeleka ukuba umhlalaphansi Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin. Biography emfushane kukuvumela uhlu nje kubo, ngaphandle ecacisa imininingwane. Lokhu ukuguga, ukukhathala zenkonzo yomphakathi we Derzhavin, futhi into esemqoka - isifiso ukususwa kwakhe ngo izintandokazi ezintsha Alexander I.

Nokho, lesi senzakalo, kukhona izinto ezinhle: ukwesula Gavriil Romanovich avunyelwe ukuba bagxile umsebenzi wokubhala.

Umsebenzi ngaphambili

Ukudala Gabriel Derzhavin sidalwe ongokomfanekiso ngesikhathi sawo. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, eyokuqala izinkondlo zakhe Wabhala njengoba yangasese Labaqaphi isimo,. Nokho, lokhu Derzhavin izinkondlo wabhala yedwa kuka isibuyekezo jikelele.

Elokuqala izinkondlo zakhe zishicilelwe iminyaka eyishumi kuphela kamuva 1773, lapho Derzhavin kakade aphethwe isikhundla isikhulu. Kodwa inkazimulo kumazinga ngakho wayenza yakhululwa i Ode to "Felitsa" elalinikezelwe Zonke-Russian Umbusikazi uCatherine II. Lo msebenzi laligcwele izincomo nokudumisa mithi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ngezithako zawo ibhola ngempela ukwenzela ukungena okuncane kakhulu, futhi basebenzisa ODE isingathekiso wagqoka par zendalo enkulu zezinkondlo yesimanje kuye.

Kwaba ngemva kokukhishwa kwe "Felitsa" Derzhavin yaba enye yezindawo edume kakhulu izimbongi Russia isikhathi sakhe.

umsebenzi ephakeme

isiphetho Kunzima kwadingeka Gabriel Derzhavin. Amaqiniso okuphila kwakhe ubonisa ukuthi ngisho eliphakeme simo okuthunyelwe uhulumeni, akazange abakhohlwe ngetinkondlo. Lokhu imisebenzi nkathi zihlanganisa ukulotshwa kwencwadi ezifana imisebenzi yisakhiwo sodumo ngokuthi "Thunder ukunqoba peal," "Swan", "Nkulunkulu", "grandee", "Falls" kanye nabanye abaningi. Ngamunye wabo unendlela yawo izici lomqondo kanye nezihloko ezifanele. Ngokwesibonelo, "Thunder ukunqoba peal" isethwe umculo kuya maphakathi nekhulu XIX ayebhekwa liculo olungekho emthethweni yeRussia. Enye ukudalwa imbongi "Autumn e ukuvinjezelwa Ochakov" kwaba uhlobo inkondlo-esenzweni ekumelaneni nebutho lase-Ottoman. Umkhiqizo ezifana "Swan" futhi "impophoma" zalotshelwa bedle Derzhavina ukuhlala Karelia.

Derzhavin wabhala izinkondlo njengoba lyric futhi amaqhawe, okuhloswe ngaso nokuvusa morale kanye nokuphakamisa iNdlovukazi kanye Russian Empire. In ngamunye imisebenzi yakhe waba ukunambitheka yayo ehlukileko.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi iningi imisebenzi edume kunazo Gavriil Romanovich ngokulandelana kuza nje ngaleso sikhathi wokunyusa yakhe enkulu umsebenzi emisebenzini yomphakathi.

umsebenzi Literary ngemuva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, yokwesula kwahulumeni avunyelwe Derzhavin ukunikela isikhathi esengeziwe izinkondlo nezincwadi bebonke.

Ngo 1808 wayethethelela wakhipha umagazini omusha we imisebenzi yakhe izingxenye ezinhlanu.

Ngo 1811, kanye nezinye izibalo abalulekile Russian isiko isikhonzi Aleksandrom Semenovichem Shishkovym umhlala kudala umphakathi etemibhalo. Ukudalwa le nhlangano, ngempela omunye izenzo eziningi abengeke siziqhenye Gabriel Derzhavin. Biography emfushane, ngeshwa, unciphise kwenkululeko lelandzisako alimchazi ngokuningiliziwe imisebenzi emphakathini.

Of inothi Ikakhulukazi isibe odumile emhlanganweni esizayo Derzhavin nembongi omkhulu Russian Aleksandrom Sergeevichem Pushkinym. Nokho, ngenkathi Pushkin kwaba usengumfundi wayengelamadodana inkazimulo, kodwa Gavriil Romanovich, ukuthatha ukuhlolwa, ngisho ngaleso sikhathi wakuphawula ezazidingeka genius. Lo mhlangano oluphawulekayo lwenzeka ngonyaka ngaphambi Derzhavin ukufa e 1815.

umndeni

Gabriel Derzhavin wayeshadile kabili. Okokuqala eseshadile eneminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-35 zaba ishumi nesithupha Catherine Yakovlevna Bastidon, owayeneminyaka indodakazi valet wagudluzwa uMbusi uPetru III, owayeyisikhulu isiPutukezi. Ngakho lokhu ngajwayelekile for nesibongo Russian. Umshado senzeka ngo 1778. Phakathi abasanda kushada babe imizwa kuhle unamahloni, okuyinto akumangazi, abe anaka izimfanelo siqu Gavriil Romanovich nobuhle Catherine Yakovlevna. Shono Derzhavin babekholelwa umkakhe muse ukuthi ugqozi lobuciko bakhe.

Kodwa injabulo Akayena okuphakade, futhi Gabriel Derzhavin oziqonda a usizi olukhulu. Umkakhe abasha, ukuthi wayeneminyaka engu-34 kuphela ubudala, ushonele e-1794. Yena uyaphumula ku Lazarev emathuneni Petersburg.

Nakuba Gavriil Romanovich usizi Kwakuyintokozo yodwa, kungakapheli izinyanga eziyisithupha ngemuva kokushona komkayo washada okwesibili. eyingoduso yakhe eyindodakazi induna umshushisi kanye nesimo ikhansela Darya Alekseevna Dyakov. Ngesikhathi umshado wabo umakoti engu-28 kuphela ubudala, kuyilapho Derzhavin - '51. Kufanele ukuthi, ngokungafani umshado imbongi kuqala, le inyunyana ayakhelwe uthando, kodwa ebuhlotsheni nokuhloniphana. Darya Alekseevna ngasinda umyeni wakhe ukuthi okuningi njengoba 26 iminyaka, kodwa noma okwesibili washada akazange aphume.

Izingane Gavriila Romanovicha Derzhavina kwakungeyona, kodwa wathatha ukunakekelwa kwengane komngane wakhe efile uPetru Lazarev, ogama lakhe lalingu-Andrew, Alex futhi uMichael. Owokugcina kubo esikhathini esizayo ube iphayona-Antarctica.

ukufa imbongi sika

Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin washona ngo impahla yakhe Zvanka, lapho ayehlala khona yonke le minyaka emva yokwesula okuthunyelwe ezikhonzayo. Kwathi ngonyaka ayisikhombisa nantathu ukuphila imbongi BakaJehova ngo-July 8 (isitayela ubudala) e 1816. Ngesikhathi ukufa uhlangothi lwakhe kwaba umkakhe othembekile Darya Alekseevna.

Kodwa ngaphandle umkakhe, ukushonelwa inkanyiso enjalo enamandla kwamasiko besikhathi sakhe, yebo, lusizi ingxenye enkulu nezazi Russian kanye izifundiswa, kanye nabantu nje ayejwayelene Gavriil Romanovich futhi wayemazi njengomuntu indoda nozwela futhi muhle.

Gabriel Derzhavin wangcwatshwa oNgcwele isimo Cathedral, esemgwaqweni Awukude Novgorod.

Imiphumela yokuphila futhi ifa

ukuphila Kunalokho eziyinkimbinkimbi, abacebile ezithakazelisayo wahlala Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich. Amaqiniso kusukela yomlando wakhe ukhombise indima ebalulekile yalo muntu empilweni yamasiko yezwe futhi emisebenzini yomphakathi. Okubaluleke kakhulu ngukukhonza bakhe uMbuso Russian kwizindawo ezahlukene zikahulumeni. Kodwa ifa ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi washiya Gabriel Derzhavin - Yebo, izinkondlo yakhe ekhaliphile, abantu babemhlonipha kakhulu bangesikhathi sakhe ngokuthi imbongi, nozalo.

Futhi manje e-Russia khumbula ukuthi ngomnikelo omncane ukuthi wenza Gavriil Romanovich e ukuthuthukiswa isiko kazwelonke. On kugujwa imbongi omkhulu kufakazelwa nezakhiwo eziningana, steles futhi zingcwecwe setha Derzhavin emadolobheni ahlukene of Russia, ikakhulukazi, e Petrozavodsk, Kazan, Petersburg, Tambov, futhi-ke, ensimini ka Manor yakhe Zvanka elise esifundeni Novgorod lapho wayeyisazi wachitha iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, behlonipha Gabriel Derzhavin emiphakathini eminingi abizwa ngokuthi emigwaqweni, tikwele, izikhungo zemfundo kanye nokunye. D.

Ngaphandle kufanele kwenziwe Museum-estate imbongi omkhulu. Kwaba kule ndlu lisemsebenzini Petersburg umhlali Gabriel Derzhavin. Izithombe ifa yi engadini Polish lapha ngenzansi.

Manje, lesi sakhiwo kubhekwa Museum main elalinikezelwe ukuphila nomsebenzi Gavriila Romanovicha Derzhavina. Namuhla isimo sabo ifa wangaphambili atholwe kuphela ngo-2003, nakuba isinqumo ukusungulwa Museum wenziwa iminyaka emihlanu ngaphambi kwalokho. Eminyakeni eyedlule, kwaba khona ngokuhlanganyela. Manje, isakhiwo, ingaphakathi sokuphila of Derzhavin.

Yiqiniso, ukukhumbula onjalo ungumuntu ohamba phambili kunabo njengoba Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin, akusho bafanelwe lokulibala futhi ngeke kukhohlakale eRussia ngeke.