Monk Shvarts Bertold - umsunguli we neziqhumane

Kuyadabukisa, kodwa izinto eziningi ezafika nokwatholakala ukuthi Ikwazi ukutshuza esintwini maqondana intuthuko, uthola isicelo ngokuyinhloko emkhakheni lempi, kwakunoFakazi ukubhujiswa kwabantu, hhayi ukuba bathuthukise ukuphila kwabo. Lezi ukukhathazeka futhi neziqhumane. Ngemva eyasungulwa kwathatha amakhulu eminyaka cishe eziyisithupha ngaphambi abantu baqaphela ukuthi amandla zakhishwa ukuqhuma, uyakwazi ukukhonza izinjongo zokuthula.

IsiShayina, ama-Arabhu kanye lamaGriki?

Phakathi ososayensi abayeki izingxabano phezu ngubani umsunguli we neziqhumane kweqiniso. Imibono zihlukaniswe. Ngokusho komunye inguqulo evamile, lelo lungelo lingelalabo Chinese, ngubani ngaphambi kwesikhathi sethu esivamile baye wakwazi ukwakha impucuko athuthukile kanye has nokuqonda eziningi eziyingqayizivele.

Abasekeli omunye umbono bakholelwa ukuthi neziqhumane yethulwa ngo arsenal-Arabhu, kakade endulo kulahlwa ubuchwepheshe eyinkimbinkimbi esekelwe eziseqophelweni sikhathi ezisunguliwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhumbuzo zomlando abavamisile kukhulunywa okuthiwa umlilo ngesiGreki , wasebenzisa ukubhubhisa imikhumbi isitha. Ngakho, ngo-mpikiswano mayelana nokuthi ubani owasungula neziqhumane, futhi ubizwa eGrisi lasendulo.

abagxeki

Nokho, i-agumenti sina ukuthi kubeka umbuzo womathathu umbono ngenhla, kuyinto yinkimbinkimbi Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali powder. Ngisho in the version eyisisekelo, kufanele zihlanganisa sulphur, wamalahle ikhiphe saltpeter, exhunywe ngezabelo ngokuqinile echaziwe. Uma kuqala izingxenye ezimbili basaqhubeka ezitholakala emvelweni, le nitrate ukuthi kufanelekile ukukhiqizwa iziqhumane, kungenziwa kuphela etholwe laboratory.

Witch Chemist ka Franciscan Order

Umsunguli lokuqala zifana neziqhumane, omisebenzi yakhe atloliwe, oyindela German Bertold Shvarts, owaphila ekhulwini XIV futhi kwakungekaNkulunkulu oda Franciscan. Mayelana ukuphila kwale ndoda yaqhubeka Imininingwane mancane kakhulu. It is igama lakhe langempela eyaziwa - uConstantine Anklittsen, kodwa usuku lokuzalwa awuzwakali kakhulu - ekupheleni kwekhulu XIII.

ukuphila kwakhe uthando kwaba i-chemistry, kodwa ngoba ngaleso sikhathi akazange ukubona umehluko kakhulu phakathi usosayensi futhi umlumbi ke lo msebenzi oye wamlethela asemrarweni, futhi uma ngisho kwaholela ejele, lapho egxekwa kuthiwa ubuthakathi.

Inceku kaNkulunkulu, wafunda ukubulala

By the way, umlando lengubo igama, okuyinto egqoka Shvarts Bertold. Uma wakhe ingxenye ingxenye yesibili elinikwe at ukuphuca ukhakhayi, owokuqala ukuba isidlaliso wayiswa German njengoba Isiphawulo esithi "black", wathola i-ezingabazekayo zabo kusukela umbono wabanye, umsebenzi kuphela.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngesikhathi ngiboshiwe ngisetilongweni, wakwazi ukuqhubeka nezifundo zakhe zaziwe, futhi yilapha lapho wenza indlela yakhe enkulu, okuyinto ivumela abantu ukuba abulalane ngokushesha futhi inqwaba. Indlela le mibhalo Izigodlo ziyavumelana izimiso sa Christian nobuntu - isihloko nengxoxo ehluke ngokuphelele.

Waqala ukubona inhlansi ukuthi emenza kuvulwa

Mayelana nalezo zimo lapho Shvarts Bertold lokuqala yazuza kuqhume, asazi yamarekhodi usosayensi, kanye legend oye esehlile ezikhathini zasendulo. Ukuba etilongweni eNuremberg (kwenye inguqulo - e Cologne), yena njengoba sishilo, eyingoduso ucwaningo zamakhemikhali kanye elixutshwe esigqulweni kanye kakhulu sulphur, wamalahle ikhiphe saltpetre.

Kwaba ntambama, futhi ekamelweni, lapho ayesebenza khona, kwaba mnyama bhuqe. Ukuze ikhandlela, mina siboshwa wathatha isiteleka umlilo - ukufana wayengakamazi khona, futhi inhlansi ngephutha lawela ngqo nosimende, isigamu zigutshuzelwe yitshe. Kungazelelwe, pop elikhulu netshe waphonswa eceleni. Ngenhlanhla, experimenter yena alilimalanga.

Esigqulweni, yaphenduka isibhamu

Lapho Ukwesaba lokuqala (ke kungokwemvelo Kulezo zimo) isidlulile, futhi umusi usule, Shvarts Bertold amanye nenye esigqulweni, ukuthela olinganise ubudala yezingxenye. Futhi futhi elandelwa ukuqhuma. Ngakho kwaba khona neziqhumane. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1330, futhi nalo ngenkathi nezibhamu, ezazingaziwa, hhayi kuphela e-Europe kodwa futhi emhlabeni. By the way, ukuthuthukiswa amasampula zayo zokuqala wafunda Usenguyena esisuka Shvarts Bertold.

Ubani oxoshiwe emva ngamabhomu etilongweni Eshukunyiswa impumelelo, masinyane wazama ukuthola ingxube yakhe Infernal esiwusizo. umcabango Creative ngamthembisa ukuthi uma nosimende ukwenza usayizi esikhulu, uligcwalise nenye itshe futhi acoshe ehloniphekile, kungabangela izinkinga eziningi yisitha, ukuvula yonke isakhiwo ngaphambili esiqondisweni sakhe.

I ekuqaleni kwenkathi izibhamu

Amathuluzi bokuqala ngempela owawufana wagumbuqela emaceleni nodaka. Baze seyaziwa ngokuthi izigqulo (kusukela mortarium Latin - «nosimende"). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, design yabo ladluliselwa futhi wamukela lamatshwayo ajwayelekile kithi kusuka ebuntwaneni kwaqhuma lasendulo namatshe kwathathelwa indawo yensimbi nuclei.

nezempi ngaso sonke isikhathi kwaba iyahola intuthuko. Ngokushesha amathuluzi osinda kangaka futhi ongenakunyakaziswa guided ukuthuthukiswa yayo phezu umqondo yokudala ukukhanya, side sifanamsindvo enezindonga mncane ezazingathatha ezandleni zabo nesosha unyawo. Ngakho izinqolobane wamabutho aseYurophu muskets futhi arquebuses, elaba-prototype izinhlelo yesimanje ukudayiswa kwezikhali ezincane.

ubufakazi Idokhumentari mayelana owasungula neziqhumane

Uma izimo ezithile uBerthold Schwarz kokutholakala neziqhumane lwenziwe ngaphansi kwazo, kungenziwa inselele, iyaqhubeka wazo nokungokoqobo akunakungatshazwa. Leli qiniso kukhona eziningana impela ubufakazi obubhalwe phansi. Omunye wabo irekhodi, atholakala emilandwini edolobheni iGhent futhi senziwe 1343. Lithi ngaphansi kwezindonga zomuzi e kokuhilizisana isitha esetshenziswa nezibhamu yasungulwa indela Shvarts Bertold.

Igama-umsunguli we-monk nalo liyavela isinqumo French King uJohn II Ezinhle, eyakhishwa ngo-May 1354. Kuyo le nkosi imiyalo maqondana kokusungulwa indela German Bertolda Schvartsa, ukuvimbela ukukhishwa kwezinto ithusi umbuso futhi ulisebenzise kuphela ukusakaza izibhamu.

Life kuseyimpicabadala

Kuyaziwa futhi namanje basekhona eziningi ubufakazi medieval okungukuthi umsunguli we neziqhumane ncamashi Bertold Shvarts. Biography of lo muntu sisonke kunalokho usithe, kodwa iqiniso kwatholakala esenziwe kuye akunakuphikwa. Usuku ukufa kothile ngesandla ukukhanya izimpi phathelana esakazwa cannonade, eyaziwa ngokuthi kahle, kanye nezimo washiya ngaphansi kwawo ekuphileni.

Asazi nokuthi kwaba ukufa yemvelo, noma ukuqhubeka ukuhlola, i isazi eziyibonayo esikhathini esithile, abazange ukubala mali futhi ilungelo iphutha kuye njengoba Minesweeper, kanye kuphela linikwe. Njengoba zonke yalo muntu ubizwa oyimfihlakalo, futhi kuba ukutholakala eyenziwe sibe nokuziqhenya ngobuzwe baso, emadolobheni amaningi eJalimane ukuze ufune ilungelo ukuba yendawo azalelwa kuyo. Lokhu Cologne futhi Dortmund futhi Freiburg, lapho idolobha lesikhumbuzo square uBerthold Schwarz.