Izimpi yamaHussite: izizathu okwaholela ekuqaleni kokuhlala kwabo

Ingxenye yokuqala ngekhulu nanhlanu eBohemia (manje Czech Republic) libhekene umzabalazo eside abantu Czech ngokumelene iSonto LamaRoma Katolika, ukucindezelwa izinduna kanye nokubuswa German. Igama elithi "yamaHussite izimpi" isetshenziselwa ukuchaza uchungechunge izibhelu ezenzeka nalesikhathi ephakathi kwengu-1419 futhi 1434. Iningi Czech labantu yaseBohemia kwamiswa amandla amakhulu empi, imzuzele kuze kube eziMpini Zokholo wamemezela yi-Pope. Le mpi iphela ngo-1434 lapho iqembu lolingene iqembu olukhulu iwine Utraquists Taborites, okwadingeka ukuba ifake kusiphathimandla weNkosi yaseBohemia esontweni, kodwa isimo ukuthi wavunyelwa ukuzijayeza emikhosini yenkolo ezihlukahlukene.

Ekuqaleni, umholi we ukunyakaza isonto-kazwelonke baba wayecabangisisa nompristi Yan uGus, ababemelene Katolika, nge nentshiseko yizicukuthwane ligxeke ingcebo yalo futhi eneka amaphutha abefundisi. Izintshumayelo zakhe ku Bethlehem Chapel e Prague ayihlala olimini Czech olwaluqondwa abantu abavamile. Imibono ka Hus, ogama emhlabeni uye wazakhela ngaphansi kwethonya umsebenzi we wezinguquko kanye eyandulela amaProtestani Dzhona Uiklifa, akakuthandanga esontweni.

I-University of ePrague ngo 1410 lahlelwa ingxabano, imbangela owawungumnyaka ukushiswa imisebenzi uWycliffe. UGus nezinye osolwazi ukuvusela uPapa, ngizama ukubakhumbuza ukuthi kuphela abantu abangenalwazi Ungakwazi bashise imisebenzi yesayensi nefilosofi. Kodwa umphumela kwaba esontweni of Huss, futhi inhlangano ehola, uye savela iyunivesithi kazwelonke nakwezenkolo.

Ngo-1415, ngo-isinqumo soMkhandlu Constance, Hus wamangalelwa lokuhlubuka, enikwa isigwebo sokufa futhi washiswa esigxotsheni. ukubulala kwakhe kwabangela umbhikisho ukunyakaza mass abalandeli bakhe, futhi okuholele yamaHussite Izimpi. Ngokumelene umbusi Sigismund, bebancenga upapa kubamba umhlangano lomkhulu webantfu Council Constance, wavuka esinokuduma amacala, sisanda kukhathazwa ekuhlaseleni abapristi Orthodox.

Cishe kusukela ekuqaleni le nhlangano yaphoqeleka ihlukaniswe ezindaweni ezimbili eziyinhloko - ngokulinganisela futhi ezinkulu. Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, uGus wathatha imfundiso Utraquists (noma Calixtines-Utraquists) ngubani zingoFakazi amaKatolika, kodwa asekelwe izingcingo sokuguquka, main zazo kwaba iqiniso lokuthi wonke amakholwa kufanele badle isinkwa newayini (sub utraque uhlobo - ngaphansi kokubili zinhlobo), hhayi nje abefundisi. It ngokuyinhloko abathengisi zasemadolobheni kanye izikhulu eziyize.

Phakathi 1419 futhi 1420, lapho 'ngezimpi yamaHussite "sesivele sidlulile, abaholi imibango uzamile ukuxoxisana ngasese kumbusi Sigismund, kodwa wenqaba ukuya noma ikuphi ukuhlehla, futhi lokhu kuye kwaholela yokuthi Utraquists asekelwe kwavukelwa ahlomile. Okuningi kakhulu impela nje, ephika noma yiluphi uhlobo uhulumeni (wokuziphilisa noma zenkolo), babaziwa ngokuthi Taborites (ngemva edolobheni iThabori, eyasungulwa nabo 1420, okwakukhona inqaba yabo). Leli qembu ngokuyinhloko abalimi kanye netingcweti temsebenti.

izimpi yamaHussite eyaziwa yokuthi ngesikhathi zinqobe iye kabanzi nezibhamu ngesandla (Pishalnikov).

Defenestration Okokuqala ePrague senzeka ngoJulayi 30, 1419. EPrague abampofu eholwa-Jan Želivského, umpristi yeSonto Our Lady of the snows, badabula nobe emigwacweni yase dolobheni eHholo Idolobha e New Town nge imfuneko esemqoka - eyokuhlanganyela isinkwa newayini. Othile ngamafasitela ehhovisi lomphathi-dolobha ubeke itshe udwendwe. abantu abathukuthele agqekeze wokwakha kanye egumbini, waphoswa efasiteleni abeluleki entabeni eziyisikhombisa, kuhlanganise nomphathi-dolobha nomahluleli. Inkosi Vaclav IV wayemangele engazi ngakho kakhulu ngalesi senzo, kuthiwa, waze washaywa unhlangothi, baba imbangela yokufa kwakhe Agasti 16, 1419.

Izwe lahlukaniswa kwaba amakamu amabili nobutha - iSonto, okusekelwa abefundisi, izinduna, le patricians isiJalimane yamaHussite. Sigismund, ngemva kokufa Václav engenabantwana, bazifunela kuya okhakhayini Czech. Wayengumuntu umsekeli oqinile iSonto LamaRoma, uPapa Martin nesandla V, wakhipha inkunzi 17 Mashi 1420, etshumayela impi "ngenjongo yokuba kubhujiswe wonke izihlubuki eBohemia". Kwaba khona abangu-Knights German kanye Polish hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi izama esuka kulo lonke elaseYurophu, bakhangwa amathemba impango.