Isiko Russian ku-18 kafushane leminyaka. Russian isiko kwezobuciko kwekhulu le-18

Ukuze umlando Russia ekhulwini le-17 liye laba ezibucayi. It kwaqala inguquko bushelelezi kuya isikhathi esisha. Isimo sashintsha kokubili kwezombusazwe futhi ngamasiko. tsars Russian laqala amehlo ayo ENtshonalanga. Ngokulandelayo, cabanga ngalokho akha isiko Russian ekhulwini le-18. Isifinyezo izici ekukhuleni kwayo okusheshayo nayo izofakwa okusesihlokweni esithi.

Uhlolojikelele

Isiko Russian kwekhulu le-18 kwaba ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukeni isimo. Kuleli khulu leminyaka yokukhanyiselwa nokucabanga okuhluzekile. Ngakho-ke wakhuluma ongqondongqondo olukhulu isikhathi. Culture of Russia 17-18 ekhulwini kubhekwa sokuthuthwa kwempahla ukuqhela ezinkulu kwezenhlalo-zomlando ngemibono. Lesi sakamuva nayo eziphawuleka emzabalazweni kanye nemfundiso yenkolo engenakuphikiswa futhi izisekelo amakhosi asendulo-monarchical.

I ukubonakaliswa main

isiko Russian ekhulwini le-18 ivelele imvume nenkululeko futhi ukusabalala yalelozwe izinto. Lokhu kubonakala ngokucacile kubonakala ezincwadini, isayensi, ifilosofi. Kafushane, emsebenzini omele komkhulu abalobi, izazi zefilosofi kanye nososayensi yesikhathi. Kumayelana Radishchev, Lomonosov, Schiller, Goethe, Lessing, uRousseau uVoltaire, Holbach, Diderot, nokunye.

Izici eziyinhloko

Culture of Russia 17-18 ekhulwini - ephawulekayo soshintsho, kuyiphi inkathi entsha ukuze sisetshenziswe umbuso. Umuntu angeke alithole kodwa acabangele namakhulu eminyaka amathathu wokuthi amaMongol ukunqoba. Ngenxa kuye, isiko Russia 16-18 ekhulwini njengoba kwakunjalo atihambi todvwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ithonya leSonto Lobu-Orthodox, elisemnyango izinhlungu ukwehlukanisa Russia kusukela "Western" futhi "yezihlubuki,". Lokhu kusebenza futhi empilweni yamasiko, isimilo kanye nemfundo. Noma kunjalo, isiko Russian ekhulwini le-18 wathatha indlela yentuthuko European. Yena kancane kancane waqala adedelwe ekugqilazweni ephakathi.

Izici Ukuqalwa eYurophu

I emangalisayo isiko Russian kwekhulu le-18? Lena inkathi yentuthuko, ngokuyinhloko art wokuziphilisa kanye decisive ahlula phezu abazibheka sinesimo sengqondo atehlukanisa kweBhayibheli nangezimfundiso ezingenakuphikiswa okuqinile zokuziphatha nezenkolo. isiko Russian ekhulwini le-18 (isithombe uyoboniswa ngezansi) wanikeza "wokuziphilisa 'ubuciko unelungelo lokwemukelwa yomphakathi. It uqala ukuthatha indima ebalulekile. Sikhuluma kumiswa izisekelo entsha umphakathi, kanye nezomphakathi wehlelo lefundo zombelele. Nokho, isiko Russian ekhulwini le-18 azinakubuphika esidlule yakhe. Yebo, izikhulu Russian enamathiselwe zefa elingokomoya elicebile laseYurophu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo babe ungakhohlwa mayelana amasiko endawo yomdabu ezinqwabelene isikhathi eside yentuthuko wobuciko kanye zomlando. Kuyefana nasendleleni okwenzeka yobuciko lasendulo. Kuyini interesting kangaka ngoba isiko Russian kwekhulu le-18? Kafushane kokubukeza sokuthuthuka, singabona ukuthi elinesimo embili ezijulile izizukulwane. Ngenxa yalesi it is kahle aqiniswa umculo, imidlalo yaseshashalazini, imidwebo, ubungcweti, izinkondlo kanye nezincwadi. Ekupheleni kwekhulu art Russian safinyelela engakaze ibonwe eziphakeme.

kokuhlaziywa Jikelele

isiko Russian ekhulwini le-18 ayedabula izinguquko eziphawulekayo. Lokhu kuboniswa ngokucacile kufakazelwa yiqiniso ukuthi ngokokuqala ngqa ezweni esiphila (wokuziphilisa) umculo iphuma emkhakheni emasikweni adluliselwa ngomlomo. It sekuyinkinga art professional kakhulu. isiko Russian ekhulwini le-18 (Ithebula okwethulwa kulesi sihloko sinikeza ulwazi ezinye zezenzakalo ezimibalabala esikhathini esiningi) kwaba at isiqongo salo ngenxa kugucuka lokukhulu kuyo yonke imikhakha yomphakathi. Sikhuluma izinguquko ukuthi Kwakuseshwa ngenkathi uPetru I. Lezi kugucuka baye yasishintsha lonke isakhiwo ezenhlalo nezamasiko yezwe. "Domostroevskogo" amasiko Church wefilosofi esikoleni kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi waqala ukuwa. Lokhu kwazithinta ezindaweni eziningi isiko ekuthuthukiseni Russia wangekhulu le-18. Life of abantu, amasiko, amasiko - konkhe nabobonkhe siyashintsha. Ngenxa izenzakalo zezombusazwe kwabanye kuqinisa umqondo isizwe esiziqhenya ngayo, futhi uthando lwakhe amandla nobukhulu bakhe isimo. I imakwe 19, ngekhulu le-18? Culture of Russia ithole banikela ngendlela ebalulekile eyenziwa abaculi Russian. Kuyinto opera umculi, umculi nomqambi wezingoma, eziningi zazo zivela kubantu. Babefanele ukuxazulula umsebenzi kunzima kakhulu. Ngakho baphoqeleka ukuba uhlole ngokushesha lokho abaculi Western ezinqwabelene phakathi namakhulu eminyaka.

Izinkathi eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa

isiko Russian ekhulwini le-18 ihlukaniswe kafushane zibe izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko:

1. I ikota yokuqala yekhulu (izinguquko kaPetru).
2. 30-60-yalolucwaningo. Zaziphawuleka ngokungabi ukukhula esikweni lesizwe, kanye intuthuko enkulu emkhakheni wezobuciko, izincwadi kanye nesayensi. Nokho, kakhulu anda izigodi ijoka.
3. Esesithathu yokugcina yekhulu. It libhekene ukukhula uhulumeni, umbuso wentsandvo yelinyenti abalulekile isiko Russian, le okubi kakhulu eziphikisanayo kwezenhlalo kanye kuphazamiseka ezinkulu kwezenhlalo.

ikakhulukazi imfundo

Le nkathi elinesimo ukwanda jikelele uthando lokufunda ukufunda nokubhala eRussia. Nokho, uma sithola ukufana nazo eNtshonalanga Yurophu, izinga lemfundo baye kakhulu abasasilele emuva. Ngokuphathelene Ukwakheka nezenhlalakahle abafundi, kwaba colorful kakhulu. I Kungashiwo okufanayo kwezwe. A umnikelo ezinkulu ukuze ukuqhubeka nemfundo wenza isikole amasosha.

Izici ukuthuthukisa isayensi

Izenzakalo eziningi ezinkulu ahlanganiswe umlando Russia (ekhulwini le-18). Isiko nomthelela ekukhuleni komphakathi Russian. Isayensi waqala ukuba sikhululwe ekugqilazweni scholasticism ephakathi. Ukuze wakhe, kwaba uhlobo imvuselelo. isici Umake wabe esenikeza Engels. Wayekholelwa ukuthi lokhu era ukuthi kwakudingeka Titans futhi wadala labo lokufunda, yizinhlobonhlobo, uhlamvu, uthando namandla yokucabanga. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, nesayense kwakudingeka "Abadali". Ngakho, ukutholakala ukubaluleka izwe Kwakuseshwa ngesikhathi Russian Academy of Sciences zezibalo Bernoulli futhi Euler, kanye wemithi kanye physics Lomonosov.

iminikelo Okukhulu

Ucwaningo olwenziwe ososayensi-abantu bakwelinye izwe, ngubani babemenyiwe Petersburg Academy, nazo zathonywa ukuthuthukiswa emhlabeni nesayensi Russian. Nokho, lona wamuva akadalwanga imizamo yabo. Kungashiwo okufanayo wathi "ukukhanyiselwa" amakhosi ohlanga. isayensi Domestic sidalwe abantu Russian. Kuyinto ngabantu "zesigaba ezahlukene futhi isihloko," kuzo lokhu okulandelayo:

1. I. I. Polzunov (indodana lesosha).
2. MI Serdyukov (Kalmyk ukwakhiwa kanye hydraulics) - idale "ognedeystvuyuschuyu" umshini, kuba okokuqala Russian Ukushisa unjiniyela.
3. A. K. Nartov (turner).
4. I. Lepyokhin, VF Zuev, SP Krashennikov (izingane amasosha ') - babephakathi kwamaNethini academicians lokuqala Soviet.
5. ME Golovin (indodana yesosha) - sezibalo.

Lona umdali kweqiniso kwesayensi Russia amakhosi asendulo.

umnikelo University

Izinto azithola conjecture elihlakaniphile kakhulu ivelele phakathi kwazo zonke ipumelelo isayensi Russian. Wancika isipiliyoni, umkhuba futhi siphilele materialistically zenani emhlabeni wonke. M. Lomonosov wafuna nje okungaqondile ezijulile zokudala. Wayefuna ukwazi izimfihlo zendalo. Lesi sazi kuyinto umsunguli wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali emzimbeni futhi imfundiso yama-athomu.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe,

Kubaluleka biology yesayensi babekwa isigamu kwekhulu XVIII yesibili. Ngalesi sikhathi, Phuma Iphephabhuku lezokwelapha Russian kuqala. Sikhuluma "St-Petersburg izitatimende yezokwelapha."

isayensi ezomlando: Izici eziyinhloko

Eyesibili ikota kwekhulu - ngesikhathi kumiswa umlando njengoba isayensi. Eqoqwe futhi ishicilelwe ezinye izinhlelo. Abaningi nabakhulu, izazi-mlando eziye wazama abenza ngawo imisebenzi enjalo. Sinesithakazelo esikhulu emphakathini namuhla umlando Russia (ekhulwini le-18). Isiko Empire laqhubeka landa ngokushesha. V. N. Tatischev iyona wamazwe elikhulu esikhathini esidlule. Waqala umsebenzi "The History of Russian." Kwaba emzamweni wakhe ngesikhathi akhawunti lovumelanako izenzakalo ngokombono ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela. Qaphela ukuthi lokhu msebenzi waba isisekelo sezinguqulo ososayensi abaningi. Kahle kahle, lokhu kusebenza M. V Lomonosovu futhi bakhe "okuningi komlando wasendulo Russian." Futhi ungakhohlwa M. M. Scherbatova nomsebenzi wakhe? "Emlandweni Russia kusukela endulo," okuyinto kuyofikwa isifiso ukuba baphakamise kwamadoda asebukhosini, bathethelele serfdom futhi amalungelo isigaba "Ezingeziwe". Umbhali ngafa ongumlimi impi eholwa Emelyana Pugacheva. Wayeqonda ukuthi sevukelombuso ethandwa nokunyakaza azinakugwenywa, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo wabalahla. I. I. Boltin - esinye isazimlando yezikhulu. Zomsoli, anokuqonda, isazi Cabangisisa, wabuye wawufunda umlando wabantu hhayi kuphela kwamadoda asebukhosini, kodwa futhi neminye imikhakha yomphakathi - artisan, abefundisi bathengisi. Kodwa imisebenzi yakhe imkhazimulisa amandla autocratic yenkosi nazo ohlelweni amakhosi asendulo.

impumelelo enkulu

isayensi Russian uye savela njengoba ingxenye yezwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ososayensi Russian beqonda impumelelo ozakwabo Western ngokombono zokudala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ziye zasungula nomthelela emqondweni ngokwesayensi emhlabeni. Ngokuphathelene izinga jikelele ekuthuthukisweni yayo, kwaba kancane ngezansi Western Europe. Kule ndaba, impumelelo entsha ngamunye iba ebaluleke kakhulu. Ososayensi amanye amazwe kahle ezincwadini Russian Academy of Sciences. Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi le ntuthuko ningabi impahla uquqaba eshikashikeka. Bakhandwa nginqume kulo. izithakazelo uquqaba zazingakapheli isayensi nemfundo. Ngokuphathelene autocracy, amandla wesabe ulwazi. Abantu Yaveza imibono yayo wobuciko kanye ukubukwa zezombusazwe noma kunjalo. Kumayelana yobuciko neyezandla, kanye nomsebenzi ngomlomo.

izakhiwo Izici

Ukuqamba waqala ukwenza emkhakheni wokwakha namanje e le Petrine inkathi. Njengazo zonke isiko Russian ekhulwini le-18, izakhiwo kungokoqobo izinguquko ezinkulu. izakhiwo zasendulo zenzelwe ukuveza ubukhulu namandla ezindaweni zombuso ezikude. Ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho kanye nezepolitiki lizwe uyashintsha futhi ubunjiniyela. Arsenal ku ezibiyele, Big Stone Bridge - izakhiwo edume kunazo kwesikhathi.

ukuthuthukiswa bokwakha

Isikole sokuqala sokuklama kwahlelwa eMoscow Ukhtomskiy. MF Kazakov VP Bazhenov wafunda ngaphansi kwesiqondiso sakhe. Inkathi Petrine kumaka ukwakhiwa kwe-dolobha entsha. Kuze kube yimanje, abamenyiwe abaklami umphako. Kumayelana Rastrelli futhi Trezzini. Inhlokodolobha entsha uJesu wazalwa edolobheni njalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwadingeka babe eside ephahlwe osabalalayo futhi ensembles amakota, tikwele ezitaladini. Trezzini kwaba umbhali Izakhiwo zokuhlala ngoba izigaba eziningana zabantu:

1. abantu "Ordinary".
2. izakhamuzi "Ochumayo".
3. abantu "Eminent".

Lezi wezemiSebenzi yoMphakathi isitayela elula. Ukuze izinto ezinkulu ingathiwa uPetru noPawulu Cathedral. Phakathi umphakathi izakhiwo yilezi ezilandelayo:

1. Admiralty.
2. Exchange.
3. Gostiny Dvor.

Kanye Petersburg ezakhiwa nezinye izinto eziningi. Ikakhulukazi, lokhu kusho esigodlweni lizwe kanye edume epaki-yesifunda. Kuyinto ngokuyinhloko, cishe ePeterhof. Ngokuqondene Russian isitayela Baroque, kuyinto umnikelo omkhulu umsebenzi walo ukuthuthukiswa ulilethele ubaba nendodana Rastrelli. Esokuqala kwaba umqophi Italy. Wayengene shí esikhathini kwenaba zokuhlobisa ePeterhof. Indodana yakhe isiyi-wezakhiwo Russian. Yena - umlobi imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile, phakathi okuyizinto lokhu okulandelayo:

1. Smolny Sezindela.
2. Izigodlo: Catherine, Omkhulu, Winter.

Ukuthuthukiswa izakhiwo engxenyeni kwekhulu lesibili

Izakhiwo classicism Russian kwathathelwa indawo Baroque. Ekuqaleni kwawo-isiko Russian 19-18 ekhulwini wabona zezimbali lokhu kuthambekela. Kwakukhona abameleli classicism. Lezi zihlanganisa abaklami I. E. Starova, M. F. Kazakova futhi V P. Bazhenova. umsebenzi wakamuva e Petersburg naseMoscow. Bazenzelé neqhaza elikhulu ekwakheni izakhiwo ezifana:

1. Mikhailovsky Castle.
2. Noble LoMhlangano.
3. Umkhandlu Wezigele ku Moscow Kremlin.
4. Lesi sigodlo futhi epaki Ensemble (okusho Tsaritsyno).

Okudala kakhulu kuyinto umsunguli we-Alexander saseNevsky Monastery futhi zintathu Cathedral. Ngu amagugu eyinhloko classicism libhekisela eqenjini lomculo. Phakathi izici inhlangano yayo bungabonakala:

1. imigqa Straight lamakholomu.
2. Ukuhambisana wesimethri esiqinile.
3. imigqa eqondile.

Palace Square (wezakhiwo K. I. Rossi) iyisibonelo esivelele kulesi siqondiso. Izakhiwo abasindile naleso sikhathi manje hhayi kuphela imizi umhlobiso - kukhona yobuciko ukuthi anencazelo global.

Ubuciko bamehlo: izici ukuthuthukiswa

Art nesiko Russia kwekhulu le-18 futhi kwavele izinguquko. Le nkathi imakwe sokuthuthwa kwempahla portrait imidwebo. Abadwebi edume kakhulu isikhathi zikaPetru esingase zihlanganisa lezi ezilandelayo:

1. Ivan Nikitin.
2. Andrey Matveev.

Basuke kubhekwe abasunguli Russian Umdwebo wokuziphilisa. Kodwa izinto zashintsha ngesikhathi ezikweyoku ekupheleni 20s. It zaqala ukuvela enkantolo indlela imidwebo. Kuhle portrait abadwebi kwesikhathi yilezi:

1. V. L. Borovikovsky.
2. DT Levitsky.
3. F. S. Rokotov.
4. AP Antropov.

ebaziwe Classical ohlangothini okwaboniswa izibalo ezilandelayo:

1. Mihailom Kozlovskim.
2. Fedorom Shubinym.

Hermitage (abacebe art amaqoqo emhlabeni) kuphinde sekwakhiwe ngekhulu XVIII. isisekelo salo iqoqo yangasese zabalingiswa iNdlovukazi Elizabeth.

Izici yokuphila izakhamizi wedolobha

Kukho kwakukhona izinguquko ezinkulu. Lokhu kwaba lula ikakhulukazi ukubona eMoscow Petersburg. Futhi iqokomisa ezinye nezinye imizi emikhulu yezwe. Ezicukuthwaneni wakhela izigodlo bona. Izindawo ezidumile salokhu saseNevsky Prospekt kanye Palace Embankment. Zazakhiwa ngqo ezihamba kule misele egeleza emfuleni. On the amabhange iNeva waqala ibukise embankments egwadle. Konke lokhu msebenzi ngawo ugcwaliseka ngokugcwele ngemva esinqumweni iNdlovukazi. Futhi uzinake ukuthi Izinsimbi elibi Summer Garden ngenxa yale mpatho. Ekupheleni kuka-fashion ekhulwini Petersburg ishintshile. Lapha, abaningi nomdlandla okuqukethwe nokucwala ahlukile. Lapha ungase uzwe isiFulentshi, noma iqhaza ezingxoxweni mayelana art, izincwadi noma ezombusazwe. Kulezi nokucwala laqala ukukhanya okuningi ubuntu. Kahle kahle, lokhu kusebenza osaziwayo Russian etemibhalo. nabasebenza nifty wadlula izindlu zikanokusho esisogwini saseNevsky Prospekt. Kukhona ngokuvamile ehamba indoda egqoke kahle lapho efakaza emgwaqweni wabe Izinduna zabantwana Guards.

EMoscow, futhi, uye washintsha abalulekile. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi Petersburg brilliance ingcebo wayengekho lapho. Noma kunjalo, eMoscow ukwazi ukuhambisana izitayela ezintsha yesikhathi. Kunezinxushunxushu idolobha ukwakhiwa wayeka, ezitaladini waqala ezingeni off. Kumele kuqapheleke futhi ukuthi lezi ezintsha awuthumbe wonke umbuso. Kunalokho, ngempela kwenzeka okuphambene. Basuke nakakhulu wagcizelela ubumpofu zokuphila isiRashiya, isiko kanye yokujama tsi jikelele. Umkhakha omkhulu wokuphila kazwelonke uhlala ngaphandle impucuko ezisemadolobheni. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko ibhekisela dolobhana futhi emzaneni. Kanye emadolobheni, kukhona kusobala ukuthi wayenomuzwa umehluko omkhulu endleleni izici nezimo zokuphila. Izikhulu baqhubeka ukuhlala ingxenye yabantu basemakhaya. Ngemva kokudedelwa izinqumo ezifanele (Izinhlamvu Patent Liberty) bale ekilasini ebugqilini lempi ayimpoqo kanye umphakathi. Ngakho, ingxenye enkulu yezikhulu laqala ukuhlela ukuphila ipulazi, bazinza izigodi zabo futhi waqala ukwenza umsebenzi wasendlini. Njengoba ingxenye eyinhloko lesi sigaba, ke wethulwa kulendawo "middling" nabanikazi izigodi yasemakhaya. Kule ndaba, singaphetha kahle ukuthi izicukuthwane awazange uhlukane okuthile ongumlimi ukuphila esingenakuphikiswa. izigodi zabo wahlala izinceku ezinceku nabantu abangeke bakwazi ukuxhumana. Abamele amakilasi ezimbili ezihlukene iminyaka eminingi babe ndawonye. Ngakho, kwakungekho ukuxhumana okufanayo ethandwa isiko, izinkolelo, nesiko. Ezicukuthwaneni angase aphathwe abelaphi bendabuko, umusi okugeza baphuze ukumnika efanayo abalimi. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi ingxenye enkulu lokhu kwaba ephansi ekilasini noma abanye abakwazi ukufunda zonke. Kukhona ezifanele ngempela kokukhumbula Nkosikazi Prostakova Fonvizin. Manor ezicukuthwaneni ayeyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila yasemakhaya Russian. Kepha abalimi, emisha zakamuva kungukuthi wathinta nhlobo. Kuphela ingxenye encane kubo owayekwazi phuma ku "abantu". Emaphandleni bakhela nelineni ezinhle futhi ohlanzekile yomphakathi. Abalimi baphinde basebenzisa izinto ezintsha yasendlini (ifenisha nezitsha). Yayikwazi ehlukahlukene kuwo ukudla kwabo futhi ukuthola izicathulo kangcono futhi izingubo.

Ekuphetheni

Ithebula elingezansi libonisa izenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi izenzakalo kukhona isici engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-18.