Kungani ipensela elula ibizwa ngokuthi "lilihle"? Indlela ukumaka ubulukhuni ipensela emazweni ahlukahlukene?

Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kanye nomsebenzi, ngamunye wethu, ngezindlela ezingafani, kudingeka amapensela. Kubantu nasemikhakheni efana umculi, unjiniyela, technologist, umklami kanye draftsman endabeni eyayibaluleke ezifana nobulukhuni ipensela.

Indaba ipensela

Esikhathini XIII ngekhulu le prototypes lokuqala amapensela zenziwa ngesiliva noma phambili. Sula lokho ababekushilo ezibhaliwe noma basondela, kwakungenakwenzeka. Ekhulwini XIV, saqala ukusebenzisa induku ngebumba black slate, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i "ipensela Italian."

Ekhulwini XVI edolobheni English Cumberland abelusi ngephutha uzithela idiphozi ezinto ibukeka ifana kakhulu ukuhola. Inhlamvu neziqhumane aphume kwaba iyatholakala yini, kodwa draw futhi ilebuli imvu baphenduka enkulu. Graphite steel ukukhiqiza izinduku nomzimba omncane ngensimbi ekupheleni, okuyinto ezingafanelanga zibhalwe futhi kakhulu spoilt.

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile omunye abaculi waphawula ukuthi udwebe graphite izinti, eboshelwe ezingongolweni esihlahleni, zibelula. Yileyo indlela elula slate amapensela nomzimba yavela. Yiqiniso, akekho omunye umuntu, futhi ngangingacabangi ukuthi ngesikhathi mayelana ubulukhuni ipensela.

amapensela yesimanje

Uhlobo lapho amapensela zaziwa kithi namuhla, yasungulwa ngasekupheleni usosayensi ongumFulentshi wekhulu XVIII Nicolas Zhak Konte. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-XX leminyaka XIX sekwephuzile futhi. izinguquko eziningana ezibalulekile enziwa Umklamo amapensela.

Ngakho, Graf Lotar von Faberkastl washintsha ukuma icala ipensela nge round phezu hex. Lokhu kwanciphisa skatyvaemost amapensela nge evele ezahlukene enalokho kuthambekela olusetshenzisiwe ngenkathi kubhalwa.

Umbiko we-US umsunguli Alonzo Townsend Cross, cabanga kuncishiswe inani impahla consumable ipensela necala zensimbi push obuphelele wayefisa induku graphite.

Kungani-ke ubulukhuni kubaluleke kangaka?

Noma okungenani izikhathi ezimbalwa ukuthi draw noma esihogweni, bathi izibaya angashiya unhlangothi futhi imigqa, zehlukene saturation umbala kanye ukushuba. Lezo zici zibaluleke ngokuba eyala ubunjiniyela, nganoma yisiphi Umdwebo lokuqala wenziwa induku okuqinile, isibonelo T2, futhi ngesikhathi sokugcina - ethambile, esinelebuli M-2M ukwandisa emigqeni ukucaciseleka.

Okunye futhi okubaluleke ngokufanayo nobulukhuni ipensela for abaculi kanye kokubili ochwepheshe kanye nayizimfundamakhwela. Ukwakha imidwebo okusalungiswa Sebenzisa ipensela umthofu elithambile, futhi usebenzela intuthuko oyinhloko - nzima.

Yiziphi amapensela?

Zonke izibaya zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili: elula futhi ezimibalabala.

Pencils has leli gama ngoba ikhipha silula, futhi ubhala ezivamile graphite ipensela, ngaphandle izithasiselo. Zonke ezinye izinhlobo amapensela ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi kudingeka ukwethulwa udayi ahlukahlukene.

Izinhlobo emapeniseli emibala pretty okuningi ezivamile - kuyinto:

• umbala ajwayelekile, kungaba eyodwa emaceleni noma kabili emaceleni;
• wax;
• amalahle;
• Ifasitelana LoLwazi;
• iyashintsha iyaphupha ibe.

Ukwahlukanisa elula graphite amapensela

Njengoba sekushiwo, ngendlela elula ipensela isethi ipensela-graphite. Isikhombisi ezifana ubulukhuni ipensela ka ipensela phambili, isisekelo ngezigaba.

amazwe ezehlukene zinezidingo mshini ezahlukene ekhombisa nobulukhuni amapensela, zazo European esetshenziswa kakhulu, Russian futhi American.

Russian kanye zaseYurophu ukuzibiza chernografitnyh yaziwa nangokuthi amapensela, sihluke khona American njengenguqulo yezwi nezwi futhi kanye nezimpawu digital.

Ukuze ubheke ubulukhuni ipensela e Russian kophawu uhlelo, kucatshangwa ukuthi: T - ngokuqinile M - soft, TM - ngokwesilinganiso. Ukuze sicacise degree of umsungulo noma ubulukhuni owethulwa eduze ngezinhlamvu, amanani ezinombolo.

Emazweni European, ipensela ubulukhuni elula njengoba kukhonjiswe yi- izincwadi, othathwe amazwi ngazo ubulukhuni. Ngakho, usebenzisa uhlamvu «B» kusukela ubumnyama izwi (black), futhi kunzima amapensela ezithambile - uhlamvu «H» kusukela izikolo ubulukhuni isiNgisi (ubulukhuni). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona futhi wokugubha F, ayesuka iphuzu isiZulu esihle (fineness) nokubonisa uhlobo isilinganiso ipensela. Kuyinto uhlelo European izinhlamvu kophawu ubulukhuni ubhekwa womhlaba wonke futhi yikho okuvame kakhulu.

Kuhlelo American, okuyinto kunqunywa nobulukhuni amapensela, omaka Kwenziwa kuphela izibalo. Lapho 1 - omnene, 2 - Ngokwesilinganiso, kanye 3 - okuqinile.
Kuleso simo, uma ipensela ayicacisiwe, akukho wokugubha, ngokwakhona, it fanele kuze the kanzima ezithambile (TM HB) uthayipha.

Yini enquma nobulukhuni?

Namuhla, womshini ipensela ukuhola graphite ipensela esetshenziswa kaoline (ngobumba olumhlophe) futhi-graphite. Olinganise yalezi izinto okwakumelwe zixutshwe emabangeni kokuqala zokukhiqiza incike nobulukhuni ipensela. I labhubhisa amhlophe kaolin nebumba, nzima ipensela eyatholakala. Uma inani lemali graphite yanda, ipensela kuyinto ethambile.
Ngemva ukuxuba zonke izakhi ezidingekayo ingxube okuholela kufakwa le extruder. Lapha kulapho izinduku obumba value set. Khona-ke calcined graphite izinduku esithandweni ekhethekile lapho izinga lokushisa ifinyelela 10 000 ⁰ C. Ngemva kokudubula, izinduku afakwa isixazululo ekhethekile uwoyela, ukudala indawo ifilimu zokuzivikela.