Likuphi eLapland Reserve. ELapland Biosphere Reserve

Wake wezwa mayelana eLapland fabulous? Yiqiniso yebo! Nokho, akubona bonke uyazi mayelana khona eLapland Reserve. Kuyini yena adumile? Indlela okusebenza? Kulesi sihloko sizozama ukuphendula le futhi abaningi mibuzo neminye ehlobene nale ndawo amazing.

Ukuze uqale, thola lapho eLapland Reserve. Itholakala enyakatho, e-Murmansk esifundeni. Wayengumuntu kakade cishe iminyaka engu-100 ubudala, futhi ngaphezu kwalesi sakhiwo sokuhlala Santa Claus ziningi izinto ezithakazelisayo izivakashi abavamile kanye nososayensi. indawo Reserve sika kuthinta lingakanani - ingaphezu 278 435 amahektha, 8574 zazo odonsa amanzi endaweni emachibini noma emifuleni. Ngenxa yalesi usayizi eLapland Nature Reserve yiyo enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu eYurophu.

indaba

Le ndawo sesikhashana wadalwa Lenoblispolkoma isinqumo ngoJanuwari 1930. Ngalezo zinsuku, yonke iNhlonhlo Kola ingeyamakhosi Executive Committee of Leningrad esifundeni. iminyaka engu-20 kwaba emazweni reindeer reserve, kodwa sivaliwe isikhathi esingaziwa ngo-1951. Ngenhlanhla, lesi simo isixazululiwe kuqhathaniswa ngokushesha, ugodle eLapland wavulwa futhi ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu, bhalisiwe futhi wathola isimo isimo.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi "eLapland" umngcele washintsha ngezikhathi ezithile, futhi kaningi bebheke ngincipha. Lokhu kungenxa ukuthuthukiswa izidubedube engxenyeni kwekhulu elidlule ku Monchetundra izindawo wesibili. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, ngo-1983, kuze kufike endaweni ebekelwe kwathiwa unamathisele endaweni olubabazeka kakhulu engxenyeni esentshonalanga (129,577 ha). It zazilingana cishe u-100% endaweni yokuqala. Izwe isimo usunike "eLapland" e isinxephezelo kwekhabhoni encishisiwe laphinde labhidlika isitshalo "Severonikel" umhlaba abasengxenyeni esempumalanga ye Reserve.

Phakathi no-February 1985 eLapland State Biosphere Reserve esithathwayo ngaphansi kwesivikelo UNESCO ngokuthi izabelo uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Project "Mangalisayo eLapland" wethulwa kweminyaka eyishumi (1995). Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, esiqiwini waqala ukumela hhayi kuphela ucwaningo kanye nezemvelo, kodwa futhi value kwamasiko.

ELapland Nature Reserve - landscape

Esikhathini izinsuku Valdai glaciation Peninsula Kola ehlanganiswa okufanayo ice ishidi ohlanganisa Greenland namuhla. Wasenyamalala iminyaka 10,000 edlule, kokushiya Emathafeni kuya bulala enamandla moraine namadwala yeqhwa-eshelelayo enamandla okukhiphayo, ezibizwa ngokuthi "yemvu emabunzini". Ngemva glaciation kukhona cishe awekho rocks sedimentary. Basuke sithathelwe indawo izingqimba angenalutho ubudala Archean, ikakhulukazi gneisses.

Ngemva ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa okwakungokokuqala ngqá izindawo eziningi yeNhlonhlo Kola eside awunalutho. Ekuqaleni, imimoya izinyoni ulethwe lapha izingxabano ulele futhi wona, imbewu utshani. Izitshalo nomthelela ukubhujiswa kancane yesithombe itshe yeNhlonhlo Kola kanye kumiswa kwenhlabathi. Ngokushesha impela badlands ezingenamgogodla ixazululwe, okuyinto ziye zaba nomthelela landscape ukushintsha.

Khona-ke baqala ukwakha amahlathi nezimfunda, ekugcineni ukuthatha ifomu samanje.

Imifula nemihosha

ELapland Indawo egicna imvelo (Monchegorsk) imelelwa zinhlobo okwandile izilwane nezitshalo enyakatho-Eurasia. Ngenxa glaciation esandulele kuleli zwe, njengoba ngempela wonke of eScandinavia, libhekene sokungabi nhlobo zilwane sendawo.

ELapland ecosystem wadala muva nje, ngakho inqubo yokwazisa ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezintsha ezihlukahlukene zezilwane nezitshalo lusaqhubeka. Lesitshalo ukwehluka eziningi zezilwane nezimila kushintsha njalo, kuba sincane.

ELapland reserve uvamela echichima emifuleni okusheshayo ukusakaza entabeni. Kwezinye izindawo, bathi abasezikhundleni bayathula, ube ibhange emaweni of wapheka. Ngezinye izingosi, Rapids kwesikhukhula nge amadlambi emhlophe.

Abaningi esiqiwini amachibi ezincane nezinkulu, itshe, futhi ngezinye izikhathi isihlabathi noma embozwe sedge amabhange. River izigodi yokwelula Yagelnaya amahlathi. Cover lwentaba shady sonwele-zelenomoshniki. izigodi Wide thutheleka fudlana zazo izungezwe isiqeshana ewumngcingo obucayi birch, okufakwe lapha nge kusakazeka enkulu yamatshe, ohlanganisa izindawo eliqhakazile ulele emibalabala.

Leli chibi elikhulu kunawo wonke - Imandra, indawo 880 km ^2. Itholakala iziqhingi ezingaphezu kuka-150. Imifula ngobukhulu - Strelna, Varzuga, Umba.

emathafeni

ELapland Indawo egicna imvelo (Murmansk esifundeni) izimila ezehlukene, okuyinto kunqunywa indawo yayo ezindawo - km 120 enyakatho ye-Arctic Circle - kanye landscape entabeni. Ngemva ukuncibilika ebusweni ice kwenhlabathi ixazululwe ulele futhi wona. Esikhathini kwezimo ezinzima entabeni emathafeni, reindeer moss entabeni ezivamile - uju oluthandayo reindeers. Kwezinye izindawo, bayashintsha amatshe nezihlahla, crowberry, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, cranberry, bearberry. Bona ephila, futhi sezihlahla rhododendron kuropatochey utshani (Dryad).

Kwezinye izindawo, kukhona saxifrage esidayisa noma isiguqo emise, Onomusa ovsyannitsa ongaphakeme birch yemifino. Isikhathi izimbali zalezi zindawo mihle kakhulu.

ehlathini polar

Omunye kwempahla eyinhloko ezindaweni eLapland Reserve Ihlathi ezikhulayo ku kula mazwe kusukela 3 kuya kwezingu-10 eminyakeni. Isilinganiso sobudala izihlahla lukhula lapha iminyaka 300. Ezinye zezinhlobo zifinyelela ubude obungamamitha angu-15 amamitha. ukuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo kwe ehlathini polar ngenxa sezulu kuqhathaniswa mnene futhi ukungabi oluphelele eyiqhwa ungqimba kugcwele.

Ebusika, inhlabathi ivikelwe iqhwa, futhi zilimaze ngoba awulukhuni. Izihlahla zikhula kancane, kodwa ukufinyelela usayizi olubabazeka kakhulu, it is hhayi ekhumbula isitokwe elikhulayo ihlathi emathafeni yeSiberia.

Pine wasekhaya unamakhono izinaliti iDemo ehlala hhayi iminyaka emithathu, futhi cishe iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa. Eminyakeni yamuva, lokhu zohlobo yaziwa njengenye elinye ifomu - zikaphayini Vries.

Ajwayelekile kithi Hlobisa ukufaka endaweni esiqiwini sonwele laseSiberia nge sici for lolu hlobo Izigaxa encane.

Arctic kanye warty birch ikhula emahlathini sonwele futhi emahlathini. esinindolweni kwaphela siqukethe lukagamthilini, umjunipha laseSiberia, imbuzi willow kanye nezinye izinhlobo neminyezane.

Umhlabathi izimila ungqimba Reserve siluhlaza okwandile nezihlahla - crowberry, lingonberry, Onomusa, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, nezinhlobo eziningana Wintergreen. Kunezindlela eziningi siluhlaza izitshalo herbaceous - Luzula pilosa, izinwele utshani.

Inala uzwakalise ungqimba moss. Esikhathini zikaphayini emahlathini wona ngokuvamile kuhlanganiswe ulele cladonia (Alpine, deerskin ezithambile). I mkhawulo yehlathi ephawulwe ezingeni ukuphakama 380 m.

Izilwane eLapland Indawo egicna imvelo

Imvelo kule ndawo enhle ayikwazi kubhekwe acwebile. Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka, Sami abaye benza ngempumelelo e-reindeer ezaziphila ngokufuya, futhi ngokufanelekile, ukubhubhisa izilwane ezidla ezinye.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, lokulidolobha laseLapland zimbalwa kakhulu reindeer futhi ezinkulu ezizingelayo.

reindeer

Entshonalanga, eNhlonhlweni Yase-Kola ngaleso sikhathi wahlala kuphela abangaba yikhulu reindeer.

Kwakudingekile ukuba athathe izinyathelo esiphuthumayo ukuze kuvikelwe lezi zilwane, ngakho ngo-1930, futhi kwakuhlelwa eLapland Reserve. Ngokushesha zokuvikela wanika imiphumela yokuqala omuhle.

Namuhla wokugodla njalo siphile engaphezu kwenkulungwane abantu. Deer uncamela amahlathi-belomoshniki futhi entabeni-emathafeni landscape. ELapland esiqiwini ocebile ozithandayo ukudla kwabo - reindeer moss. Ngenxa imisebenzi yezokuphepha eside-Reserve izinyamazane zasendle ukusakaza wonke nhlonhlo, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke ku sezintaba ezinamahlathi esentshonalanga.

Ekuqaleni XX leminyaka ku eLapland Biosphere Reserve ngemva kokunyamalala isikhathi eside wabuya nama-beaver-moose. Ngokuthakazelisayo, i-moose ebhekana wafika kulezi zindawo eningizimu oseningizimu-ntshonalanga ngokwabo, kodwa ama-beaver zaziphawuleka ngokukhethekile alethwe eceleni kwedolobha Voronezh. Nakuba kokubili zinhlobo iyivela kancane.

Abantu abahlukumeza abanye

ELapland Nature Reserve yiyo insimu yayo, futhi ezinkulu ezizingelayo. Okuvame kakhulu Ibhere elinsundu. Wolverines, nezimpisi lynxes zimbalwa. Kukhona futhi izimpungushe, kodwa isibalo sabo sincane kakhulu. Weasel, marten, Ermine zenzeka kaningi. Ubusika Snowy abasakwazi ukhululekile ngenxa yokuphila izimvukuzane futhi lemmings.

izinyoni

Zonke izinyoni ezihlala eLapland Reserve, ukuchaza ngokuningiliziwe esihlokweni iDemo akunakwenzeka. Ngakho-ke, namuhla siyakuvuna gcina kwethu nalabo zinhlobo ezikule ndawo kunenani elikhulu kwemvelo.

kufuduka lokushutheka futhi siyenzeka 20 zezintaka Waterfowl. Kufanele kuqashelwe a, oziphatha njengomncane ihansi ezincane ezimhlophe-fronted. Muva nje, lolu hlobo iphela ngokushesha cishe wonke Insimu ndawo. Ngokungafani nezinye goose enyakatho, fronted ihansi izidleke ogwini emifuleni entabeni nemifudlana.

Indawo yokuqala ku ukubaluleka esiqiwini ugajwe grouse - grouse capercaillie, grouse emnyama ptarmigan nezimfunda. Lezi zilwane yokugcina uhlala emathafeni ase entabeni, omunye zakhele ehlathini.

izinyoni okunjalo ezidla inyama ezingavamile ezifana nengqungqulu, i-golden eagle, ukhozi, ukhozi elimhlophe-tailed, esiqiwini uzizwa ukhululekile ngokuphelele.

izikhova

Abamele zalezi zinyoni ungathanda usitshele kabanzi. Kunzima ukuthola emhlabeni kwenye indawo ezifana eLapland State Biosphere Reserve, lapho mikhulu, kodwa kungagcini insimu okwakuhlala kulo eziyisishiyagalombili zezintaka izikhova.

Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu - encane hawk isikhova. Nanguya omele kwezinhlobo zabomdabu emahlathini enyakatho. izimpaphe zayo ihlangana kahle ngemuva okuyinto adalwe-birch enyakatho.

"Dade" wakhe - great gray owl - iyona enkulu kunazo zonke isikhova ihlathi Boreal, kodwa wakuthola ngempela ezingavamile. It uncamela bahlala ehlathini, nese ezivulekile, isibonelo, nge sphagnum bogs.

Boreal futhi elibhekwa njengabaThwa isikhova - isikhova kulencane eRussia. Ekhetha ukuhlala wafingqa nge ngesihlahla sonwele kanye fir namahlathi birch.

Marsh isikhova, isikhova Ural futhi isikhova ukhozi - kwekulu nezilwane emhlabeni. Ayembalwa, kodwa kungenye into ehluke ejwayelekile eLapland Reserve omhlophe noma izikhova polar.

Ngenxa yokuthi e-Arctic ebusuku ukukhanya, izikhova bephoqeleka ukuba bamuke umsebenzi wokufuna emini. White Nights inkathi yinde - ikhulu namashumi izinsuku (kusukela ekucaleni May kuze kwesigamu Agasti wesibili). Phakathi nalesi sikhathi izikhova kudingeka sikhule sondle amatshwele. Ngakho-ke, ukuze ubone isikhova flying ngesikhathi sasemini kulula ukugcina.

Ungakwazi njalo angabonwa kodwa zibe sebuthweni lezokuvikela marsh isikhova. It izimpukane izikhala kancane evulekile, ngifuna isilwane abasifunayo. Thanda izikhova amaningi, nakhona isitho ezibaluleke kakhulu sezinzwa kuyinto indlebe, nakuba amehlo ayo angeke ngokuthi ababuthakathaka.

Lapho ukukhanya kwelanga ehlathini kungabonwa isikhova hawkish. Izinhlobo ezimbili zezintuthwane izikhova eziphatha ngendlela covertly, bayazibuza nje ukuhlangabezana ngengozi. Benza "Isitoreji" yabo agcwalise izihlahla. Lapha azowaphilisa la idiphozi izidumbu amagundane amancane, nezinyoni ngezinye izikhathi ezincane.

nzima nakakhulu ukuthola isikhova eside tailed tawny isikhova. It okuzelwe abazingeli. Ngaphezu sidla amagundane amancane, okuyizinto ngesisekelo ukudla kwabo, zingabantu engakwenqeni adle izinyoni ezahlukene nezilwane ezincelisayo. Owl Ubamba grouse futhi izingwejeje, ungaphuthelwa ithuba futhi unqobe Ermine.

isikhova esikhulu kunazo zonke eLapland reserve ngokuvamile kuzingelwa grouse onogwaja futhi grouse. Kwakukhona izimo lapho ngempumelelo ezingelwa marten. Nokho, lapho miss angaba isisulu.

Izikhova, ngiyabonga ukuzwa izindawo bayakwazi ukubamba amagundane ngaphansi ungqimba obukhulu iqhwa, ngakho cishe zonke izinhlobo, ngaphandle Owl eared, kusingathwa.

kwezesayensi

Isiqondiso eyinhloko yomsebenzi yesayensi eLapland Reserve - sokugcina nokwandisa labantu reindeer zasendle e yoke imikhawulo yeNhlonhlo Kola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi abasebenzi zihlanganisa ukuqapha kanye cwaningo reserve eduze wamabhizinisi kwezezimboni imvelo kanye nemvelo okuqhubekayo. Izitshalo ezihlukahlukene nezilwane edonsela hhayi abasebenzi bendawo kuphela ngokuvamile ososayensi abaningi bevela kwamanye amazwe.

Ucwaningo we izimo zokuphila nemikhuba inyamazane sasendle saqala ngo-1929, ngaphambi kuvulwa esiqiwini. Amarekhodi lokuqala lezi zilwane kwadingeka M. Kreps entabeni ebusika.

Uhambo

ELapland Nature Reserve - indawo olunothile. Ngaphezu emangalisa izintaba ezinhle, amahlathi lasendulo nezilwane zasendle, ungathola lokujwayela emagugu emasiko we Sami, futhi ebusika ukuya ekuvakasheni basembhoshongweni Santa Claus.

Reserve ukuvakashelwa zingenzeka kuphela ilungiselelo ngaphambi nabaphathi. Ukuze uhlele uhambo, kufanele usebenzise okungenhla yokuxhumana agcinele inthanethi.