Mongol-Tatar ayehlasela

Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XIII e-Asia naseYurophu uwile omunye ayehlasela abayimizulane. AmaMongol yanqoba emazweni amaningi. Bashesha bafika emngceleni waseRussia.

Konke lokhu kwaqala ngo-1206, lapho izikhulu Mongol akhethwe umbusi uGenghis Khan. Ngaleso sikhathi wayesevile kakade wayesaziwa kakhulu phakathi amaMongol, kanti bonke abanye ku azithele ngabandayo yethu ngeke. Ubani umbusi omusha munye ngaphansi kokubusa kwezizwe zakhe eziningi, kuhlanganise enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu babe AmaTatar. Yingakho umkhankaso nolaka uGenghis Khan, futhi kamuva umzukulu wakhe Batu eyaziwa ngokuthi amaMongol-Tatar ehlasela.

Ngu 1223 imihambuma yayinqoba elase-China, i-Central Asia futhi Transcaucasia. Esefikile Azov emaqeleni, amaMongol wangena ngeziqu zamehlo Polovtsy, owayebizwa ngokuthi ukusiza izikhulu Russian. Ngo-May 1223 amabutho ahlangene wahlangana isitha ku eMfuleni Kalka. Rusichi lahluleka inhlekelele: Ngokwe-mlando, kwasala esisodwa kuphela eziyishumi. Indlela eya Kiev nakwamanye amadolobha avuleka. Kodwa ke nge ezingemuva amaMongol washaya iVolga Bulgars. Bekhathele beyingcuba ngenxa eside mashi abayimizulane banquma ukungayisebenzisi nhlobo i tie impi entsha, waya endlini yakhe. Tatar ayehlasela lihlehlisiwe.

Sihambe eRussia nasemiphumeleni yaso

Ngo 1227, uGenghis Khan wafa. Wayelethwa ulandelwa indodana yakhe Ogedei, okuyinto ngokushesha ngacabanga imikhankaso emisha. Ngo 1235 ngesikhathi Kurultai elilandelayo (Congress izikhulu) watimisela kuya entshonalanga. Winter 1237 Mongol izindimbane base bekhona kakade kwemingcele Ryazan ubukhulu. Umzukulu uGenghis Khan Batu, owayehola umkhankaso, safuna intela kwabase-Nezikhulu ka Ryazan. Enqaba futhi baqala ukulungiselela impi. I amabutho ukungalingani, futhi amaMongol babe onqobayo. Ngemva kokuvinjezelwa sezinsuku ezingu-6 bahlasela Ryazan, Ryazan kodwa eside nalaba bahlaseli, okuholela impi yabashokobezi yokufuna.

Phakathi kwezikhulu Russian kwakungekho ubunye. Ngisho nalapho ebhekene lesitha, abazange wakwazi ukwakha okungenani ezinye womanyano. Lokhu kwaba nomthelela ngokunqoba yamaMongol, okuyinto kwahluka yensimbi isiyalo. A indima ebalulekile wadlala futhi amasu lokuvimbezela lathathwa Chinese. Phakathi neminyaka engu-1237-1238 we amaMongol Tatar ayehlasela buthola umfutho. Lwaphuka bawuthumba uVladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu ke abanqobi walibhekisa eningizimu. Lapha kwakudingeka sizame kakhulu. Kuphela Kwelinye idolobhana elincane Kozelsk akazange sisukele isitha amasonto 7. Ngawo lowo nyaka, amaMongol ehlaselwa Polovtsian Khan, ngubani waphoqeleka ukuba siphumele Hungary.

Ngo 1239, imihambuma wasiphakamisa ningizimu-ntshonalanga principalities Russian. Yena wahlulwa Pereyaslav futhi Chernigov. Wozani Kiev kuze amaMongol akazange alinge, kodwa kunalokho ehlaselwa eCrimea. Yodwa a konyaka, abantu abayimizulane baye baya umkhankaso omusha, lesi sikhathi ukuze inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia. Ngo-November 1240 amabutho Mongol wayesevele ngaphansi izindonga Kiev. waqala Ukuvinjezelwa. Ukwenza ezibhodloziwe nezivikelo usebenzisa imishini lokuvimbezela, amaMongol bangena emzini. Kiev sathathwa.

ayehlasela wave iphuma entshonalanga, kokushiya yimpi. Kudlulwa Galicia naseVolyn, amaMongol ayeya ku. Nomads wakwazi ukunqoba Poland naseHungary. amakhosi European abekade ukwethuka. Uma he finyelela Italy, Mongolia wanquma ukuhlubuka. Amandla ngoba Kuzonyuka okwengeziwe abazange babe, ngaphezu, ngo-December 1241 wafa Khan Ogedei. Ngakho-ke Batu ebuyela eRussia.

Mongol-Tatar ayehlasela nasemiphumeleni yaso, ngokuba izwe Russian waba buhlungu kanzima. nomonakalo omkhulu, ekuncipheni ukuhweba kanye nemisebenzi yezandla kudala sinqatshiwe Russia. Izikhulu baba akhonze iGolden zidlamlilo khans futhi ziye zaphoqeleka ukuba ngincome futhi asize nemikhankaso. Ngaphandle ilebula Khan (lizinga lekufundza nekubhala), akekho kubo owayekwazi ukulawula ubukhulu bakhe. Ngokwezazi-mlando, ngemiphumela amaMongol-Tatar ayehlasela ukuze Rus babe ngale kokumane ukubhujiswa kanye nokulahlekelwa ukuphila komuntu. Lo mcimbi ushintshe indlela yentuthuko ingxenye enkulu ezweni Russian, manje elase-Asia ezingaphezu kuka-European. ukubhujiswa ezisemadolobheni buthaka indima le kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni empilweni wezwe lwaphumela ekusindisweni esijana serfdom, kakhulu eYurophu. Hhayi isimo engcono kwezolimo, sekuyisikhathi eside okuyinto kube zemvelo.