Kuyini allotropy? allotrope carbon, Chemistry

Izizathu ezihlukahlukene organic compounds - ikhono ukwakha ezahlukene ama-athomu carbon amaketanga nemijikelezo kuhlobene. Lokho lo mkhuba isomerism. Futhi isizathu ezihlukahlukene elula izinto wezinto ezingaphili? It kuvela ukuthi ungakwazi yini ukuphendula lo mbuzo kokucabangela lokho allotropy. Kungenxa nalesi Isenzakalo esingokwemvelo emhlabeni izakhi zamakhemikhali uzibophele khona lwezinhlobo ezahlukene compounds elula.

Kuyini allotropy?

Phendula lo mbuzo kungaba njalo. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa iyona ukhona efanayo element kwamakhemikhali ngendlela izinto eziningana ezilula. Okusho ukuthi, uma iseli 118 ishadi lesikhathi, akusho ukuthi inani elifanayo zama-athomu nemvelo. Ngamunye izici (cishe zonke) elilodwa noma ngaphezulu izinhlobo, noma ukuhlela kabusha allotropic.

Ngikuphi okuhlukileko izinto ezinjalo? Izizathu lomkhuba okukhulunywa ngokuyisisekelo ezimbili:

• inombolo zama-athomu e-molecule (allotropy Ukwakheka);
• ukungalingani ngehele isakhiwo (allotropy ifomu).

Ngokuvamile umqondo lihlotshaniswa polymorphism eside. Nokho, kukhona umehluko phakathi kwabo. Kuyini allotropy? Lokhu ukuguqulwa adi- e izinto ezahlukene elula, kungakhathaliseki kuba isiphi isimo uquqaba. Nakuba polymorphism - lo mqondo kusebenza kuphela ukuba okuqinile crystalline izinto.

Abahlukahlukene ukulungiswa allotropic compounds ngokuvamile okhonjiswe izinhlamvu Roman ngaphambi igama. Alpha njalo ibekwe phambi ifomu, okuyinto has a ukuncibilika lokushisa okungenani umsebenzi wokupheka inhlama. Laphaya ezansi zamagama ukwanda ukusebenza, ngokulandelana.

Nakuba element kwamakhemikhali ngesisekelo lomcebo elula okufanayo, ukuhlela kabusha izakhiwo ngokuphongoza nomunye, futhi womabili ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali. Indlela elula ukwakha amafomu allotropic:

• non-izinsimbi (ngaphandle halogens bese kuthi amagesi inert);
• semimetals.

Okungenani allotropy izinsimbi wafunda kusukela akha madolonzima ukuhlela kabusha enjalo futhi akubona bonke. Ubude kuze kube manje bangaphezu kuka-400 izinhlobo ezahlukene izinto ezilula. Lapho namachibi isici isici, aba maningi inombolo zokuguqulwa allotropic eyaziwa kuyo.

carbon ukulungiswa

allotrope carbon - uyisibonelo ezivamile futhi okuphawuleka efanekisa esenzeka mbuzo. Phela, lesi sici uyakwazi ukwakha izinhlobo eziningana ezibangela ezahlukene isakhiwo crystal ngehele. Kulesi sithombe into elula efana bahlukene polar ezakhiweni zabo ukuthi izinqumo abasele ukuzibuza bemvelo.

Ngakho, i-allotrope carbon kuhlanganisa nokulungiswa elandelayo.

1. Kuyini allotrope carbon, usukela elilandelayo ezakheke, okuyinto ngokuyisisekelo ukuhluka lowo odlule. Lokhu-graphite. Uqobo lwalezozinto elithambile, okungase izinhlayiya zeqhwa off kalula futhi ushiye uphawu ehlukile ephepheni. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwalo womshini izibambo amapensela elula. Isakhiwo saleli fomu - the egqinsiwe olunezinhlangothi. Ukuxhumana phakathi izingqimba ababuthakathaka, idabukile kalula, ongaphakeme ukuminyana impahla. Graphite isetshenziswa ukukhiqiza zokwenziwa amadayimane njengoba igrisi okuqinile, womshini electrode njengoba amapulasitiki yamathebhu, futhi Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi.
2. Fullerenes - futhi ubufakazi bokuthi kukhona allotropy. Chemistry yalezi compounds siyafana we hydrocarbon elimnandi. Ngoba isakhiwo yabo ayizindunduma polyhedra avaliwe, kepha efaniswe ibhola. Fullerenes zisetshenziswa njengendlela Semiconductor ubuciko ukwenziwa superconducting compounds njengoba photoresist nabanye.
3. tserafit Lonsdalite futhi - ababili phambili crystalline ukuguqulwa allotropic carbon. Kwatholakala esanda kutholakala. Ngu izakhiwo kakhulu efana idayimane, ngokungabi bikho ukungcola kungaba izikhathi ngisho nzima eziningana.
4. Amalahle umule - allotropy izinto amorphous. Isetshenziswa njengesici fuel, uthambise, umshini nokunye. Ngokusho okuqukethwe e ubunjalo ezivamile kuzo zonke ukulungiswa carbon.

idayimane

Okunzima kunakho konke izinto okwaziwayo namuhla, kulinganiselwa ngaso amaphuzu 10 ku le Mohs esikalini. Ifomu crystalline carbon, okuyinto sakhiwo yefomu kahle oxhumene tetrahedral inethiwekhi izinhlangano.

Diamond kahle kakhulu ukwazi ahlakaze ukukhanya, ingasetshenziswa ubucwebe (amadayimane). Ngenxa ubulukhuni yayo extreme, isetshenziselwa ukusika futhi Welding, imishini, wokucwebezelisa, futhi igaya. Namuhla wethula ukukhiqizwa idayimane yokufakelwa elisetshenziswa umkhakha.

nezinye izinhlobo

Futhi, kukhona izinhlobonhlobo eziningana lesi sici:

• nanotubes;
• nanofoam;
• Astrolite;
• nanofibers;
• lwengilazi;
• graphite;
• carbine;
• nanobuds.

amafomu kungenzeka, kodwa putative wempilo alula carbon compounds: chaoit, carbon futhi dicarbon metal.

umoya-mpilo allotropy

Loku izidakamizwa ezimbili nonmetal elula:

• umoya-mpilo igesi (at kwezimo ezivamile), ifomula zazo O _2;
• i-ozone igesi, ukwakheka enokwehla zazo kuveza O _3.

Kusobala ukuthi lapha isizathu esiyinhloko sokuba khona ukushintshwa - engqamuzaneni. umoya-mpilo Okuvamile - ngesisekelo ukuphila ngoba zonke izinto eziphilayo (ngaphandle amagciwane anaerobic). He is ngokuzimisela exchange igesi, ungumthombo wamandla for zonke izinqubo zokuphila. Amakhemikhali - oxidant, lapho sebuningini ukusabela Kwenziwa.

kwakhiwa Ozone is ngokwemvelo noma imishini laboratory ekhethekile ozonizers oksijini evela emoyeni ngumuntu osenyameni eqinile kagesi. Ezimweni yemvelo - kungcono umbani. Ngezinye lokuhlala eliphansi trace it has a emnandi iphunga fresh (ngemva kwesiphepho nginomuzwa emoyeni). Kuyinto enamandla kakhulu oxidant, bleach, amakhemikhali asebenzayo.

phosphorus ukuguqulwa

Allotropy umoya-mpilo esifana nesika-phosphorus kanye. It Ubuye ukulungiswa mayelana 11 ezahlukene ezingefani-athomu e-molecule ye, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ubuhlobo zamakhemikhali izakhiwo. Kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu esitebeleni, futhi lonke, e ubunjalo cishe ingekho, nezinto ezibolile.

1. phosphorus White. It Formula F _4. Into efana ezimhlophe upharafini esithambile noma umbala kancane aphuzi. Kulula ncibilika kuphenduke nesisi esinobuthi.
2. phosphorus Red - ukunamathisela, elithatha iphunga ezingemnandi. Formula - P _n. Lesi sakhiwo polymer.
3. Black phosphorus - oily isisindo touch, okuyinto has umbala omnyama encibilikayo ngokuphelele emanzini.

ukuguqulwa metal

Kuyini allotropy izinsimbi, kungatholakala isibonelo yensimbi. It likhona ngesimo:

• -alpha;
• beta;
• gamma;
• sigma ukuma.

Ngalinye ihlukile isakhiwo yangaphambili ngehele crystal futhi, ngokufanelekile, izakhiwo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-alpha-ifomu - ferromagnetichna ne-beta -paramagnetik.

Ngokuvamile, zonke izinsimbi ezaziwa kusukela ukuguqulwa allotropic ukwakha ingqikithi 27 izakhi zamakhemikhali.

ithini allotropy

Abathandwayo ngalolo alpha-ifomu - grey powder, ongagcini nje kwamazinga okushisa aphansi. Beta-ifomu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, metal, silvery-white, soft futhi ductile. Kukhona at lokushisa high ukusebenza - kuze kufinyelele 161 ° ^C. Enye indlela abasheshe iguqulwe kwenye vivo, uma degree iconsi.