Kuyini isimiso sezakhi zofuzo: izisekelo

Kunoma iyiphi iseli, futhi zonke izici yokwakheka komzimba, uhlamvu morphological futhi functional kunqunywa isakhiwo amaprotheni, okuyinto afakiwe kuzo. Impahla eyifa i umzimba yikhono synthesize amaprotheni ethize. I molecule ye-DNA ye amino acid ahlelwe iketango polypeptide kuyiphi ancike izici begazi.
Iseli ngalinye libhekene ukulandelana yayo nucleotide e neketanga polynucleotide ze-DNA. Lena isimiso sezakhi zofuzo-DNA. Ngokusebenzisa ulwazi lakhe elilotshiwe mayelana zamagama amaprotheni ezithile. Lokho isimiso sezakhi zofuzo lwezici zalo kanye ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo ehlanganiswa kulesi sihloko.

Umlando omncane

Umqondo wokuthi mhlawumbe kukhona isimiso sezakhi zofuzo, washayelwa futhi Dzh.Gamovym A.Daunom phakathi kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Zichaza ukulandelana nucleotide ukuthi unesibopho synthesis acid ezithile acid, kantsi sicuketse loku izixhumanisi okungenani ezintathu. Kamuva kungase kutholakale imali olunembile nucleotide amathathu (iyunithi isimiso sezakhi zofuzo), okuthiwa i-triplet noma codon. Sekukonke, kukhona ayisithupha nane nucleotide, ngoba ama-molecule acid, lapho zamagama wamaprotheni noma RNA, yakhiwa ezahlukene nucleotide izinsalela ezine.

Kuyini isimiso sezakhi zofuzo

Indlela acid acid ukulandelana amaprotheni esephepheni ukulandelana ngokusebenzisa ama-nucleotide ezehlela bonke namangqamuzana aphilayo kanye eziphilayo. Yilokho isimiso sezakhi zofuzo.
Ngo-DNA, kukhona ama-nucleotide ezine:

• i-adenine - A;
• i-guanine ne - G;
• cytosine - C;
• thymine - T.

Basuke ebekwe bofeleba ngesiLatini noma (ezincwadini Russian) Russian.
I-RNA iqukethe ezine nucleotide, kodwa esinye sazo ahlukene DNA:

• i-adenine - A;
• i-guanine ne - G;
• cytosine - C;
• uracil - W.

Zonke nucleotide ahlelwe neketanga, okuyinto etholwe Helix double of DNA ne-RNA - olulodwa.
Amaphrotheni zisekelwe amino acid amabili, wherein they ahlelwe ukulandelana ezithile kunqunywa impahla yayo begazi.

I izakhiwo isimiso sezakhi zofuzo

Triplet. Iyunithi isimiso sezakhi zofuzo siqukethe izinhlamvu ezintathu, kuba triplet. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akhona amabili nantathu amino acid okubhalwe ngu-nucleotide elibizwa ngokuthi codons noma trilpetami. Kukhona ayisithupha nane inhlanganisela ukuthi kungadalwa kusukela nucleotide ezine. Le mali ingaphezu ngokwanele ukuba encode le amino acid amabili.
Nokuwohloka. Ngamunye acid acid oluhambisana ezingaphezu kweyodwa codon, kwasinda methionine futhi tryptophan.
Ohlukile. Omunye codon buqonda olulodwa acid acid. Ngokwesibonelo, e isakhi umuntu enempilo ngolwazi mayelana target elithwala umoya-mpilo-beta triplet Gag futhi GAA buqonda glutamic acid. Futhi bonke abagulayo isikela-cell anemia eyodwa nucleotide esikhundleni.
Collinearity. Ukulandelana acid acid njalo oluhambisana ukulandelana nucleotide equkethe isakhi.
Ikhodi izakhi zofuzo okuqhubekayo futhi icwecwe, okusho ukuthi kungaqali "zokuloba". Okungukuthi, kusukela ngesikhathi codon ethile kuyinto readout okuqhubekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, AUGGUGTSUUAAUGUG ufundvwe njengencenye: Aug, GUG, TSUU, AAC, GUG. Kodwa hhayi Aug, Ugg nokunye noma okunye okuhlukile.
Ezihlukahlukene zokusisebenzisa. Ungomunye ngokuphelele kubo bonke eziphilayo emhlabeni, kusukela abantu ukuba izinhlanzi, isikhunta namagciwane.

ithebula

Ithebula akusho ukwethula zonke amino acid. Hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, phosphoserine, iodo tyrosine, cystine, kanye nabanye azitholakali, ngoba zihlobene nezinye amino acid okubhalwe ngu mRNA namaprotheni okuholela emva ukuguqulwa ngenxa wokuhumusha.
Ngoba isimiso sezakhi zofuzo futhi kwaziwa kahle ukuthi izakhiwo ukuthi uyakwazi eyodwa codon wekhodi eyodwa acid acid. Ukukhethwa kuba imisebenzi eyengeziwe futhi wekhodi valine futhi methionine, isimiso sezakhi zofuzo. MRNA, kuyilapho ekuqaleni a codon, ihlanganyela tRNA oqhubeka formylmethionyl-. Lapho beqeda zamagama, futhi wajinge wanamatsela uqobo ithumba okwesikhathi formyl olukhulu, siguqulelwa methionine ezisalayo. Ngakho, codons kokungaphezulu ezintweni zamagama uchungechunge polypeptides. Uma bengekho ekuqaleni, aniyona ukuhluka kwabanye.

ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo

Ngaphansi lo mqondo kusho izakhiwo Uhlelo, okuyinto sisuka amadlozi. Ihlala e ufuzo njengoba isimiso sezakhi zofuzo.
Kwasetshenziswa amaprotheni zamagama zofuzo ikhodi RNAs (acid ribonucleic) :

• Ulwazi RNA;
• tRNA yezokuthutha;
• p-ribosomal RNA.

Imininingwane idluliselwa feedforward (DNA-RNA-amaprotheni) bese ukuhlanekezela (medium-amaprotheni-DNA).
Organisms bangathola, esitolo, ukudluliswa, futhi ulisebenzise ngesikhathi esifanayo kunazo ngempumelelo.
Adluliselwa libe yifa lenu, ulwazi inquma ukuthuthukisa umzimba. Kodwa ngenxa nokuxhumana imvelo we muzwa wokugcina siphazamisekile futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwemvelo kanye nentuthuko. Ngakho umzimba sibekwa ulwazi olusha.

Ukubalwa imithetho ezinto eziphilayo nasemkhakheni wezinto kokutholakala isimiso sezakhi zofuzo baye kwabonisa ukuthi kubalulekile ukuxhuma zofuzo nge imfundiso kaDarwin ngesisekelo ukuthi kukhona akucabangayo zokwenziwa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - biology non-classic.
Ufuzo, ukushintshashintsha futhi kwemvelo Darwin kwahambisana zofuzo kunqunywa Ukukhetha. Evolution luyasetshenziswa ezakhini zofuzo ngu kuguquka okungahleliwe futhi ifa, izichasiso eyigugu ngaphezu kwazo zonke kunazo ingashintshwa ukuze imvelo.

Kulungiswa ikhodi umuntu

Ngo nineties, wasungula iphrojekthi i-Human Genome, okuholela izingcezwana ayizinkulungwane ezimbili babe wathola zofuzo, equkethe 99.99% we izakhi zofuzo. Wahlala izingcezwana engaziwa ukuthi musa iqhaza zamagama amaprotheni kungukuthi okubhalwe. indima yabo ayikaziwa.

Imivubukulo yamuva e 2006 chromosome 1 yinde kunazo ufuzo. izifo ezingaphezu kuka-amathathu namashumi amahlanu, kuhlanganise nomdlavuza, zibangelwa iziyaluyalu futhi ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kuwo.

Indima izifundo ezinjalo ayikwazi overestimated. Lapho-ke wavula, okuyinto isimiso sezakhi zofuzo, imithetho yabe seyaziwa kuba ukuthuthukiswa, kwakheka njengoba isakhiwo morphological, sengqondo, nezici ezithile ezifweni ezithile, umzimba kanye zamehlo ngabanye.