Kuyini sphragistics? Isayensi ezimpawu

Izimpendulo lo mbuzo: "Kuyini sphragistics?" Qala-ke sibekwa 1709. M. Geynektsy. Sphragistics - isayensi etadisha cindezela. Ukuze Geynektsiem balandela wanikeza lesi isayensi ngegama lalo lamanje Iogann Geymann bese Gatterer, Gerken, Ledebour, Hohenlohe-Waldenburg, nabanye. Seyler basonta imisebenzi engcono kwakamumva sphragistics.

Ukuthuthukiswa isayensi ezimpawu

Esikhathini XVIII leminyaka baqala ukuyisa simise umnyango sphragistics Diplomatique. imigomo yayo ngesikhathi kwakufanele lo ukuqomisana idokhumenti, kanye ekusunguleni ubuqiniso bayo. Esikhathini esizayo, umqondo wokuthi sphragistics ezinjalo, linwetshelwe. Ukusetshenziswa yesayensi kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XIX kwangena eziningi ukunyathelisa, walahlekelwa ukuxhumana idokhumenti (wamaKhaledi, baseGibhithe lasendulo, Old, Parthian, Indian lasendulo kanye nabanye.). Batholwe ngesikhathi kumbiwa. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi sphragistics - isayensi izifundo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, umlando ukuthuthukiswa kanye kumiswa izikhungo isimo lasendulo ngesisekelo ngezigaba lwezimpawu, okuyinto kuthola izinguquko abasebenzi bakhe. Ngo-USSR, kwakukhona kuyanda wawubona kwale sayensi. Lokhu kwakuhambisana nezinga eliphansi nokwanda okuphawulekayo atholakala lapho bemba ku Pskov futhi izinto Novgorod.

Ezincwadini Russian, ngaphandle kwe-isahluko ekhethekile encwadini Lakier "Heraldry Russian", echaza ukunyatheliswa futhi inikeza impendulo yombuzo othi lokho sphragistics isikhathi eside kule isayensi babe ulwazi kancane futhi kusele izingxenyana nje ze kuphela. Yanin Iye yanyathelisa 1970 isifundo yemiqulu emibili enesihloko esithi "Imibhalo ukuphrinta somshado sidilizwa Russia". Lokhu usosayensi kwaba owalandela NP Likhachev icala, lapho kubhekwa umsunguli sphragistics Soviet. It Likhachev waba uyisihluthulelo ekuhloleni ifa Russia sidilizwa ngemuva kwalokho kukhokha Novgorod yasungulwa ngo ekuqaleni XX leminyaka. Isayensi ezimpawu namuhla ayisebenzi kakhulu, kodwa kusenzeka. Kukhona izifundo ezintsha kule ndawo.

sphragistics Ukuxhumana ukuze Numismatics futhi heraldry

Ngakho safunda ukuthi sphragistics - isayensi etadisha cindezela. Ake, namanye amagatsha yolwazi it has uxhumano enkulu. Lokhu isayensi kuhlobene Numismatics, futhi heraldry. Nge wokugcina - ukuthi kuqala yasetshenziselwa kuphela lwezimpawu izithombe eziningi yabe izingalo. Phrinta usebenzisa izikhulu ezithile. Bangabaholi uwuphawu ifa lapho wabusa wayechazwa. Ngemva kwesikhashana, lezi zifanekiselo zivame kufakwe amajazi izikhali. Lokhu kwenzeke, isibonelo, Prince Golitsyn (isibonakaliso Duchy of Lithuania).

Sphragistics ezihlobene Numismatics ukuthi ngokuvamile zemali kubalwa lwembhalo we Prince, ngubani ngesikhathi imithetho. Ngaphandle kokuba umbhalo uhlamvu lwemali, ngokuvumelana logo ukuphrinta engamtholi ivelaphi.

Phrinta lasendulo

Ukuze ukuqonde kangcono lokho sphragistics, ake sibheke umlando. ubudala kakhulu ukusetshenziswa ngokwezifiso izitembu. Kakade endulo, izizwe Eastern ukubeka uphawu. Leli siko zazandile ikakhulu eBhabhiloni, Persepolis neGibhithe. Seals babeyizinceku amatshe ezinemibala kanzima okwakusendlini uhlobo mabhungane, amasilinda, nokunye. G. izimpawu ezihlukile bafakwa kubo.

Ezindaweni eziningi eBhayibhelini zingatholakala Ukukhuluma lwezimpawu. Ngokwesibonelo, e Isahluko III xxi uSamuweli, eSahlukweni XIV kaDaniyeli, esahlukweni XXXVIII kaGenesise. Isiko ukuphuza ezizweni empumalanga waboleka AmaRoma namaGreki. AmaRoma ayesebenzisa evamile ukuphrinta-izindandatho. Benza uzitholele isithombe, elisebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene izenzo. Sahlala izizwe inhlabathi Roman wafunda lo mkhuba, okuyinto nokho yathi chithi saka futhi ezivamile akukho ngaphambi kwekhulu XII.

Inani ngokwezifiso nokusetshenziswa izitembu endulo

Kwaphela isikhathi eside, ukuphrinta esikhundleni isignesha, ngakho-ke kwaba ungowenani elikhulu. izinyathelo zokuphepha abahlukahlukene zazisetshenziselwa nokuvimbela ukukhwabanisa. Leyo injongo ekuqaleni wakhonza njengephayona isayensi etadisha cindezela. Nge solemnity okukhulu okwenzekile okunamathiselwe ezenzweni zabo ezibalulekile. Thanda namaJalimane abaseRoma, kwakuyinkambiso ukubeka ethuneni nomufi bakhe uphawu-indandatho. Ngezinye izikhathi igqoke entanyeni, abagcini lwezimpawu yomphakathi kanye ne-royal.

Izinhlobo lwezimpawu lasendulo

Ukuze VIII leminyaka, wasebenzisa ikakhulukazi eyodwa emaceleni. Nokho, ngemva kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, baqala ukuba kubekwe double ukuthi wanamathela iphepha, isikhumba, noma ayelenga izintambo zezicathulo. Kwakukhona ukuphrinta leaden (okwehlukile - Print-inkunzi, lethiwa amabhola phambili, okuyinto washaywa aphume isithombe), isiliva, igolide (akuvamile), ithusi, emakhilayoni, ithini wax. Ngaphandle wax wax, bahlakazeka bonke uyahlanganyela. Esikhathini sphragistics entshonalanga izitembu enjalo nabizelwa sigilla, noma sigilla pendentia. Bona engeza phansi izinhlamvu, ngokushesha ngemva isignesha, ku usilika kumbe selembu elicolekileyo intambo noma izingcezu lesikhumba noma isikhumba. Uma kwakukhona lwezimpawu ezimbalwa, lapho abekwa kulandele nesikhundla nabanikazi.

Ingabe ifomu zahlukahlukene kakhulu zamanzi: base round (omdala), oblong, okusaqanda, isikwele, ntathu, eziyisithupha, kanye nabanye.

Inani umbala lwezimpawu

Ngu uhlobo izindaba futhi isithunzi sabantu ngabanye ukuhlukanisa imibala wax. Ukuba Ngowenkolo inkosi, kanye nabantu amalungelo akhethekile, enika ilungelo lokwenza obomvu wax seal. Ngokuvamile black wax ephrintiwe izincwadi zakhe Umbhishobhi omkhulu waseConstantinople. umbala Azure noma okwesibhakabhaka sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi kule XVI kanye XVII ekhulwini ilungelo.

ukuphrinta isimo

Seals bachazwa abanikazi babelwe amalogo, kwakuqoshwe imibhalo ngesimo iziqondiso, imiyalo, abantu abanikazi isithombe. Izimpawu noma izifanekiselo babe ahlukahlukene ikakhulukazi. seal isimo Special ezazitholakala kuwo wonke umbuso. Bona zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko: amancane, aphakathi nendawo kanye enkulu. Elikhulu ngabe yakhelwe imibhalo ezibaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi azibhala ngamazwe nemithetho. Amancane naphakathi esetshenziselwa imibhalo ezingabalulekile futhi izincwadi eziya kumaKristu ase sovereigns. Ukuze ukusetshenziswa siqu kubabusi kwezinye uthi okwakuvela ohlotsheni olukhethekile lwenkanyezi cindezela yangasese (ikakhulu e-Netherlands naseNgilandi). umgcini uphawu isimo esikhathini esiningi kuba Ministry noma UNgqongqotjhe wezobuLungiswa kanye Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Sweden, Württemberg, eBavaria kanye Netherlands) kanye Ministry of State (Prussia).

Ukuhlale sicabanga ngezimpendulo elingenamikhono umndeni izikhali uphawu unomthwalo uPapa. It unamathele azibhala opapa futhi efuze. ukuphrinta Special futhi baye babe UNobhala woMbuso ka uPapa. Isitoreji Seal eSwitzerland eyenziwa esikhundleni Federal Council.

Eyokuqala ukuphrinta Russian

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala lelo phephandaba linethonya elingakanani ERussia kukhona izivumelwano Svyatoslav futhi Igor nge amaGreki. Kusukela idokhumenti 945, sifunda ukuthi amanxusa ethu kwakufanele basebenzise uphawu egolide, futhi abathengisi (izivakashi) - esiliva. UVladimir e 1006 bahlela ukuba ukuhweba khulula phakathi abathengisi Russian futhi Bulgarian. Wanikeza kokubili ukuthi nomunye ukuphrinta ekhethekile njengophawu imvume kwesikhulu. Babekhonza njengababhali isihloko abathengisi isitifiketi.

Cindezela zisakazwe eRussia

Ilungelo abe ukuphrinta lokuqala kuphela kwakungekaNkulunkulu lokuya e-Grand Duke. Nokho, nge kwehlukana ku ifa eRussia futhi basakaze ezikhulwini. Ukuphrinta ne ukuthuthukiswa zokuphatha yethu ezweni steel accessory ye ukukhonza abantu bazo zonke izinhlobo. Ama-oda namadolobha futhi babe nazo. Ezimbili zama benyathelisa kwesikhulu: siqu, ngasese (ukuphrinta-izindandatho) futhi esemthethweni yomphakathi. Ukulandela isibonelo boyars izibulo waqala ukwenza ukuphrinta ekhaya. Kwakumelwe metal - isiliva, igolide, nomthofu eyayibhalwe esiliva; wax (ophuzi, omnyama, obomvu kanye obunsundu); voskomastichnye ukuthi ngenxa yezikhwepha enkulu wax salandelwa; ukuyiprinta a resin noma itiyela (kakhulu ezingavamile), kanye wax, okuyinto angena ukusetshenziswa ekupheleni kwekhulu XVII. Laces anemibala ehlukene - Hemp, kasilika futhi worsted - ukwengeza ukuphrinta metal. Okunye liyahlonishwa futhi ngezinye izikhathi zambozwa iphepha ukuphepha okukhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, baba waziwa ngaphansi lwezimpawu Custodio.

Izithombe phezu izitembu

Ukuyinyathelisa kwesikhulu kunazo yasendulo, iye yaba behlele kithi - isiliva, igolide, okuyinto ngakolunye uhlangothi uvezwa ngobuso bukaKristu, futhi ngakolunye - ukushaya inyoka Arhangela Mihaila. Lolu hlamvu priveshen charter okunikeze ku Mstislav Vladimirovich (Prince) kanye Vsevolod (indodana yakhe). Le nkinga yaqala eminyakeni 1125-1132. Ngaphezu lezi zithombe, e izikhulu kamuva lwezimpawu ukuhlangabezana St Nicholas, u-Alexander, uSimeyoni ioann Predtecha, nabanye. Izithombe Nezikhulu, izifanekiselo ezihlukahlukene, kanye umbhalo oqoshwe okungukuthi uphawu kwenkosana. Baningi onobuhle Antique, kwatholakala phakathi lwezimpawu XIV-XV eminyaka. sphragistics isayensi namuhla ukwenza ucwaningo lwabo. Babonakala zikhishiwe waseByzantium. On lezi izitembu zibonisa izigcawu basezinganekwaneni.

Endala kakhulu kophawu idolobha, okuyinto bagcine sebefikile nakithi, - Novgorod, eziphathelene 1426. Ubethula enamathiselwe imibhalo nezivumelwano ka Novgorod futhi Tver Prince Borisom Aleksandrovichem. Lowo mdwebo isilwane ikhanda amahhashi, emilenzeni kanye Butt ingonyama ukugijima nge nomsila ephakanyiswe. Intambo njengoba izinso kungabonwa phakathi ekhanda nasentanyeni. On the emuva umbhalo, elifundeka kanje: ". Le uphawu Novgorod" Ngo Novgorod lwezimpawu kamuva ukuboniswa Panther noma ihlosi ehlezi esihlalweni we sibalo zesifazane, ukhozi double, Bear et al.

Pskov ngokomlando ulandele Novgorod. I owayemdala kunabo bonke luhlehlela 1510. Lowo mdwebo ingwe nigijima isisila sibheke phezulu, nolimi lwakhe nimkhiphela kanye claws eyeluliwe. Duzane ukunyathelisa othi: "Phrinta Gospodarstwa Pskov". Yakhelwe ku xv futhi XVI eminyaka, idolobha wathola kusukela Iphrinta kaHulumeni. It kwenezela futhi ushintshe kuzo. ukuphrinta ezahlukene yasetshenziswa kuze 1702, bese - ikakhulukazi nge ukhozi kabili ephethwe.

Zonke lezi izinhlobonhlobo sphragistics yasekhaya izifundo namuhla. Isikhalazo kumlando kuyabaveza amaphethini kule isayensi. sphragistics isiRashiya, ngokukhethekile, kusiza ukuqonda ukuthuthukiswa isimo sethu, onikeza ezibalulekile Imininingwane izindaba.