Kuhlangana bese kushintsha biology. Ingqikithi imihlola nezibonelo

Ngokwe-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, akubo bonke abahlala Emhlabeni ziye zashintsha nafomu kokulula kuya kokulukhuni ngaphezulu. Kodwa uma konke eyayihamba emgceni locondzile, kusuka lapho ke benza ezihlukahlukene okunjalo zilwane kanye nabantu? Ukuchaza lokhu mkhuba kungenzeka kube nokuqhelelana futhi Kuhlangana. Ngo biology, imiqondo bamelela izici kanye amaphetheni kwezinhlobo.

imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo Ikakhulukazi

Imfundiso eziyisisekelo kwemvelo eziphilayo eplanethini yethu, okusekelwa isayensi - iyona ndlela ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Eyokuqala imithetho yakhe futhi imithetho washayelwa ekhulwini XVII. Luhilela inqubo eside izinguquko yemvelo eziphilayo ezingeni qualitatively entsha.

Imfundiso kuhilela ukuthuthukiswa eziphilayo, kusukela elula bobunjwa eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, okuyinto ubephelezelwa ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo, ezincwadini, futhi nokuqothulwa kwezinto eziphilayo kumiswa. ithiyori Modern kusekelwe ezizathwini of zemvelo idatha Ukukhetha nesibalo sabantu zofuzo uCharles Darwin ku ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo, drift zofuzo, ukushintsha amaza allele.

Evolution kusho khona izinto eziphilayo impande ababeyinika waqala ukuthuthukiswa yabo. Kulokhu nokucabanga eyodwa noma a pair of oyisemkhulu ngokuzikhethela. Ososayensi bathi amadlozi eziphilayo zingaba ngaphezulu, kodwa zonke basonta amaqembu nokuzwelana.

I regularities eyinhloko kwemvelo ophuma kukhona Kuhlangana kanye kwehlukana. Ngo biology, izibonelo kanye nezici yalezi izinqubo Charlz Darvin. Funda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi abakubonisayo, uchaze ngezansi.

Kushintsha biology

Nge elithi Latin lisho ukuthi "iphutha" futhi ingasetshenziswa hhayi kuphela mayelana nemvelo. Kushintsha biology kusho nesenzakalo izimpawu umehluko kwezinto eziphilayo. Enkabeni yalo a simo esishubile nxazonke ephakama ukuphila nezidalwa vumelanisa nezimo ezahlukene.

Kubonakala sengathi ukushintsha ezinye izingxenye zomzimba noma imigwamanda nasekutholeni ingxenye izici ezintsha kanye namakhono. Kushintsha biology - Kuyaziwa. Kubonakala ngenxa ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo, okungukuthi, umzabalazo khona. izimpawu yokufuna kunciphisa mncintiswano - labantu omusha ngamunye kungathatha injongo yaso emvelweni, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa yezinye izinhlobo. Iphinde kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba umtshingo ubethwa ngubani.

Kwehlukana singenzeka ezingeni zinhlobo, uhlobo lwe, umndeni neqembu. Ngosizo lwawo, isibonelo, amakilasi zihlukaniswe ezincelisayo namagundane, carnivores, Proboscidea, izilwane zasemanzini ezincelisayo, wezinkawu, nezinye amayunithi. Nazo ngokufanayo, base behlukana ibe amaqembu amancane, okuyinto zingafani isakhiwo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle.

Divergences eziphilayo: Izibonelo

Kwehlukana kuholela yokuthi kukhona ezahlukene isakhiwo eziphilayo ukuthi singabakaNkulunkulu iqembu elifanayo taxonomic. Noma kunjalo, kusadingeka ovamile isisekelo, shintsha izitho zomzimba enze imisebenzi efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izikhwebu zisuke ezindlebeni, kodwa kwezinye zingabantu side ngaphezulu laphetha komunye, amaphiko inyoni ezithile esifushane, abanye eside.

Isibonelo esihle ngesimo nemilenze ezincelisayo. zinhlobo ezahlukene, bona ziyehluka okuncike imodi zokuphila futhi ndawo. Ngakho, ngezidladla ikati babe pads esithambile futhi iminwe hlobo lwezinkawu eside futhi ezithathekayo ngamagatsha engalibaleki, ngesikhathi ingonyama ulwandle savela emaphikweni, izinkomo - inselo. Ukuze siqonde ukuthi iyona kwehlukana emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo, kungaba isibonelo whiteflies. Butterflies alo mkhaya ukudla zinikwa ezahlukene ku isibungu esiteji: omunye udle iklabishi, nezinye - itheniphu, wesithathu - beetroot, njll ..

Izitshalo iphutha izimpawu ebonakaliswa ifomu amahlamvu. Kukhona aba cactus ameva ziye zashintsha Barberry inaliti. Futhi, kwehlukana usukela ezingeni kohlelo impande. Ezinye izitshalo abe impande-amaswidi, amazambane kuyinto tuber, u-beetroot kanye izaqathe kunezelwa ukujiya ziphenduka izimpande.

Kuhlangana

Uma kwehlukana sici eziphilayo ezihlobene, lo convergence ngokuphambene siyenzeka emaqenjini ezikude. It kuzibonakalisa ukufana zimfanelo eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene ngendlela ehlelekile. Njengoba kwehlukana wabonakala ngenxa ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo, kodwa kulokhu kuhloswe obulinganayo izinhlobo ezahlukene amayunithi, nokunye. D.

Izilwane noma izitshalo, okungokwendlela amakilasi ezahlukene ngokuphelele, ngibe ezifanayo Isakhiwo nemisebenzi yeSigungu seziPhathimandla. Lokhu kungenxa olwenzeka endaweni jikelele lokufana yokuphila. Kodwa ukufana kwabo musa ukudlulisa wonke umzimba, Kuhlangana kuthinta kuphela labo izinhlangano ezidingekayo ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezithile.

Ngakho, izilwane ukuhambisa udabula emoyeni, amaphiko. Kodwa abanye kungase kuhlobane isinambuzane, kanye nezinye - ukuze ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla. izilwane zasemanzini abe komzimba ovikelekile, okungenzeka akuzona bahlobene.

izibonelo Kuhlangana

Ukuma komzimba amahlengethwa, imikhomo nenhlanzi - a Kuhlangana ejwayelekile. Ngenxa ukufana zangaphandle kanye oshaka imikhomo namahlengethwa njengoba amalungu inhlanzi yokuqala. Kamuva kwakutholakala ukuthi - ezincelisayo njengoba ukukhanya ukuphefumula, bazalwa kuphumela ekuzalweni bukhoma futhi benezingane eziningi nezinye izici.

Njengoba isibonelo, lo convergence zingancishiswa amaphiko amalulwane, izinyoni nezinambuzane. Ukuba khona kwalezi ngenxa indlela yokuphila nezilwane, eshukunyiswa indiza. Ifomu kanye nesakhiwo wamaphiko zingabantu ngokuyisisekelo ezahlukene.

Esinye isibonelo - khona gills e lezinhlanzi nezimbaza. Ngezinye izikhathi Kuhlangana kuzibonakalisa nokungabi khona kwanoma yiliphi yemizimba. Ngakho, kwamanye ziqhingi ezinezintaba-mlilo kuhlale izimvemvane wingless, izimpukane nezinye izinambuzane.