Lokuhlela Kabusha - ke ... Gorbachev sika yokwakha kabusha. Phakathi neminyaka engu-yokwakha kabusha

Uma umuntu ovamile isilinganiso owasinda kwesigamu Eighties wesibili e engu-isizathu, namuhla ukubuza chaza kafushane kulesi sikhathi, impendulo ezimweni eziningi, ungezwa into efana "yokwakha kabusha - kungcono sethusa futhi isono." Ngokwemvelo, insizwa eyazalelwa (noma cha okwamanje) kuleyo minyaka, indaba olunemininingwane ethe xaxa.

Umlando Gorbachevskaya

Gorbachev sika yokwakha kabusha (okungukuthi, yena ukuthi yavela naleli gama, noma mhlawumbe akuzange kusungulwe ke yena), wethulwa ekuqaleni kuka-1987. Kwenzekani ngaphambi, ngemva kwamakhetho wakhe esikhundleni sokuba nguNobhala Jikelele, ngokuthi ukushesha. Futhi ngaphambi abusa yokujama tsi kuleli zwe. Futhi ngaphambi kwalokho kwakuyiKiriyati le ukuzikhethela. Futhi phambi kwakhe - cult zobuntu. Lapha kuya Stalinism ukuthi indawo amelwe zangokwasemuva zezinhlelo zonke emashumini okwalandela lokuhlukunyezwa elikhanyayo. Lokhu nep.

Yileyo ndlela esizwa ngayo ekupheleni Eighties ukucabanga umlando wase-USSR Abantu Soviet esikhathini esiningi. Nomthelela lombono we izihloko eziningi ishicilelwe emaphephandabeni ethandwa ( "Spark", "I-Komsomolskaya Pravda", "Ingxabano kanye Amaqiniso" kanye nabanye abaningi). On emashalofini yayikade uvinjelwe imisebenzi lokuloba, ngoba okuthiwa eminyakeni embalwa edlule kwakunokwenzeka sokuqongelela asemrarweni, futhi ukhukhulwe nokucwayiza kweso. Izwe lethu wayengunkulunkulukazi othandwa kakhulu emhlabeni ngaphambi nangemva 1987, ukuthandwa amabhuku namaphephandaba kanye akusho ukushaya wonke amarekhodi emhlabeni esidlule (Maye, kungenzeka ukuthi esikhathini esizayo).

into yesikhathi esidlule

Yiqiniso, zonke lezi imithombo yolwazi ngomlando izwe lokuzalwa kwakhe ne ibutho lakhe elikhulu revelatory azange abe kuphazamise inkolelo abantu baseSoviet kuleli lobulungiswa esiphezulu umphakathi sezenhlalo futhi umgomo waso oyinhloko - nobukhomanisi. M. S. Gorbachev nabasekeli bakhe esikhathini Politburo uyazi yokuthi ngeshwa - ngenxa kahle ongaphakeme - kwezolimo nasezimbonini edingekayo ukuhlelwa kabusha eningi. Umnotho skidded, amabhizinisi abaningi babengenasithakazelo inzuzo, kodwa kunalokho kuyabiza, iphindwe isibalo "collective ipulazi-isicebi" (ngokuvumelana isikweleti nesimo), eyisisekelo kunazo izimpahla zasendlini babé isimo kusilela nge ukudla futhi abazange bajabule. Young uNobhala Jikelele wayazi ukuthi ukuthembeka ezithile anazo, ngoba eziningi kangaka ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka kwenziwa konke engakaze yenziwe njengoba kufanele kube, ngakho udinga isikhathi ukulinda. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi kamuva, esalibele iminyaka eminingana yokwakha kabusha. Khona-ke ukubikezela ukuthi akekho owakwazi.

Ukusheshisa kanye nemifelandawonye

Ngu uqobo, inkambo ukulungiswa, yebo, kwakudingeka. Lo mbhangqwana wokuqala eminyakeni kwakucatshangwa ukuthi isiqondiso kuthathwe lilungile, futhi "akukho okunye, amaqabane" ukuhambisa nje kuso oyidingayo ngokushesha. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni igama esigabeni sokuqala, kusuka lapho kabusha waqala. Umlando nep isikisela ukuthi uma ezinye izindawo ukuphathwa ukuze uthumele ezandleni yangasese, izinguquko cishe okuqinisekisiwe. Esikhathini eko, izwe ngokushesha won incithakalo nendlala, usizo abanye ayekade abanikazi asebenzayo futhi engumthengisi. Ukuzama ukuphinda ezifinyelelwe engamashumi ayisithupha kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise Imiphumela akamuhle ezifanayo. Cooperators babé kusetshenziswa "itshe lokuvivinya" ukudala isigaba esisha capitalists Soviet. Bagcwalisa ezinye izingxenye emakethe yasekhaya, kanye yimpumelelo kakhulu futhi izinto zangaphandle, kodwa ukuba aphule kwangqingetshe wonke umnotho zehlulekile. Ngakho-ke, iqiniso lokuthi kabusha - uphinda we-New Economic Yemfihlo owenza linesisekelo. nokukhula kwe-GDP lwenzeke. Cha, kwenzeka okuphambene.

abasebenzi

Ngo-1986, i-ukusheshisa (mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo jokes sebenzisa be nje "noma kanjani", futhi manje "pow-empeleni-boo") has cishe akekho zikhunjulwe. Kudingeka izinyathelo ezintsha bemvelo kwesakhiwo, futhi uzwa ukuthi ubuholi wezwe waqala ngisho nangaphambi kwalokho. Kukhona ubuso elisha elalizothatha indawo umhlala party mastodons, kodwa futhi kusukela Izishoshovu ubudala, wayesaziwa ngokuthi "nezihlakaniphi eziphambili", Gorbachev wenqaba. Eduard Shevardnadze kwaba kwesitulo of the Supreme Soviet, Nikolai Ryzhkov wathatha predsovmina situlo, eMoscow ekomidini emzini iqembu eliholwa ke a udumo elaziwayo elincane kodwa ngokushesha ukuthola, uBoris Yeltsin. Lukyanov no-Aleksandru Yakovlev wangena Politburo, wenza umsebenzi ekhungathekisayo. Kwakubonakala sengathi ukuphumelela ithimba kuqinisekisiwe ...

Ngayiphi livele ngaphandle

Ngakho, inkinga main kwakubonakala ukwambulwa. Izinyathelo phambili kudingeka ukuzimisela nesibindi sokushumayela. Sam M. S. Gorbachev, nge bokukhuluma kwakhe evamile, bachazelwe aminyene ngakuye: "Abantu abavamile" ukuthi kabusha - kulapho wonke umuntu owenza umsebenzi wabo. Lo mbuzo uphakanyiswa ukufunda lokho konke ukwenza ngaphambi 1985? Kodwa izakhamuzi zaseSoviet abanolwazi akazange nakucela kuye.

Njengasezinsukwini zokuphuma ngaphambi kwezimboni, iSoviet Union wake yentuthuko isiqoqi sama-softwe. Plenum ka 1985 usetha ukuqondisa ukukhula ukukhiqizwa yezimboni ngu-70%. Ngu nineties, intuthuko Kwakuhlelwe ngezinga lembulunga yonke, ambalwa kanye qualitative. Abasebenzi nezisetshenziswa ongokomfanekiso. Kungani lokhu kungenzeki?

XXVII Congress futhi izinqumo ezifanele

Ngo-1986 kwaba XXVII iCongress of the CPSU, umsebenzi okuyinto - eqinisweni, hhayi nje i-amaphephandaba ze clichés - wabukela lonke izwe. Izihambeli asekelwe ukwamukelwa yomthetho wamavukelambuso, amalungelo zomsebenzi kukahulumeni, okuyinto manje sebeyakwazi ukwenza imali ukhetha abaqondisi, alawule inkokhelo futhi unqume ukuthi imikhiqizo ukukhiqiza, ukuze uthole inzuzo enkulu. Lawa kwakungamadodana izinguquko yokwakha kabusha, okuyinto muva abasebenzi futhi ayikwazanga dream. Ngesisekelo yezinguquko ezingokwenhlalo kuhlelwe ayisebenzisa umthamo isimo ukwandisa ipulazi umkhiqizo ngu-150%. It uthi ngonyaka ka-2000 in the amafulethi ngabanye uyophila yonke imindeni Soviet. Abantu bajabula, kodwa ... ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Uhlelo namanje ayisebenzi.

nezimboni kwezomnotho

Kwathatha iminyaka emibili emva yokwakha kabusha waqala. ngokusobala Gorbachev ngaqala ukuhlushwa ukungabaza mayelana nokushaya khona isiqondiso lapho izwe ihamba. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, ngo-1999, ekhuluma e-Turkey, kusemina aphethwe yi-American University, angasiqamba athini anti-lamaKhomanisi okuqina konke ukuphila kwakhe elwela ngokunqoba intando yeningi yena. Ngomqondo othile, angase abe namalungelo, kodwa namuhla kunzima ukuhlola nokufaneleka yezenzo zayo ngo-1987. Khona-ke wakhuluma enye into ngokuphelele, esola abameleli okuyimfihlakalo "umyalo uhlelo" futhi akukho izindlela ngaphansi angaqondakaliyo zivimbela zonke. Noma kunjalo, le nkathi yesibili (nesibongo) of ukulungiswa ukuze socialism isusiwe futhi umqhele ukuphelela wathola (ngempela kungalindelekile) amaphutha ohlelweni lwezezimali. It kuvela ukuthi konke kuhamba kahle ekhulelwa (Lenin), kodwa namathathu banesifo esibi kakhulu uhlanekezelwe. Kwakukhona umqondo zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni nezomnotho - njengoba kuqhathaniswa iqembu abaphathi oyisiphukuphuku. ukulungisiswa theory inikeza izihloko oprofesa futhi academicians L. Abalkina, G. Popov, N. Shmelev futhi P. Bunich. Ephepheni, zonke izinto zahamba kahle futhi, eqinisweni washumayela abavamile sezenhlalo self ngezimali.

Lethoba Party lenkomfa

Ngo-1988 yena wathunywa uhlu lokugcina defense we omnipotence party nomenklatura. zomphakathi kanye nomkhawulo ithonya Communist Party isimo futhi ibhizinisi izinqubo, amandla okuzimela ekwenzeni izinqumo Imikhandlu kwathiwa umgomo maqondana okufanele silwele. Kwakukhona izingxoxo ngenkuthalo, futhi zonke indlela wamavukelambuso Kwatholakala ukuthi lezi zinkinga ixazululwe futhi kwakudingeka ukuba abe ngaphansi kokuqondisa iqembu. ngoba nje omunye yisandla wayengekho. Ngesikhathi izihambeli anquma ukukwenza, ngayo yonke inhliziyo yami ukusekela Gorbachev. Kwakubonakala sengathi kabusha eminyakeni eyedlule wachitha kuyize, kodwa akuyona. Imiphumela babekhathazeke base amalungu eBhodi, okuyinto manje ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu amasekela emelela izinhlangano zomphakathi.

Inkinga unemali, esibucayi ngokomoya

Ngemva inkomfa, kwakukhona into wawungathi uqhekeko we RSDLP. In the game, ithuthukiswe Democrats ayo futhi ezizivelelayo emelela isiqondiso ezingahlangani ngemibono. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ejwayele ukuthula nokuzinza ezweni wawukhathazekile. Wakhulela imibono lamaKhomanisi isizukulwane amadala nozwelo wokugoqa imibono yabo umphakathi nje. Abavuthiwe ngubani zijwayele iziqinisekiso kwezenhlalo kanye nenhlonipho ngomshikashika wabo impumelelo, nobunzima kwezezimali, zaba zimbi yi zezimali ebonakalayo bokuphakama cooperators - ngokuvamile ntu are ngenalwazi ihlupha futhi iluhlaza. Abantu abasha esikhathini yokwakha kabusha futhi wazizwa esibucayi ngokomoya, ebona ukuthi imfundo etholwe abazali, akuqinisekisi ukuba baphile kahle. Izikhwama sikhuntile.

Omunye ilahlekelwa futhi umuntu uthola

Ukubhujiswa imibono evelele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi singakanani useduze amagugu jikelele, wayehlale ephelezelwa emikhulu drive-imihlola ngokuvamile kunzima kakhulu ukuba iningi labantu ibekezelelwe. Waqala isimangalo se-abasebenzi ezimbonini kanye abavukuzi. Ukudla kanye nenhlekelele umthengi ophakamayo ongayilindele wanyamalala emashalofini tea, i osikilidi ugwayi, ushukela, insipho ... Kulokhu, abanikazi ezinye okuthunyelwe kwenza okholwayo wangakwazi ukuceba kuyinto ukuhlelwa kabusha ezinkulu e-USSR. Kafushane ke kungenziwa kwachazwa ngokuthi inkathi wayenemfuyo kokuqala. okunguye yedwa State ukuhwebelana namanye amazwe kwaba isisulu ukuguqulwa yeningi, abantu abaye baba nokuhlangenwe nakho ezimakethe angaphandle futhi babe uxhumano kwesokudla, ngokushesha zakala nekhono yabo. Ithuba elihle kakhulu ukunikeza sokubolekwayo. imali yamaphepha Soviet ngokushesha ilahlekelwa nezimfanelo zayo nenzuzo ukuba abuyisele wayengekho kanzima, ukutshala isamba cishe noma yimuphi umkhiqizo. Uyasho, nakuba akubona bonke. Hhayi lutho. Kodwa-ke kuba izinto kancane ...

On umbuzo kazwelonke

Akukona nje kuphela phansi, kodwa futhi kwaphawulwa izenzakalo olunegazi ngesikhathi ukulungiswa. iqhubu Soviet ezinkulu kusukela nemibango engokohlanga osekuthathe sína aseBaltic esifundeni, Ferghana Valley, Sumgait, Baku, Karabakh, Osh, Chisinau, Tbilisi nakwezinye izindawo zokuma kwezwe kuze Union osanda ngokuthula. IMisa ukudala "izimpi ethandwa" ethiwa ngezindlela ezahlukene, kodwa omunye ezazinamacilongo izimpande yobuzwe. Imiboniso, imihlangano nezinye izenzo yokungalaleli civil laqothula izwe, izenzo emagunyeni 'babe elukhuni, kodwa ngemva kwabo, futhi ukuyichaza ngobuthakathaka igunya kobuholi, kanye nokungakwazi wakhe eside siphikiswa enobudlova. Kabusha 1985-1991 okubangelwa Ngokuwa Union yaba ahlukene isimo imibuso yezizwe, ngokuvamile ephikisana nomunye.

izinsuku eziyikhulu namashumi amahlanu ... noma udinga ngaphezulu?

Ngo-1990, emkhathizwe kwezomnotho wabusa imiqondo ezimbili zokungabi ukuqhubeka. Okokuqala, omunye lapho umbhali kwaba Yavlinsky, bazitshela cishe osheshayo (ezinsukwini angamakhulu amahlanu) azimele futhi kwathatha ne-capitalism, okuyinto, njengoba kwakubonakala cishe wonke umuntu, ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni lapho okuqhubekayo waphila isikhathi eside ukudlula. Indlela yesibili inikeza Ryzhkov kancane radicalized futhi Pavlov, futhi unikeze ride bushelelezi ngayo emakethe nge ikhishiwe ukukhulula zokuphatha isimo izingqinamba. Ngakho, kancane kancane ukhulisa amazinga, futhi baba ubuholi wezwe ukwenza. Nokho, kwathi le ukunyakaza kancane kokuba nethonya elilimaza.

Coup - esingalindelekile nezigwenywayo

Futhi ngo-1990, izakhamuzi zaseSoviet kungazelelwe yavela umongameli. Lokhu emlandweni isimo - kanye Tsarist nawaseSoviet - hhayi okwenzekile. Ngo-June, Russia imemezele ukuzimela kwayo, futhi manje Gorbachev kungaholela eU.SSR kuphi, kodwa hhayi e Moscow, lapho aba khona inkosi Boris Nikolaevich Eltsin, usihlalo we-Armed Forces. Gorbachev, Yiqiniso, ezibiyele ongahlabeki umxhwele, kodwa kwaba khona ukuphikisana, kanye waqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekupheleni-USSR.

Inhlolovo, owawusedolobheni ngo-March 1991, yabonisa izinto ezimbili ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, kwaba sobala ukuthi iningi lezakhamuzi Soviet (phezu 76%) ufuna ukuhlala ezweni omkhulu. Okwesibili, bakholiwe kalula ukushintsha ukucabanga kwaso, kodwa kwathi ngemva kwesikhashana.

Ngemva wayesenikelwe labetibambile ngokuwa isimo union (okusho eSoviet Union ngaphandle Russia?), Izifundo okusha umthetho international baqala ukulungiselela umshado wabo, okuyinto eqoqwe iKomiti Novo-Ogaryovo. Ngo-June, Yeltsin ophumelele okhethweni, waba umongameli wokuqala Russian. Wayefanele esayina isivumelwano wombimbi 20 Agasti. Kodwa ke kwafika kombuso, nje ngosuku ngaphambili. Bese kuba khona kwaba yizinsuku ezintathu egcwele injabulo, bakhululwe tomivshegosya e Foros Gorbachev kanye nezinye izinto eziningi, ezahlukene futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Yaphela kanjalo-ke kabusha. It sona sasingagwemeki.