Kwamanye amadolobha kukhona lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky. Ukubuyiselwa lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky kusayithi mlando e Moscow

ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kuphela sele idlulile solo ukubuya lesikhumbuzo ukuze FE Dzerzhinsky ku Lubyanka Square. Abaphikisi nabasekeli lesi sinqumo iziphathimandla kwaba iqoqo elikhulu. Ukuze uqonde izizathu ukusabela umphakathi olunesivunguvungu, zama ukuqonda indima yomuntu emlandweni Iron uFeliksi USSR.

Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky: Biography

Lomholi odumile nenkathi yamaSoviet waqala umsebenzi wakhe emndenini gentry lawela - Edward Iosifovicha Dzerzhinsky ukukhonza umfundisi esikoleni sendawo. Igama eSoviet Commissioner - uFeliksi - Latin ihumusha ngokuthi "ojabulayo '. Futhi wanikezwa ingane lokuthi unina, ina izinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuzalwa ukunganaki emiphongolweni evulekile, hhayi kuphela awazange ayiphule ngokwayo, kodwa futhi wakwazi ukuvikela umntanakhe ekulimaleni.

Dzerzhinsk umndeni waphila ukuphila ocebile. Kwake kwathi ngo-1882, i-inhloko yomkhaya ebulawa isifo sofuba, unina kwadingeka eyodwa-handedly bakhulise izingane eziyisishiyagalolunye, ngingowokuqala bani ngaleso sikhathi wayeneminyaka eyishumi nambili ubudala, kanti uthumbu - nje unyaka nesigamu.

Naphezu kwabo bonke lobu bunzima, feliks Edmundovich kwadingeka ithuba lokuyofunda e esikoleni Lithuanian, lapho-1895, wahlangana nezithunywa of Social Democratic ukunyakaza, futhi wajoyina iqembu. Ngokuphathelene ukuqeqeshwa yomsebenzi, esikhathi sebuhlaziyiwe ulwazi le nsizwa njengoba Okuqukethwe akuzwakali. Ngakho, kusukela kumadokhumenti Dzerzhinsky wahlala kabili ekilasini lokuqala futhi ayikwazanga ukuqedela ukuqeqeshwa, wanikwa isigamu nje isitifiketi beqeda ibanga lesithupha. By the way, Russian nomGreki, ayenakho emamaki abanelisi.

Nokho, ukwehluleka esikoleni kungaphazamisi umsebenzi yimpumelelo ngomshoshaphansi. Dzerzhinsky ngo-1896, imatasa inkulumo-ze phakathi artisan kanye abasebenzi embonini, okuyiwona wakhushulelwa enecala wagwetshwa kanzima, nezixhumanisi. Ngisho nokuba esitokisini, Dzerzhinsky elungiselela Okthoba Revolution, wahlela eziqhelelene lokuqala Red Guard e Moscow, azobamba iqhaza emihlanganweni iqembu. Ngemva inguquko wathatha isikhundla ebalulekile kuhulumeni waseSoviet, baba inhloko eziqhelelene Commissariats (Yabantu Commissariat - igunya eliyingqikithi Union republic) futhi wasungula Cheka (Wonke-Russian Olumangalisayo Commission for Ukulwisana Ukuphikisa Revolution Sabotage).

Abafile feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky yinhliziyo kubangelwa ukuphazamiseka kwemizwa, ngesikhathi inkulumo emhlanganweni weKomidi Central, Julayi 20, 1926.

umsebenzi State

Usezingeni izikhundla kuhulumeni hulumeni ophethwe amasosha asanda kwakhiwa, Dzerzhinsky athuthukile wonke umsebenzi ofanayo okunomkhuhlane ukuthi babevamile ngesikhathi imisebenzi wamavukelambuso ngomshoshaphansi. Figure Iron uFeliksi namanje impikiswano emlandweni ukwakheka kanye nenhlangano zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Futhi kuze kube namuhla kubangela eziningi izingxabano.

Lokumiswa njengelungu okuthunyelwe yokuba inhloko Cheka, feliks Edmundovich isungule yena abe ngumholi ezinzima futhi ononya okwalapha kokubhubhisa yimuphi umzamo yokungalaleli. Kwakungesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe ukuthi Cheka liyingxenye umkhuba njalo kwenqubomgomo zobuphekula. Akwenzekanga ngephutha ukuthi okwenziwa Cheka kamuva kakhulu West ngeke ukuxhumana amahlebezi awful kakhulu futhi imfihlakalo.

Dzerzhinsky wacabanga ukuthi umzabalazo wokulwa esiphikisayo revolution avunyelwe izinyathelo kuhlanganise ukwesaba mass. It is uyasho ngesitatimende odumile ukuthi inqubomgomo repressionnaya Cheka kubaluleke kakhulu futhi kudingekile, ngisho noma "kuba ngephutha inkemba phezu kwamakhanda abantu abangenacala." Yena uphikisa amandla imikhawulo ejensi, obala wakhuthaza ukusetshenziswa zezinyathelo olunzima izihlubuki.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo lo omkhulu "chekist" igama lihlotshaniswa imisebenzi eminingi lokudala. Ngakho, ngemva Okthoba Revolution ezitaladini ke libalelwa ezigidini eziyisihlanu abangenamakhaya, futhi kwaba ngaphansi kokuqondisa Dzerzhinsky boarding kuphakama avelelwe yesikhashana, lezintandane nekhaya zezingane, lapho izingane zithola yonke ngosizo oludingekayo kanye kwadingeka ithuba lokufunda. Phakathi abokufika lokuqala izinhlangano ezinjalo - eziyisishiyagalombili wangaphambili izingane emgwaqweni owaba academician zase-USSR, futhi omunye wabo - Nikolay Petrovich Dubin - wehlela emlandweni kunjengoba isazi sezakhi zofuzo abaziwa umhlaba wonke.

Omunye imisebenzi iqembu lezombusazwe Dzerzhinsk ingabe ukuhlanganyela yayo asebenzayo kwezemidlalo impilo yezwe. Eqaphela ukuthi abasebenzi umnyango amandla akukwazi ngaphandle imfanelo level ezinhle, kwakha DSO "Dynamo", okuyinto namuhla ingenye ethandwa kakhulu ezemidlalo imiphakathi yeRussia.

Feliks Edmundovich ezimpini ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho isimo. Esiphakeme Economic Council, wayehileleka ukuthuthukiswa yabadobi ukuhweba yangasese, ngazama ukwakha izimo ezikahle sokuthuthukisa izimakethe ezweni, ekufuneni izindlela zokunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza.

Njengoba izinguquko pro-besekele izinqubomgomo kwezimboni wezwe. Ngaphansi umyalo wakhe ubonakala iyunifomu eziyinkimbinkimbi Metallurgical isibe omunye eziphambili kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Dzerzhinsky wagxeka uhulumeni kanye party oboné yephutha ezinkulu e lokuhlushwa ukunakekela Metallic ezempi. Ngo ziphikisa imigomo yezomnotho efanayo uye ngokuphindaphindiwe wacela ukwesula.

Dzerzhinsky zobuciko

Umfanekiso esinganqobeki Iron uFeliksi ngokuvamile yasetshenziswa abalobi nabahlaziyi bezindaba nabenzi bamabhayisikobho. isithombe sikahulumeni gqizisa izitembu zokuposa. imisebenti yayo sung evesini abalobi amaSoviet nasemakamu chants amaphayona Soviet, futhi isiphetho sakhe watshelwa ezihlukahlukene Roma lwempilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona okukhuluma eyabhalwa Dzerzhinsky eminyakeni ezahlukene, kanye eziningi imisebenzi enikelwe ukuphepha yezwe kazwelonke. portrait kudide we wamavukelambuso ezitholakala izincwadi, Umlando babantu besikhathi sakhe.

Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, igama "olukhulu nolwesabekayo" futhi wasala ukhohlwe. Phakathi neminyaka engu-yokwakha kabusha indaba umuntu oyedwa indaba ukungabi naphutha labangane iqhawe inguquko isidlulile ku esigabeni izindaba mayelana izigebengu futhi ezinonya abashokobezi.

Ezweni mpikiswano lanamuhla mayelana nencazelo Dzerzhinsky izibalo emlandweni eSoviet Union futhi akazange abohle, nomfanekiso waso uyaqhubeka ugqozi izimbongi owayephila futhi abalobi. Ngakho Ukhulumé uFeliksi ezitholakala imisebenzi bands ezifana "Liapis Trubetskoy" futhi "Ukucinga".

KwaBantu, yaqanjwa Dzerzhinsky

Ngemva kokufa igama F. E. Dzerzhinskogo wabelwa ezihlukahlukene imizi nemizana ezifundazweni ezingama-republic ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zombuso waseSoviet Union. Ukuze kuhlonishwe kuye ngokuthi amanyuvesi, tikwele, izingadi namapaki, amayunithi lempi, izimboni kanye nemikhumbi. Igama Iron uFeliksi ezitaladini nezikole kunikezelwe. Akwaziwa njengoba kumhlobo isikhulu sonogada ahlonishwe inguquko nomngane oqotho futhi umngane Lenin.

ERussia namuhla kukhona angaphezu nemizana kweshumi onegama Dzerzhinsky, ngaphezu kwalokho, kule Nizhny Novgorod futhi eMoscow izifunda banegama elifanayo emzini: Dzerzhinsk futhi Dzerzhinsk.

Ngo-republic amabili elaliyiSoviet - Ukraine futhi Belarus - nayo itholakala nemizana amane ahlukene amakhulu namancane, kanye imizi eminingana emikhulu, yaqanjwa wamavukelambuso abadumile. Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union ke wayethatha inamba yokuzama ukuqamba kabusha noma ukubuyela amagama yokuqala nemizana, kodwa izingxoxo avuleke kakhudlwana futhi amavoti ambalwa it is ayidluliswanga.

izici zokuma kwezwe

Ngaphezu Emadolobheni amakhulu namancane, ke igama Dzerzhinsky futhi ezihlukahlukene izici zokuma kwezwe kuyinto. Ngakho, iphuzu esiphezulu ensimini ka Belarus yesimanje ubhekwa kwentaba Dzerzhinsky. Futhi kule Pamirs (Ukhahlamba elise-Asia Ephakathi eslphambanweni Tajikistan, China, Afghanistan neNdiya), phezulu yokhalo Zaalay ngokuthi Dzerzhinsky ezimatasa.

Izikhumbuzo ensimini ka WaseRussia

Izikhumbuzo futhi busts enikelwe inkumbulo umholi omkhulu inguquko, zikhona lamadolobha amaningi aseRussia futhi kwezinye amazwe CIS. Ngakho, enye lesikhumbuzo edume kakhulu ukuba Dzerzhinsky kubhekwe e Volgograd, eyasungulwa ngokushesha ngemva kokufa Feliksa Edmundovicha. Ngokwemvelo, emzini, ogama lakhe behlonipha lomholi, kukhona lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky Square. Ngisho Pun iphendula: Dzerzhinsk ku Dzerzhinsky Dzerzhinsky lesikhumbuzo zezitsha. Samara Ubuye kwekhanda lakhe siqu Cheka, uwubeke forecourt komuzi. Okunye izikhumbuzo kanye namatshe amade abaziwe asezindaweni Izhevsk, Ufa, laseDonetsk, Barnaul, Astrakhan futhi Penza.

Ngokukhethekile kufanele lesikhumbuzo kuqashelwe, etholakala emzini Dzerzhinsk. Iqiniso lokuthi kukhona olwalukhona omunye communes, wadala ikakhulukazi abangenamakhaya abasha. Ukuthi abomdabu of izikhungo zemfundo, kamuva wakwazi "bahuba abantu," futhi bagqoka izimali zabo kuqala, khona-ke usimende, isikhumbuzo kuya wamavukelambuso abadumile. Wema elalingumakhonya esigcawini edolobheni kwesokudla phambi zindlani abomvu, kanye isakhiwo wangaphambilini we esigodlweni sezindela sangakubo. Nokho, usimende - akusiwona impahla okuhlala kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ekwindla ka-2004 lesikhumbuzo ekugcineni ngiyaquleka. Khona-ke abaphathi idolobha kwanqunywa ukubuyisela lesikhumbuzo, kodwa manje wazenza ngethusi.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi, ngokungafani kuya izikhumbuzo eLenin esifanayo, Dzerzhinsky lesikhumbuzo imizi ngemizi lihlukile. Ukushintsha hhayi kuphela izingubo, isikhundla izandla nekhanda Iron uFeliksi, kodwa yobudala ngisho wamavukelambuso lihlukile. Lokhu engajwayelekile esikoleni yaseSoviet yokuthuthela ebaziwe sici kungadalwa imizamo babonisa lezi zici ezahlukene nezikhathi Dzerzhinsky ukuphila. Phela, izakhamuzi Volgograd Zheleznyy feliks - lena abadumile Cheka futhi NKVD ikhanda ongafi, futhi elincane Dzerzhinsk bakhe bakhumbula futhi ohlonishwa njengomholi umsizi main, ukuqinisekisa eyakhula ujabule futhi awanaki kwaphela amakhulu Communards Soviet.

Busts kanye izikhumbuzo ensimini ka CIS amazwe

Ezikhumbuzo post-Soviet kule sikahulumeni ngisindise abathile. Iningi izinto eziqoshwe ngamathambo ezindlovu kanye busts ziye adiliza eminyakeni yokuqala yokwakha kabusha. I washesha ngalo lezi zinyathelo zithathwe, kwenza bakholelwa ukuthi ukususwa lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky abe isiko saziso ukuthi kubalulekile ukuba kwathatha inkathi "zasendle" capitalism.

Naphezu uchungechunge imibhikisho kwamanye amadolobha namanje agcinwe kokukhuluma ukhona Feliksa Edmundovicha. "Izikhumbuzo" okunjalo kungatholakala izingadi zomphakathi kanye amapaki-Ukraine, eBelarus, Kazakhstan, Republic of Transnistria, Kyrgyzstan.

Phawula ukuthi kula mazwe lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky ayimeleli yiliphi inani elithile kwamasiko. Kodwa akekho abafuna ukuqeda kubo. Phela, namanje okuyingxenye yomlando wethu.

Kubhidlizwe lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky eMoscow

Futhi manje lesikhumbuzo ezibaluleke kakhulu. Lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky e Moscow, yasungulwa endaweni mlando futhi cishe ezingaqondakali - Lubyanka Square. Laliqhele okulungile phambi kwesakhiwo lapho eminyakeni ezahlukene babe emahhovisi lemcoka Amabutho zokuvikeleka, i-KGB, MGB, NKVD, NKGB futhi OGPU. Namuhla, endaweni efanayo kuba Russian-FSB. I ebaziwe sidalwe oda iqembu oda kukaStalin siqu futhi project lesikhumbuzo esizayo yakhelwe eyaziwa ngesikhathi umqophi Evgeniem Vuchetichem.

I ebaziwe kwaba endaweni yalo efanele kuze 1991 Icebo lika , lapho uthukuthele futhi isixuku obudinekile ngokoqobo ukhukhulwe "satrap futhi engumashiqela" nge isinyathelo okufanele livele kuzo. Esimweni ukungezwani njalo nolungagunyaziwe ubudlova kubhidlizwe lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky kwakubonakala komncane Izinkinga ezibhekene nohulumeni omusha. Yena lunezinkinga ngaphandle kwalo.

Ngakho-ke, lapho lesikhumbuzo zidilizwe ukuze Dzerzhinsky ukuze Lubyanka Square, isikhumbuzo yena nje zisuswe futhi idluliselwe endaweni epaki. Phela injabulo elihlobene ne-ushintsho kusukela omunye isimiso sezombangazwe, ehla, kwathi iningi labantu eMoscow engazizwa maqondana lesikhumbuzo wayo yonke inzondo elidala, elivele kabanzi ngakho ukusakaza ezikrinini ithelevishini futhi "ethela" kusukela Amakhasi amaphephandaba Russian naseNtshonalanga. Mayelana lesikhumbuzo uqobo, futhi mayelana indima ubuntu emlandweni konke kusenjalo ukukhohlwa ...

I okunye isiphetho lesikhumbuzo

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ngemuva wonke amasu okugumbuqela imibuso lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky ku Lubyanka Square ukuthi yawa, waya endaweni besintu, okungukuthi eMoscow Art Park. Kube ukumqamba ume kuze kube sekupheleni kwesikhathi, kodwa umphakathi, "Babhebhezela" emuva ngo-2013 bese wenza isiphakamiso esisha. Manje kubhidlizwe lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky eMoscow kwakubonakala cishe isenzo esinonya kakhulu futhi engenangqondo of sonke isikhathi ukulungiswa.

AmaRashiya waphikelela ngokuthi iqiniso lokuthi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umholi odumile Soviet, ukukhohlwa ngendima yakhe emlandweni wezwe akunakwenzeka. Ngokusho imiphumela ka vo kwembula ukuthi cishe ingxenye kwezinhlanga ezakhamuzini zaleli dolobha BakaJehova baye bakhuthaza for isikhumbuzo Dzerzhinsky eMoscow libuyiselwe. Ngokungagunci ngokumelene yalolu wakhuthaza ingqikithi amabili nesishiyagalolunye abangamaphesenti angu-, iningi ujabule akunjalo hola kakhulu kabusha ukwakhiwa lesikhumbuzo, njengoba izindleko lo msebenzi.

Nokho, kubuye lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky namanje ngo 2014, kakade ngemva kwetshe lesikhumbuzo ngasinda Ukudilizwa ngokuphindaphindiwe kanye nokuvuselelwa kwazo ngokuphelele. Vozvrasheniya lesikhumbuzo endaweni yalo efanele sanikezelwa weminyaka engu 137th of Feliksa Edmundovicha. Ngakho, ubulungisa zomlando sethabe, ngikutholile ukubukeka walo wangaphambili futhi Lubyanka Square. Dzerzhinsky lesikhumbuzo emuva endaweni yalo efanele.

umbono Isazi: amavoti ngoba nangokumelene

Ngesikhathi lapho Russian Public Opinion Research Center inhlolovo sabantu mayelana bayafuna ukubuyisela lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky, phakathi kwezinye izinto ahlaziye kanye umbono abantu baseRussia abangaba ngu ubuntu izinguquko.

Kwavela ukuthi iningi abaphendulayo (mayelana amaphesenti ayisikhombisa nesishiyagalolunye) yomlando kanye nemisebenzi ye-Iron uFeliksi ajwayelekile futhi yakwamukela sakhe futhi izenzo zakhe Kulokhu benanela amaphesenti amane nesikhombisa yabaphenduli. Kulokhu, zonke Russian lwesithathu waveza umbono ukuthi, naphezu ukungaboni ngaso linye nezindlela ezisetshenziswayo, umsebenzi we chekist elihle abadumile. Samashumi Amabili Nesithupha amaphesenti zathi lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky Square ukuba ngokuphamazela yize bengazani ungazizwa maqondana lo muntu noma iyiphi imizwelo enamandla. Kufinyeta bonke ngenhla, singase siphawule ukuthi umphakathi wonke yesimanje isethiwe maqondana lokhu emlandweni we kokungathathi hlangothi-HIV.

Nokho, ngemva lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky ku Lubyanka emuva endaweni, futhi kwakukhona imicabango yabantu uchwepheshe kulolu shintsho olwenzeka isigubhukane labamelene.

Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, banombono ongemuhle esashiwo journalist Konstantin Eggert. Yena okholwa ukuthi honours ezinjalo lesikhumbuzo ukuze Dzerzhinsky kwakungafanele athole. Ukubuka efanayo olwabiwa nabanye abameleli nezihlakaniphi wesimanje. Ngokusho kwabo, lesikhumbuzo, kanye kukaLenin Mausoleum ku Red Square - esifuze kwenkathi edlule, okwakwenza lutho futhi ongafanelwe ngokuphelele uqhubeke ukuphila eRussia zanamuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwabaningi kwaba ukutholakala abuhlungu yokuthi ezikhumbuzo ukuze izisulu yokucindezelwa NKVD futhi tormentor babo abakhulu ayebekelwe (noma kabusha) ngezikhawu ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Lokhu "webumbacambili", mayelana nokuthi zinengi, is izungezwe ukuziphikisa. Futhi akukho lutho okuhle ukuletha umphakathi awukwazi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, eziningi ochwepheshe, amamukela ukubuya lesikhumbuzo ukuze indawo yayo yasekuqaleni, uqaphela ukuthi kwakudingekile lokuqala zonke ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umphakathi akabakhohlwa ngomlando walo kanye namagugu ayo. Ukufihla amaqiniso angempela, bayakholwa, ngeke kuholele ukuphindaphindwa yamaphutha esikhathi esedlule.