Raphael isebenza: ohlwini, izithombe

Rafael uSanti, umdwebi omkhulu isiNtaliyane, umculi ingcaca, wezakhiwo, umlandeli lesikole Umbrian yokudweba, wazalwa Mashi 28, 1483 ku Urbino. Umfana wayeneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili lapho kushona unina, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emithathu walahlekelwa uyise. Giovanni uSanti kwaba umdwebi, futhi ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe kwadingeka ukwethula indodana yakhe izinto eziyisisekelo umdwebo.

Ukuqala lokusungula

Imisebenzi yokuqala Raphael sangomhla ngonyaka 1496, kuyilapho mural ukuthi ngesineke "Madonna futhi Ingane", okuyinto namuhla e wakhe indlu-Museum. Phakathi imisebenzi enkathini yokuqala ukuvela njengoba "banner oNgcwele zintathu Ongcwele" (1499), i-altare yokudweba "wokugcotshwa St Nicholas ka Tolentino," umbhalo obhaliwe ibandla S. Agostino emaphethelweni Citta di Castello. imisebenzi Early ngo-Raphael ezahlukene isitayela ukungaqiniseki, kodwa namanje Kwakufana nesithombe kuyinto umculi ngempela ovuthiwe.

yokufunda

Ngo-1501, umdwebi uSanti langena emfundisweni umdwebi odumile Petro Perudzhino. Umsebenzi workshop ye umeluleki abaphezulu bekulokhu ewusizo kakhulu Raphael. Ngaphezu kwakhe ngesikhathi Perugino eyayihlanganisa abafundi eziningana. Zonke imisebenzi Raphael naleso sikhathi abhalwe isitayela uthisha. Nokho, Petro Perudzhino waphikelela ngokuthi umfundi wakhe onamakhono kunabo inesifiso ukuzuzwa ngokudweba ngendlela siqu.

isitayela sakho wavela umculi abasha kamuva, ekupheleni kwenkathi cwaningo e workshop yenkosi yakhe. Abanye imisebenzi Raphael, imidwebo, imidwebo, imidwebo, waba umeluleki zehluke ezibonakalayo emsebenzini. Pietro wazama ukwakha ngempumelelo umfundi wakhe.

Ama-oda kuqala

Rafael uSanti, umsebenzi wakhe, ikhono kanye ithalente baziwa kakhulu esifundeni, yayike yezwa ngakho ezinhlwini ephakeme abefundisi, futhi umdwebi lithole oda eziningana imali eningi ngenxa yokudweba amasonto Perugia futhi Citta di Castello. Lokho kwangisiza kakhulu, njengoba umculi sifisa waphila ukuphila ocebile futhi ngidinga imali.

Ngo-1501, ngemisebenzi Raphael Madonna kwaba ungeze yakhe yokuqala, Umdwebo "Madonna uSolly." Iwebhu nezwi ephefumula ubukhazikhazi kobufundisi. Esikhathini esizayo, umculi kuzodala Madonnas ambalwa ngaphezulu ukutolika ezahlukene. Lesi sihloko uzobe ephelezelwa umdwebi kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe iDemo.

indaba ephathwayo isonto

Rafael uSanti, imisebenzi abadumile ezazingaphesheya engokwenkolo indaba ephathwayo, nokho ngokuvamile baphendukela isihloko khona zabantu abavamile, futhi wazama uthwebule imidwebo yakhe izigcawu kusuka ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi isihloko Isonto kugwinywe komdwebi abanamakhono, waqaphela ukuthi wayekwazi ukusebenzisa ubuciko bakhe kuyindlela engcono emathempelini.

Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, baye wadala yobuciko ezifana "wokugcotshwa" futhi "Ukwendiselana kaMariya". Bobabili imidwebo bezingalotshwa 1504 futhi ayehloselwe i-altare. Esikhathini esifanayo Rafael kudala "Portrait of Pietro Bembo", "Saint George futhi impi yakhe nodrako," "Madonna Conestabile".

Michelangelo nabanye

Ngo-December 1504 Rafael uSanti iya Florence. Lapho, wahlangana Michelangelo, uLeonardo da Vinci, Bartolomeo Port. Isitayela Michelangelo futhi Da Vinci liphefumulelwe Raphael aqale ukufunda nesitayela sabo umdwebo, futhi ukuzwakala, kwenza amakhophi izinsalela imidwebo ngabaculi okukhulu. Indwangu da Vinci "Leda kanye Swan" uSanti bangahlikihla yena cishe ngokuphelele. Nge isithombe kaMichelangelo "Saint Mathewu", wenza okufanayo. Kokubili master evumayo yemizamo umculi abasha. Futhi wanquma uhambisane ngangokunokwenzeka in ubuciko imidwebo ne-Florentine sezingcweti.

Ama-oda entsha

I-oda lokuqala uSanti wathola emva ukufika ngemadoda ayethembele Anolo Doni, ukudala ekumeni of yena nomkakhe. Kulesi sithombe ne umfanekiso abesifazane yizicukuthwane kubonisa ngokucacile ithonya Leonardo futhi bakhe "Mona Lisa." Portrait umdwebi okuthiwa "Doni Tondo".

Emva kokuphothula oda Signor Agnolo, Rafael uqala ukubhala altare imidwebo "The Lady ne Unicorn", "Isimo in the lomngcwabo", "Madonna esesihlalweni sobukhosi nge Nicola kusukela Bari noJohane uMbhapathizi." ukuthandwa Umculi likhula, ebhala eningi nezithombe zosanta, phakathi kwabo "Ungcwele Ekaterina Aleksandriyskaya" (1507), "Umkhaya Ongcwele" (1508), "Saint Elizabeth ne uJohane uMbhapathizi" (1509), "Madonna noJosefa beardless" ( 1509).

The main theme ngemisebenzi Raphael

Njengoba e Florence, Santee utlole Madonnas engaphezu kwamashumi amabili. Iziza zazifana: kuphakathi kokuthi ingane ngezingalo zakhe, futhi udlala eduze Ioanna Krestitelya, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi ngokuvamile kufanekiswe esithombeni. Zonke Madonna nokuboniswe emidwebweni ngophawu phezu kobuso ukunakekelwa kwabakhulelwe. Phakathi kwabo izithombe kwesikhathi ivelele: "Madonna del Granduca" (1505), "Madonna Terranuova" (1505), "Madonna ngaphansi kombhede" (1506), "Madonna we Pinks" (1506), "Madonna we Goldfinch" ( 1506), "La Belle Jardinière" (1508).

Vatican

Ekupheleni 1509 Raphael baya eRoma, lapho bayophila kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe. Ngosizo Donato Bramante uSanti baba enkantolo umdwebi sokuhlala kapapa. Wayephathiswe ukupenda nemidwebo amakamelo ezine esigodlweni, okubizwa ngokuthi "esiteshini". Rafael ekhetha izindikimba ezibonisa izinhlobo ezahlukene bokusungula umsebenzi esintwini: nefilosofi, izinkondlo, isayense yezenkolo kanye nesayensi. In ngamunye emakamelweni umdwebi ubeka nemidwebo ngokuhambisana nohlelo wakhulelwa. Raphael mavesi abashiwo "Justice", "Debate", "Parnassus" futhi "School of Athens."

umsebenzi esaphila

I wobuciko ebaluleke kakhulu umdwebi kubhekwa edumile emhlabeni "eSistine Madonna", wadala ngo-1513. Raphael ngesineke ethunywe iSonto St Sixtus e Piacenza. Lena umsebenzi ngendlela emangalisayo ebalulekile kwezobuciko kakhulu, ithinta interplay obucayi imigqa, bonke ababengaphansi isigqi esiyivelakancane lobumbano kwangaphakathi. Indwangu mkhulu, kodwa amehlo ayatholakala yonke imininingwane emihle.

"I Nokunqoba Galatea"

A UMuphi owaziwa futhi engumxhasi wezobuciko, Italian Augustino Chigi abamenyiwe Raphael nemidwebo ukuhlobisa villa wakhe suburban loMfula i-Tiber. Oluthandwayo yanikezwa izihloko ezifanayo kusukela izinganekwane eziningi zasendulo. Ngakho kwaba khona wobuciko, "The Triumph of Galatea". On the mural esibonisa uMprofethi Sibyl. Umdwebo kubhekwa omunye imisebenzi engcono umdwebi.

Madonna

Rafael uSanti, ogama edume kunazo imisebenzi - kungcono nakanjani "Madonna", ababethi umoya ofanayo. ONgcwele uMariya Ingane, indaba eyayisetshenziswa umculi kaningi. Ngezinye izikhathi wayephuma ungeze Ioanna Krestitelya, okuyinto organically exhumene ne isithombe esikhulu. Ubude "Madonna" ngo-Raphael - imidwebo angaphezu kwamashumi amane yilezo eminyuziyamu. Kungenxa amaqoqo embukisweni - midwebo engcono yale umculi omkhulu njengoba Rafael uSanti. Imisebenzi, abalwe ngezansi - iyona Madonna ukuboniswa umdwebi for konke ukuphila kwakhe isikhathi esifushane kodwa elithelayo.

• "I eSistine Madonna" - (1513-1514), i gallery yobuciko ku Dresden.
• "USolly Madonna" (1500-1504), Gemäldegalerie.
• "Diotalevi Madonna" (1504), i-Bode Museum eBerlin.
• "Madonna del Granduca" (1504), Florence, Palazzo Pitti.
• "Virgin Sase-Orleans esihle" (1506), Conde Museum, France.
• "Umkhaya oNgcwele entendeni" (1506), i-National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh.
• "Madonna del Prato" (1506), Art History Museum, eVienna.
• "Madonna we Goldfinch" (1506), Uffizi Gallery, Florence.
• "La Belle Jardinière" (1507), i-Louvre, Paris.
• "Niccolini-Cowper Madonna" (1508), i-National Gallery Art, Washington.
• "Madonna of Foligno" (1511-1512), i-Vatican City.
• "Umkhaya oNgcwele ngaphansi kwesihlahla" (1518), Museo del Prado, Madrid.
• "Madonna LukaNkulunkulu" (1518), i-National Museum, eNaples.
• "Esterhazy Madonna" (1508), Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest.

Zonke ezinye imisebenzi Raphael, ogama isithombe kwisikhangisi enikelwe umsebenzi wakhe kungatholakala ezincwadini kanye lwemibhalo ubuciko imidwebo.
Esikhathini kusuka 1513 eminyakeni 1516 Rafael uSanti bekulokhu enye i-oda sobupapa, enza imidwebo ka tapestries ngokuba eSistine Chapel eziyishumi kuphela. It sebefikile nakithi izibalo eziyisikhombisa kuphela. Khona-ke Rafael kanye abafundi zaveza balcony ezibheke egcekeni Vatican. Zonke nemidwebo emashumi mahlanu anamibini phezu izindikimba main kweBhayibheli kwenziwa.

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Ngo-March 1514 Donato Bramante wafa, Ubaba wanika Basilica iSt Peter sika kuyakhiwa ekuqaleni Raphael. Ngemva konyaka, umculi uthola okuthunyelwe Vatican zakudala umgcini. Ngo 1515, i-Vatican wavakashela abadumile Albrecht Dürer, ogama kwendandatho wayesezidalile a furore emhlabeni. Wahlangana nge Rafael, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zombili ozama ukuba zokudala contact, kuzuze eJalimane nase-Italy sekuseduze by.

isiphetho

umkhiqizo wethu ukufa kokugcina Raphael - kuyinto "Inguquko" kulotshiwe eminyakeni 1518-1520. Ingxenye engenhla we ngendwangu inikezwe indaba kweBhayibheli isimangaliso ekushintsheni Kristu, ngaphambi kokuba uJakobe, uPetru noJohane. Ezansi kukhona abaphostoli nokubhovumula lomfana. Rafael akaqedanga isithombe, ke ungeze kokufa master umdwebi Giulio Romano.

Umdwebi omkhulu washona ngo-April 1520 lapho ngineminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-37 kusukela imfiva ezibangelwa amagciwane. Wembelwa onkulunkulu.