Lokho Russia ethengisa phesheya ngaphandle izinto zokusetshenziswa?

Ibhalansi ukukhokhelwa kwanoma yiliphi izwe kuyinto emihle nemibi, futhi kulokhu uphawu yayo ephawula ukungenisa kwencika ngqo. Uma ngaphambi ibhalansi ukuhweba plus izindleko ke yonke into ihamba omkhulu, futhi uma omubi, kukhona ke ukungenisa kwencika kanye ukusetshenziswa okweqile izimali zakwamanye amazwe. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga kungaba ngezindlela ezimbili, noma ukunciphisa izinto ezinhlelweni zokuthenga zangaphandle, noma ukwandisa yokuthengisa kwezimpahla zabo phesheya. Russia ukwenza ngcono ukulinganisela kwaso ishidi, kodwa kwezinye izimo okwamanje ziphazamise intuthuko lo mkhuba, futhi kumelwe senze izinqumo ezibalulekile ukuze ushintshe isakhiwo lemikhiqizo. Nokho, lokhu akwenzeki ngazo zonke ezimbi, futhi kwezinye izimo ngisho ezinhle kakhulu, ngoba kunomthelela ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho jikelele. Ngakho lokho Russia manje ethengisa phesheya?

isakhiwo

Russia udayisa imikhiqizo phesheya in ezahlukene, kodwa izinto ezingewona lezimpahla babe ngo-2015, kuphela ikota lemikhiqizo Imininingwane value imigomo.

Endaweni yesibili ebaluleke kunazo zonke kuyinto yokusansimbi, kulandele chemical nokudla izimboni. Isilinganiso okomnikelo neminye imikhakha seminikelo "of lokushintshisana ngemali nomholo ziyahlukahluka kusuka kwenye inyanga kuya kwenye, kodwa manje izingxenye ezincane, futhi ngenxa yalokho namathuba angcono ukukhula. I ethembisayo kukhona electronics umkhakha futhi ukuqhubeka ezingeni yentuthuko isofthiwe.

hydrocarbon

Akukho lutho isimanga kuleli qiniso ukuthi yokudayisa uwoyela negesi eminyakeni yamuva kwehlile, sinjalo isimo namanye amazwe liye lakhula isizinda inhlekelele yembulunga yonke.

Amanani babewa isikhathi eside, manje sesinyukele ku $ 40 emgqonyeni, kodwa naphezu kwale mizamo, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphe futhi singanqotshwa uhlale shapkozakidatelskih. Okokuqala, izinto singashintsha sibe sibi kakhulu, futhi okwesibili Sekuyisikhathi eside i- "inaliti 'esiyisaga kunenkinga ukuthi zixazululeke. Nge ukukhuphuka jikelele ukuthekelisa hydrocarbon nokuthengiswa, izimali Baletha yesithathu ngaphansi kuka esikhathini esedlule, kuphela $ 343 billion. Dollars. Cishe nesimo esifanayo futhi imikhiqizo kusetshenzwe, okusho uphethiloli, udizili, njll Exchange Foreign amaholo avela kubo bawile 42%, imali ngokuya ngokuphelele, $ 67,4 amabhiliyoni. Ngesikhathi ezine ukwanda ngamaphesenti angu ukukhululwa komzimba. Ngenxa yalokho, inani imali ukuthekelisa eluhlaza lehla 46% e uhlaka.

Idoyelo nensimbi non-ayoni

Non-lezimpahla nokuthengiswa zana, futhi kakhulu, kuya ku-96 billion $ 187 billion. Ubunjwe lwemali namarisidi ezimbonini ezahlukene, futhi ungomunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu ubhekwa izinsimbi. Yena e 2015 lathola kuka $ 24 bhiliyoni. Dollars kusuka nabathengisi bakwamanye amazwe imikhiqizo yayo, okuyinto Yiqiniso, ababi, kodwa okubi kakhulu ukwedlula esikhathini esidlule. amanani Umhlaba kwehla phezu nickel kanye ayina wherein angaphezu kuka-30%, kodwa ukulahlekelwa kusuka lokhu kungaba isinxephezelo ukwanda amavolumu okuthintekayo 5.34 Mill. M. Le nickel ithengiswe phesheya 5% ngaphansi. funa Namandla uyaqhubeka esebenzisa zethusi kagesi ubumsulwa okusezingeni eliphezulu, nokuqaliswa kwalo kungase kwandise ngo-17% uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka 2014 bese uthole $ 3.1 billion. Izimali (i-60%). Aluminium Kuwumqondo omuhle, yokuthengisa yayo lafinyelela izigidi eziyizinkulungwane 3.1. M (plus 22%). Thuthukisa ukuncintisana amanani kusiza ukwehla.

Igolide nomanyolo

I metal ophuzi manje uthenga Russian ezingaphezu kuka ethengisa, kulapho ukuthi intengo manje kuyehla, Nokho, kanye nokuthekelisa kwenzeka, for ingqikithi kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane nengxenye zamaRandi. Umthengi kulezi ukuthengiselana Switzerland khulumela kaningi, kodwa manje amabhange ziyancipha ngevolumu ukukhiqizwa ingots. Kodwa ujabula nabakhiqizi kukamanyolo amaminerali, ukufunwa okuyinto ukuzinza emangalisayo. Ukuze kukhiqizwe umkhakha zamakhemikhali, kubalulekile ukuba abalimi emhlabeni wonke, wakwazi ukuthola bhiliyoni 8.9. Dollars

izitshalo

Ngokusobala, kule ndawo Russia kuzothatha isikhundla okuholela okokuqala e engaphezu kweyikhulu, ngisho dlula-United States, futhi lokhu naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izenzo ezithile uhulumeni awazange afake isandla kule mpumelelo, kodwa kunalokho uvinjelwe. Ukwethulwa ngo-February ka ngonyaka odlule, imisebenzi ukuthekelisa ngisho bavunyelwe ukusizakala imithelela ukwehlisa ruble, futhi bonke abalimi imali eyengeziwe waya akhokhe izimali. Lapho yokuthengisa iconsi ngu-27% e-trade neGibithe, Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan South Africa kanye nokwehla jikelele inzuzo ngo-2015, kulesi 2016, kufanele silindele ukukhula okukhulu (Wall Street Journal ne-US Department of Agriculture).

izingxenye nezinhlelo zekhompyutha

Abangaphezu kwesigidi esingu-1.1 zamaRandi ezimakethe zangaphandle etholwe 2015 Abenzi Russian chips futhi zonke izilimi. Kubonakala izindaba engalindelekile, cishe umuzwa, okuchitha ngokuphelele umqondo eziphoqelelwe mayelana backwardness wezwe zobuchwepheshe. Kuvela elinye iqiniso elithakazelisayo ukuthi abathengi main atholakele eJalimane, lapho wathatha 98% ukukhiqizwa yayo, kodwa futhi atholwe Malaysia, ngaphandle kwelaseNdiya neChina, okungukuthi, izwe ngokwalo kubhekwa abakhiqizi eziholela of zikagesi. Bit izilimi wachitha elise-Algeria. Lezi "izingxenye amakhompyutha" yabonisa nokwanda kokungabi 70%, ikakhulukazi e-Germany, badayisa ngoba $ 469 million. Ngaphezu ngo-2014. Ukudiliva eyenziwe "T-Platform", okuyinto kulesi senzakalo ngisho wayinquma unswinyo uhlu (January 2014) Ngokusho abahlaziyi, uMbuso akufanele kuphazamise nge umkhakha asathuthuka, kodwa namanje hhayi endaweni futhi uyokusekela izinkampani imayelana yini osendaweni izindawo ebalulekile emnothweni kwamanye amazwe. Software onjiniyela wathola ngo-2015 eziyisikhombisa bhiliyoni.

izikhali

Russia waba yindawo unethemba lesibili emhlabeni e ukuthekelisa kwemikhiqizo ukuzivikela. Abalingani lomcoka 2015 babe India neGibithe, futhi ukulethwa ezanda eVietnam, Iraq nasePeru abathenge yempi (kuhlanganise ngwenya), iziteshi radar, izinhlelo emoyeni ukuzivikela, izindiza nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane. Zonke mikhiqizo zinezikhathi high value added futhi ukuqinisekisa nokugcinwa ezidingekayo futhi replenishment okudlekayo imikhiqizo kanye abaqeqeshwayo, nakho kwenza inzuzo futhi ezimakethe zangaphandle. Ukuthunyelwa Algeria kukhuphuke ngo $ 2 billion, Vietnam -. Ukuze $ 1.7 bhiliyoni, Bangladesh -. Ukuze $ 866 million, Kuwait -. Ukuze $ 406 izigidi ezingu .. (ninefold!) Befuna ukushaqeka ezokuthutha ezinophephela emhlane, ukuhlaselwa izindiza, missile izinhlelo, amaningi iziqhumane nomoya ukuzivikela, kanye nezinye zaseRussia imishini yesimanje lempi. Ikakhulukazi ngokushesha ukuthuthukisa ukubambisana sokulwa India kulokhu izinkontileka azigcini ukudayiswa kanye co-production ziphathelene amasampula ezinye.

umkhakha Izithuthi

izibalo ezisemthethweni ngozwela eqoshiwe ukwehla emazweni angaphandle ka izimoto ezithwala ngo-2015 kuya ku-25%. Ongenisa eyinhloko Vaz manje kubhekwe Kazakhstan. Imakethe Ukrainian is cishe ivaliwe ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili, kuhlanganise ukunqunywa unswinyo kanye solvency eliphansi kakhulu zabantu abasesigabeni esiphakathi zaziba (okuyinto zisekujuleni futhi "Lada") kuleli lizwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimoto ezivela Togliatti ukuthola PRC (7%), Turkey (3%), eJalimane (4%) kanye Belarus (20%). On the ukwehla yokuthengisa bathonya ukwehla we Tenge, kodwa kukhona ezifihliwe futhi ukungena, okuyinto acabangele nzima kakhulu. Lapho 40-protsentrnom yokuthengisa ukuwa eKazakhstan, izakhamuzi eziningi kule lizwe ukuthenga izimoto eRussia, futhi distilled bebodwa. Ngokuvamile, "AvtoVAZ" ethengiswe CIS e 2015 izimoto at 58% uma kuqhathaniswa nangonyaka ka-2014. Nokho, amaloli "Ural" zigcwaliseka kule makethe, ngisho ukwanda 15% e isamba ayizinkulungwane 2.3. Pieces.