Lipids - kuyini? Lipids: imisebenzi, izici

Lipids - kuyini? NgesiGreki, igama elithi "lipids" lisho "izinhlayiya ezincane zamafutha." Zimelela iqembu lamakhemikhali ezinhlobo zemvelo eziphilayo, kufaka phakathi amafutha ngqo, kanye nezinto ezifana namafutha. Ziyingxenye yazo zonke izingqamuzana eziphilayo, ngaphandle kokunye, futhi zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezilula neziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukubunjwa kwe-lipids elula kuhlanganisa utshwala namafutha acids, futhi okuyinkimbinkimbi kunezici ezinamandla. Bobabili bahlobene nezinambuzane eziphilayo, banomthelela kuma-enzyme asebenzayo, futhi bahlanganyele ekubunjweni kwemizwa ye-nerve ekhuthaza imisindo ye-muscle.

Amafutha kanye ne-hydrophobia

Omunye wemisebenzi ye-lipids yilapho kudalwa indawo yokugcina amandla emzimbeni kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi okukhunjulwa kwesikhumba kuhlanganiswe nokuvikelwa kokushisa okushisayo. Ezinye izinto ezinamafutha angenamafutha acids nazo zihlukaniswa njenge-lipids, isibonelo, ama-sterols nama-terpenes. I-Lipids ayikwazi ukuthonywa yindawo ephikisayo, kodwa iyancibilika kalula ezinkolweni eziphilayo ezifana ne-chloroform, i-benzene, i-acetone.

I-Lipids, isethulo esiqhutshwa ngezikhathi ezithile emininingwaneni yamazwe ngamazwe mayelana nokutholakala okusha, kuyisihloko esingapheli sokucwaninga nocwaningo lwesayensi. Umbuzo othi "Lipids - kuyini?" Ungalokothi ulahlekelwe ukuhambisana kwawo. Noma kunjalo, intuthuko yesayensi ayimi. Muva nje, kuye kwaqanjwa amasha amaningi amakhemikhali e-biosynthetic ne lipids. Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-organic compounds kungaba nzima ngenxa yokufaniswa kwezinye izici ezithile, kodwa umahluko omkhulu kwezinye izilinganiso. Ngokuvamile kaningi iqembu elihlukile lidalwa, emva kwalokho isithombe esiphezulu sokusebenzisana okuhambisanayo kwezinto ezihlobene kuvuselelwe.

I-Membrane yeselula

Lipids - yini lokhu ngokuphathelene nenhloso yokusebenza? Okokuqala, yiyona ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yamangqamuzana aphilayo nama-tissu ama-vertebrates. Iningi lezinqubo emzimbeni zenzeka ngokubamba iqhaza kwe-lipids, ukwakhiwa kwezingqimba zamangqamuzana, ukuhlanganisana kanye nokushintshaniswa kwezibonakaliso emvelweni we-intercellular akukwenzi ngaphandle kwamafutha amaningi.

I-Lipids - kuyini, uma ibukwa ngokombono we-hormone ephuma phambili ephuma ngokushesha, ama-phosphoinositides nama-prostaglandin? Lokhu, okokuqala, ukutholakala kwiplasma yegazi ye- fatty acid acids, okuyinto, ngencazelo, izingxenye ezihlukene zezinhlaka ze-lipid. Ngenxa yamakhemikhali ase-hydrophobic, umzimba uphoqeleka ukukhiqiza izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhamba kwazo. Ama-acids amafutha e-lipids adluliselwa ngokuyinkimbinkimbi nge-albinini, futhi amapoprotein anqunywe ngamanzi athathwa ngendlela evamile.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-lipids

Ukusatshalaliswa kwamakhemikhali anesimo semvelo, ngesigaba, inqubo ehambisana nezinkinga ezithile eziphikisanayo. I-Lipids ngokuphathelene nezindawo eziphilayo zezinto eziphilayo nezakhi zingahle zibhekiswe ezigabeni ezahlukene. Izigaba eziyinhloko ze lipids zihlanganisa ama-simple and complex complexes.

Elula kukhona:

• I-Glycerides yi-ester ye-glycerol utshwala namafutha acids wesigaba esiphezulu.
• I-Waxes - ester yamafutha ephakeme ase-fat kanye ne-2-athomu utshwala.

Lipids eziyinkimbinkimbi:

• I-phospholipid ihlanganiswa - ngokufaka izingxenye ze-nitrogenous, i-glycerophospholipids, i-ophitolipids.
• I-Glycolipids - etholakala ezingxenyeni zangaphandle zomzimba.
• I-Steroids yizinto ezikhuthele kakhulu ezithombeni.
• Amafutha anamanzi - ama-sterols, ama-lipoproteins, ama-sulfolipids, ama-aminolipids, i-glycerol, i-hydrocarbons.

Ukusebenza

Amafutha e-Lipid asebenza njengezinto eziphathekayo ezingxenyeni zeselula. Bamba iqhaza ekuthuthweni kwezinto ezihlukahlukene ezungeze umjikelezo womzimba. Izindwangu zamathambo ngesisekelo sezinhlaka zamaphilisi zisiza ukuvikela umzimba kusuka e-hypothermia. Yiba nomsebenzi wesitoreji samandla "endaweni yokugcina."

Izitolo zamafutha zigxila kwi-cytoplasm yamaseli ngendlela yamaconsi. Izilwane ezinama-vertebrate, kuhlanganise nabantu, zinamaseli akhethekile - ama-adipocyte, angaba namafutha amaningi. Indawo yokuqoqwa kwamafutha ku-adipocytes ingenxa yama-enzyme e-lipid.

Imisebenzi yemvelo

Amafutha akuwona nje umthombo onamandla onokwethenjelwa, futhi unendawo yokushisa, ekhuthazwa yi-biology. I-Lipids ngesikhathi esifanayo ingafeza imisebenzi eminingana ewusizo, njengokupholisa umzimba emzimbeni noma, ngokuphambene, ukugxila kwayo okushisayo. Ezindaweni ezisenyakatho, ezibhekene namazinga okushisa aphansi, zonke izilwane ziqoqa amafutha, okufakwa kuwo wonke umzimba ngokulinganayo, ngaleyo ndlela yakha ungqimba wokuvikela, okwenza umsebenzi wokuvikela ukushisa. Lokhu kubaluleke ikakhulukazi ezilwaneni ezinkulu zasolwandle: amawhale, izigxobo, izimpawu.

Izilwane ezihlala emazweni ashisayo nazo zibuthelela amafutha, kodwa aziwabalali kuwo wonke umzimba, kodwa zigxila ezindaweni ezithile. Isibonelo, amafutha ekamela aqoqwe emahlathini, izilwane zasendle ziba nomsila omfushane, omfushane. Imvelo ihlola ngokucophelela ukubeka kahle kokubili amafutha namanzi eziphilayo eziphilayo.

Umsebenzi wesakhiwo se-lipids

Zonke izinqubo ezihambisana nomsebenzi obalulekile wezinto eziphilayo zihambisana nemithetho ethile. I-Phospholipids iyisisekelo sezingqimba eziphilayo ze-membrane yamangqamuzana, futhi i-cholesterol ilawula uketshezi kwalezi zingqimba. Ngakho-ke, amangqamuzana amaningi aphilayo azungezwe izingxube ze-plasma ene-double layer of lipids. Lokhu kuhlushwa kuyadingeka kumsebenzi ovamile weselula. Enye ye-microparticle ye-biomembrane iqukethe ama-molecule angaphezu kwesigidi, aphethe izici ezimbili: kokubili i-hydrophobic ne-hydrophilic. Njengomthetho, lezi zakhiwo ezizikhethela azifani, ngakho-ke injongo yabo yokusebenza ibonakala inengqondo. Lipids esitokisini ngumlawuli osebenzayo wemvelo. Ingqimba ye-hydrophobic ivame ukubusa iphinde ivikele isikhwameni segesi kusukela ekungeneni kwe-ions eziyingozi.

I-Glycerophospholipids, i-phosphatidylethanolamine, i-phosphatidylcholine, i-cholesterol iphinde ikhuthaze ukungapheleli kwamangqamuzana. Ezingxenyeni zomzimba zikhona ezinye i-membrane lipids, lokhu kuyi-sphingomyelin ne-sphingoglycolipid. Umuthi ngamunye wenza umsebenzi othile.

Lipids ekudleni komuntu

I-Triglycerides - amafutha angathathi hlangothi, angumthombo ophumelelayo wamandla. Ama- acids amafutha asuke ecebile enyameni nemikhiqizo yobisi. Futhi ama-acids anamafutha, kodwa angenayo i-unsaturated, equkethe amantongomane, i-sunflower namafutha omnqumo, imbewu nezinhlamvu zommbila. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umzimba awukhulisi uketshezi lwe-cholesterol, kunconywa ukuthi umkhawulo wansuku zonke wamafutha wesilwane unqunyelwe kumaphesenti angu-10.

Lipids nama-carbohydrate

Izilwane eziningi ezivela emfuyweni "zibeka" amafutha ngamaphuzu athile, izicubu ezingaphansi kwesikhumba, kwezinye izikhumba zesikhumba, kwezinye izindawo. Ukuxoshwa kwe-lipids yama-fatty deposits kuphuza, ngakho-ke inqubo yokushintshwa kwayo ku-carbon dioxide namanzi ivumela ukuthola amandla amaningi, cishe kabili ama-carbohydrate angakunika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhi ze-hydrophobic zamafutha zinciphisa isidingo sokusebenzisa amanzi amaningi ukuze kuvuselelwe i-hydration. Ukushintsha kwamafutha kwisigaba samandla kwenzeka "okomile". Kodwa-ke, amafutha ahamba kancane kakhulu ngokukhululwa kwamandla, futhi afaneleka kakhulu ezilwaneni esimweni se-hibernation. I-lipids kanye nama-carbohydrate kubonakala sengathi ziyahambisana phakathi nenqubo ebalulekile yomzimba.