Kuyini amasosha omzimba zamanxusa?

Ngomqondo obanzi amasosha omzimba zamanxusa - ilungelo bangawalaleli izinqumo eliyigunya kwelinye izwe, ejensi yayo kanye nabamele. Empeleni, kungashiwo ngokuthi ezingaphelelwa isikhathi, noma isimo lapho i-par e parem non habet control (lat. "Alinganayo engenamandla alinganayo phezu").

Umqondo netimphawu amasosha omzimba zamanxusa

Kuzo zonke izakhamuzi abangaphandle isimo, osomaqhinga ivelele ngenxa yesimo zomthetho. By yokugcina, njengoba umthetho, ukuqonda isethi ezivamile amalungelo, amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo maqondana izwe ohlala kulo.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, izinzuzo - kungcono izinzuzo ukuthi anikezwa ke ngumtsetfo wemave emhlaba ngokuba ukuqaliswa bushelelezi izimpokophelo umsebenzi. Omunye ukuzifinyelela kuyifanele ukugqamisa nokuxolelwa ezahlukene zomthetho, okuyinto kuchazwa ngokuthi i ilungelo elehlukile abameleli zamanxusa awekho ngaphansi eminye imithetho jikelele.

amasosha omzimba Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe inezici eziningana ukuthi ukuhlukanisa kusuka kwamanye amalungelo:

1. Ingabe ukubukeka "kokuvusayo omubi" - eqinisweni, lokhu yokukhululeka yisiphi isibopho (izintela, inqubo nokunye.) Noma yimaphi.

2. Injongo ilungelo wukuqinisekisa ukuthi yemfanelo omhlaba kanye nemisebenzi. Lokho luyingxenye tekusebentisa nokuVikeleka akunikeziwe senzuzo siqu lomuntu.

3. Amagama abantu kokuba amasosha omzimba zamanxusa, ngokucacile kuhlathululiwe kumThetho-sisekelo kanye nemithetho, kanye nemithetho umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. ERussia banayo zamanxusa kanye ezimela, uMongameli, amalungu ohambweni akhethekile izethulo nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe.

Ngakho, amalungelo isimo zamanxusa zihlukaniswe amaqembu 2: amasosha omzimba (ukukhululeka okuthile) kanye nezinzuzo zomthetho, umqondo okuyinto lihlotshaniswa nokuzitika ezithile, amalungelo pre-emptive, izintandokazi, wayengomunye phezu nakuletinye tifundvo okunenzuzo ukuba nomphakathi wonkana.

Umthetho ophathelene nezinkampani ezenza amalungelo State

amasosha omzimba Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe njengoba isigaba zomthetho ukhona isikhathi eside. Ngisho eRoma yasendulo, izithunywa esitha babe inviolable njengoba yayibhekwa njengengcwele ngaphansi kwesivikelo onkulunkulu.

Kwaphela isikhathi eside isikhundla osomaqhinga kunqunywa amasiko nemikhuba eyodwa kuphela, njenganoma yikuphi amathuluzi ngamazwe kulezi zindaba wayengekho. Umzamo lokuqala ngesikhathi nokuqoshwa esisemthethweni senziwa kuphela ngo-1928, lapho eHavana (Latin America) yokutholwa neSivumelwano izikhulu Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe Omhlaba.

Kamuva, ngo-1961, it amukela le Vienna Convention on Relations Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe Omhlaba, okuyinto nanamuhla eyisisekelo ithuluzi izivumelwano emkhakheni kwamaZwe. Okwamanje ke ehilelekile emazweni amaningi emhlabeni, kuhlanganise naseRussia.

Ngaphezu kwalokho EMhlanganweni wathi, amasosha omzimba zamanxusa komthetho wamazwe omhlaba esekelwe izivumelwano ezilandelayo futhi izivumelwano:

• Vienna Convention on Consular Relations ka-1963.
• INgqungquthela amaLungelo aKhethekile nokuVikeleka eNhlangano yeziZwe ngo-1946.
• INgqungquthela amaLungelo nokuVikeleka kwamaLungu iSpecialised Agencies, 1947.
• INgqungquthela Isimo Legal, amaLungelo nokuVikeleka kwamaLungu koHulumeni Economic Izinhlangano ngo-1980.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, States anelungelo amasosha omzimba zamanxusa ngokumelene nanoma yimuphi omunye izenzo ezivumela ucacise isimo ngokuhambisana ubudlelwano phakathi kwala mazwe womabili. amasosha omzimba Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe emthethweni lobugebengu we Russian Federation, izinqubo-civil kanye nomthetho wokuphatha kuchazwe ngokuqondile izenzo eyabekwa olawula lezi sphere.

Izinhlobo nokuxolelwa zamanxusa

Amalungelo okunikeze ku osomaqhinga hhayi ukuze umuntu azuze noma ingcebo, futhi ukuze udale isimo umsebenzi kwelinye izwe. Embasi namahhovisi ezimela ube nokuxolelwa efanayo futhi kuleli zwe aphethe ukumela isimo sabo siqu.

Ngokusho kwezinkambiso we Vienna Convention 1961 futhi waphetha izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, yonke nokuxolelwa zamanxusa zingahlukaniswa zibe amaqembu ezilandelayo:

• Amalungelo ohambweni zokubonisana - zamanxusa kanye consulates.
• nokuxolelwa Siqu bosomaqhinga namalungu emikhaya yabo.
• Amalungelo amalungu ohambweni akhethekile ohambweni eziphuthumayo.
• NokuVikeleka kwamaLungu amalungu international (phakathi kwemibuso, ezilawulwa) izinhlangano.

Kukhona ngezigaba ngokuvumelana kwenkululeko amasosha omzimba zamanxusa: inqubo civil, lobugebengu (amasosha omzimba e zobulelesi), amasiko, intela (kwezimali) nezokuphatha.

NokuVikeleka kwamaLungu ohambweni zokubonisana

Ngokwe-1961 Vienna Convention, amasosha omzimba zamanxusa kuhlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo:

1. bangasephula emagcekeni.

I kokuthola State kufanele, ngokusebenzisa sezikhulu zakhona nabanekhono iziphathimandla (amaphoyisa, umlilo, abaqondisi, abaphathi bamahhovisi kanye nokunye.) Ingabe aphoqelelwe ukuba sihlinzeke ngesivikelo esiphumelelayo we ukumelwa nakwezombusazwe isakhiwo kanti indawo ezungeze ke. A amasosha omzimba efanayo enwetshiwe kwezinye izindawo zangasese bosomaqhinga.

2. amasosha omzimba impahla kanye nezimoto.

Eqinisweni, akukho impahla ayikwazi athathiwe, ukuboshwa noma nini ukuseshwa. Nokho, uma imoto ukumelwa lobugebengu, ingase yephuze. Izenzo abomthetho ngesikhathi esifanayo kufanele iqondiswe ningaliqambeli imoto futhi ngokumelene umuntu ofanayo.

3. Inqubomgomo izincwadi kanye zomlando.

mail Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe Omhlaba - ifomu evamile wokuxhumana uthi ummeli. Kubaluleke inviolable, asikwazi engavimba isisindo noma inani lezihlalo. 1961 Vienna Isentha libhekisela ukulethwa imeyili kanye neposi beskurernuyu lapho umlayezo uthunyelwa nge induna endizeni noma esikebheni.

4. Tax (kwezimali) amasosha omzimba.

kwemali bafeza izabelo ukuze uthole ukuvikeleka kwalo, engakutholanga yiziphi izimali ezikhokhiswayo namashaji.

5. Custom amalungelo.

Aqondiswa ku-zamanxusa umsebenzi wemithwalo lungekho ngaphansi izintela kanye nemisebenzi (ngaphandle ishede), kodwa usesho uya ngezizathu jikelele.

nokuxolelwa Siqu kwabasebenzi zamanxusa

Mission kwabasebenzi zingahlukaniswa zibe 3 izigaba: i zamanxusa, zokuphatha kanye nokugcinwa. Bonke emqulwini inikezwe usebenzisa amalungelo alandelayo:

1. bangasephula Siqu.

Abasebenzi ohambweni zokubonisana namalungu emikhaya yabo avikelekile nguMbuso eyamukelayo. Noma yimuphi kuhlasela noma ukuhlukunyezwa engamukeleki yabo. Ngokwesibonelo, Criminal Code yiSigaba 360 sihlinzekela isijeziso iminyaka 5 kuya ku-7 ngokuhlasela abameleli amazwe bajabulela isivikelo zamanxusa.

2. bangasephula ekhaya (yokuhlala yangasese).

Izindawo yokuhlala bosomaqhinga namalunga abo umndeni (efulethini, endlini) enikeziwe ukulondeka nokuvikeleka ezinkathazweni yosesho kanye sokuwa, futhi penetrations.

3. ukungatheleleki kusuka lobugebengu, civil kanye nezokuphatha yomthetho, ukuvikelwa izenzo nokuqinisekisa.

Ngokuphathelene amandla okulawula kanye nezokuphatha ukususwa okungenzeka 3:

• Izimangalo maqondana zezombusazwe siqu futhi izindlu umndeni wakhe.
• Izimangalo amacala lezinceku (Wills inselele, iinthombe abazolandela nokunye.).
• Kumangala ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene ukuthengiselana, okuyinto osomaqhinga noma amalungu emikhaya yabo abathintekayo ukuze bazizuzise bona.

4. Amasiko ukungatheleleki bangasephula umthwalo.

izimpahla zabo bosomaqhinga kungenziwa zihlolwe kuphela phambi kwabo futhi enikeziwe izinsolo ezibucayi khona izinto kungavunyelwe ukuthi ithunyelwe. Uma, ngemva ukuhlolwa abuthole ukwephulwa, umnikazi kwemithwalo unelungelo lokufaka isicelo umbhikisho olusemthethweni.

Ezweni lanamuhla lolu hlobo amasosha omzimba futhi abashiya phakathi kwenkululeko imigomo, njengoba leli lizwe, esekelwe izinyathelo ukuqinisekisa zezindiza ukuphepha kanye wokulwa nobuphekula, osomaqhinga aselinganiswa nezinye abagibeli izindiza ezithwala abantu.

5. Ukukhululwa kusukela kumasevisi siqu.

I kokuthola State angeke ukuphoqelela amalungu nemindeni yabo izibopho zomuntu siqu (inkonzo yezempi, lokumiswa, billeting lempi, ukucela, njll).

6. Freedom of ukunyakaza ngaphakathi Insimu State eyamukelayo.

Abantu e ezihlobene zamanxusa nganoma iyiphi indlela, unelungelo ukuhambisa ngokukhululekile kuleli zwe aphethe, ngaphandle ezindaweni ukuthi abavunyelwe ukuvakashela abantu bakwamanye amazwe ngokomthetho noma isikhundla esingokwenkolo.

amasosha omzimba siqu Okugcwele babe osomaqhinga kanye nabamele nabaqashwa kanye lobuchwepheshe, kanye nokuhlala namalungu omndeni wabo. Nokho, ukusizakala ilungelo labo, abangakwenza kuphela uma kwenzeka ukuthi awunawo ubuzwe we kokuthola State noma asiphili esikhatsini unaphakade.

Izikhonzi imvelo efanayo ungakwazi kuphela ancike yokukhululeka amalevi intela kanye nemisebenzi maqondana isevisi wathola Amaholo.

NokuVikeleka kwamaLungu ohambweni ezikhethekile

Ngaphezu "njalo" izikhungo zamanxusa kwamanye amazwe, kukhona kumiswa okwesikhashana - umsebenzi (iqembu Commission) kuqondiswe yi kwelinye izwe ukuze kuhlolwe noma yiziphi izinkinga noma ukwenza imisebenzi ethile.

INgqungquthela Missions Special, esenziwa ngo-1969, i-main ithuluzi ngamazwe ngalolu daba yelula umqondo wemfundo yesikhashana zamanxusa kuwo wonke amaqembu, kubandakanya zemibuso, uhulumeni, ongqongqoshe basemazweni nezinye izikhulu eziphezulu labo linomuzwa ebhizinisini zombuso wakhe . Laba bantu esibekiwe ngesikhathi uhambo babe amasosha omzimba ephelele evela endaweni ethile ye zonke izinhlobo.

Amandla ukuthunywa okukhethekile, ubude bayo kanye Ukwakheka kunqunywa abangababi bemisebenzi yaso futhi ngokuvamile bavumelana phakathi kwamazwe okhathalelayo emihlanganweni.

amalungu Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe amasosha omzimba ohambweni ezikhethekile kuba yinto yesikhashana bese uyama uma kubuyela ezweni kwesikhathi sokugunyazwa. Ngesikhathi ehlala e-kwamandla amalungu yesikhashana amaqembu kukhona cishe nokuxolelwa efanayo futhi amalungelo njengoba abasebenzi izikhungo "unomphela."

Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kuleli 1969 Convention, imikhawulo ecacile ku ilungelo labo kuvikelwe. Ikakhulukazi, abameleli yezwe aphethe Unelungelo ukufinyelela unimpeded emagcekeni mission ekhethekile ngaphansi usongo umlilo noma ezinye inhlekelele. Ukulungiswa ikhanda leqembu noma efanele umsebenzi zamanxusa ayidingekile. It is lo mkhawulo kuye kwaholela ukwenqaba zase-USSR, futhi kamuva eRussia yenza lo mbuthano.

Amasosha omzimba izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe

Ngokuvamile, lolu hlobo amasosha omzimba ingachazwa njenge iqoqo amalungelo namalungelo akhethekile ezijatshulelwa inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe / kohulumeni kanye abasebenzi bayo (kanye nabamele baMalunga eMibuso naye), uma ekusebenziseni ngempumelelo futhi ngokuzimela imisebenzi lomthetho.

Mayelana isidingo amasosha omzimba zamanxusa ukuze kusetshenziswe imisebenzi okukhulunywe ngayo Izihloko 104 kanye 105 Charter UN, kanye imibhalo abamelwe yezinye izinhlangano ngokuvamile abantu bayabona, ezifana UNESCO, UBANI, IMF, uMkhandlu WaseYurophu, PACE nabanye.

Ububanzi okuqukethwe ngumsebenzi ahlelwe kabanzi kule ekhethekile neyesigodi, izivumelwano kanye izivumelwano ukuthi zenziwa phakathi ngamazwe kanye kumiswa isimo. Ngaphezu izinzuzo jikelele inhlanganisela, le mibhalo ukuchaza amalungelo kanye nokuxolelwa kwabasebenzi: ubuqotho, yokukhululeka yomthetho, amasiko amalungelo, ekukhokheni ku entry, indawo yokuhlala, exchange, kuthutha, ilungelo izinhlamvu ezikhethekile, ama-passport nokunye.

I amasosha omzimba abameleli baMalunga eMibuso e izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe

I amasosha omzimba abamele amazwe izinhlangano kwemibuso kakhulu kangcono ukwedlula amasosha omzimba kwabasebenzi. Eqinisweni, yiyo kanye liyafana zamanxusa, njengoba kusekelwe ilungelo uthi ukumela izithakazelo zabo enkundleni ngamazwe.

Ucezu oyinhloko umthetho eRussia, izici zokulawula ukumelwa unomphela kuyo yonke inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe, i-Regulation "On the Permanent Mission we Russian Federation ukuze inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe", evunywe Isinqumo uMongameli we Russian Federation ngo-September 29, 1999 № 1316.

Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi abamele izinhlangano basebenzise amalungelo abo kuphela ezingeni nezinhlangano zomhlaba. Ayikwazi nika endaweni yokuhlala unomphela inhlangano kwemibuso. Kodwa uma kwenzeka lokhu, izakhiwo zalo kwamandla banomsebenzi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abamele State kanye amathimba ezingqungqutheleni amalungelo afanele kanye nokuxolelwa kufanele ukujabulela ngokwezinjongo ezinhle.

NokuVikeleka eNhlangano yeziZwe

UN ngesimo esingokomthetho ichazwa Charter yayo kanye neSivumelwano amaLungelo aKhethekile nokuVikeleka eNhlangano yeziZwe, kuvunywe yi-General Assembly ngo-1947.

Convention 1947 kusebenza zonke izinhlangano ohlelweni UN, ikhumbula ezinye izinguquko eziye athuthukiswe futhi bamukela kuphela ukubonisa imininingwane yomsebenzi wabo.

Ngokusho Article IV soMthetho-sisekelo, abameleli ejensi UN emazingeni ahlukahlukene (izihambeli, abeluleki, ochwepheshe nonobhala we amathimba) amalungelo esifanayo, nokuxolelwa futhi izindawo njengoba kuthiwa ezijatshulelwa osomaqhinga.

Isivumelwano kundawo endlunkulu UN kanye nezinye izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ukunikeza jikelele ezweni lakini abamele unomphela ilungu nokuxolelwa efana nawo. Kodwa izivumelwano namanye amazwe, babeye kulinganiselwe. Ikakhulukazi, isivumelwano phakathi UN kanye US, ngaphezu ukuqashelwa amalungelo kanye nokuxolelwa inikeza imvume kuziphathimandla US ukuqalisa kokuqhutshwa okuncike ejensi UN ne enombono wokwenza ukuba nezidingo ophumayo kusukela e-United States ngenxa ukuhlukunyezwa amalungelo.

uhlobo likubeka ngokucacile bangangenwa yilesi sifo, yilungiselelo Isigaba 18 Article V soMthetho-sisekelo ka-1947, othi abasebenzi United Nations nezinhlaka ezikhethekile alinakulethwa amazwi ezikhulunywayo noma ezibhaliwe ayezidinga lapho iphoyisa.

Civil Inqubo amasosha omzimba

Noma yimuphi amasosha omzimba zomthetho kuhilela ukususwa ezimweni lapho njengoba umhlanganyeli oqondile e ubudlelwano obusemthethweni uphikise yisimo, kusukela endaweni ethile ye egcekeni noma yiliphi elinye ilizwe.

amasosha omzimba Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe kutinchubo civil kunqunywa Ingxenye 3 kanye neSigaba 401 we RF Ikhodi of Civil Inqubo, othi abameleli egunyaziwe ngomunye uRhulumende kuncike amandla okulawula yezinkantolo we Russian Federation kuphela phakathi komkhawulo eyayifunwa amalungiselelo zezivumelwano omhlaba kanye nezivumelwano phakathi eRussia nakwamanye amazwe.

Lokho amasosha omzimba zamanxusa ivikela osomaqhinga (kanye nemindeni yabo) wombuso owodwa kusukela iqhaza amandla in enkantolo insimu yezwe aphethe sika. Ngokuphathelene ekuqhutshweni civil kucatshangwa ukuthi i-ejenti zamanxusa liyakushunyayelwa waphoqeleka ukuba abe party - .. Ummangalelwa e amacala icala, ofakazi, ochwepheshe, njll Ngaphezu kwalokho, ohlakaniphile angase udlulisa ngumsebenzi wakhe kunoma yisiphi isigaba inqubo.

Amasosha omzimba kutinchubo civil asisebenzi isimo lapho osomaqhinga namalungu emikhaya yabo angene inqubo njengabantu ngabanye izimangalo maqondana impahla yayo, ifa noma ngokuletha imisebenzi yabo siqu inzuzo.

Uma inxusa noma ezinye ungumuntu ojabulela amasosha omzimba, ukhangwa enkantolo, nguye esikhathini esizayo - kuleli cala - engakwazi ukuthembela kuzo amalungelo ayo.

-Criminal Procedure amasosha omzimba

Njengomthetho, amathuluzi ngamazwe aqukethe ilungiselelo esishoyo ukuthi ejenti zamanxusa wajabulela ukungatheleleki kusuka icala, okusho hhayi "ukukhululwa kwe izikweletu zemali" futhi "ukukhishwa" kusukela kwenkululeko isijeziso lomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, isihloko 11 neSivumelwano amaLungelo aKhethekile nokuVikeleka we Shanghai Cooperation Inhlangano ka 17 Juni 2004 fixed ukuthi ensimini ka ilungu amazwe sokuhlanganiswa sezikhulu zakhona azikwazi bajeza yabo yokukubonisa, izincwadi kanye nezinye izenzo ezithathwe ngesikhathi ekwenzeni umsebenzi .

amasosha omzimba Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe emthethweni lobugebengu kusho hhayi yokukhululwa osomaqhinga angaphandle kanye nabanye abantu amalungelo afanayo avela necala lobugebengu kanye engenakwenzeka langempela yokusebenzisa noma yimuphi umthetho umthetho lobugebengu Russia maqondana amacala enziwe kubo. Lokho amasosha omzimba zamanxusa eenkambisweni zobulelesi kusho ukuthi amaphoyisa angeke ukuqalisa zobulelesi maqondana izifundo ezinjalo zithinta kubo njengoba esolwa noma ummangalelwa. Noma yimuphi Ukusungula icala lobugebengu kufanele sichithiwe ngaphansi kwesigaba 2 zeNgxenye 1 Isigaba 24 se-Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation ngenxa yokushoda kobufakazi.

amasosha omzimba Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe nalokho okukushoyo zomthetho ezibaluleke kokuvamile, ngoba ngezindlela eziningi ukucacisa ubudlelwano phakathi ahlukene. Abamele kwamanye amazwe ukuthi ukwenza njenge-"izwi" nezinye ohulumeni, kuyakuba inviolable, kanye lokwephulwa Imithetho zihlale yisigwebo ekuvimbeni ubudlelwane ezingeni lomhlaba wonke jikelele ukunqunywa unswinyo ehlukahlukene.