Izinto ezikhona endaweni yobunjiniyela. Ubunjiniyela obunamandla: izici zokubeka

Ubunjiniyela bokusebenza yilo igatsha elibaluleke kakhulu lomnotho kazwelonke. Inikeza ezobuchwepheshe kanye nemishini yazo zonke izindawo zomnotho, kanye nokukhiqiza izinto eziningi zasendlini ezidingekile isintu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Kulesi sihloko, izici eziyinhloko zendawo yokusebenza kwemishini nokubaluleka kwazo ekukhiqizeni izinhlobo ezahlukene zemishini zidalulwa.

Ubunjiniyela bemishini kuyisihluthulelo ekuthuthukiseni umnotho wezwe

Ubuchwepheshe bensimbi buhlala endaweni enkulu ekukhiqizeni izimboni futhi kuthonya ukuthuthukiswa kwazo zonke amagatsha ezomnotho. Ihlukanisa izinga lezesayensi nezobuchwepheshe lezwe kanye namandla alo okuvikela. Emazweni athuthukile, cishe amaphesenti angama-35 emkhiqizo wekhaya wasekhaya awela kubunjiniyela. Isici semikhiqizo yobunjiniyela bala mazwe yizinto ezihlukahlukene zezimpahla zekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nokuncintisana kwayo.

Ukwakhiwa komshini wokwakhiwa kwemishini kanye nezici zayo

Imishini yobunjiniyela inesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi sinamabhizinisi angaphezu kuka-70. Izindawo zayo eziyinhloko ziyi-electronics, i-robotics, imishini yokuthutha kanye nezolimo, amathuluzi omshini, izindiza, ama-locomotives nezinqola.

Isakhiwo sokwakha umshini sinemininingwane ebalulekile, lapho indawo yokukhiqiza incike khona. Okokuqala, kule mboni, izinga lokuthuthukiswa kokwenza umsebenzi (umkhiqizi uveza uhlobo olulodwa lomkhiqizo) kanye nokubambisana (lapho amabhizinisi amaningana enza umsebenzi wokukhiqiza izimpahla) kubaluleke kakhulu. Okwesibili, kunezici ezithile ezithinta indawo yobunjiniyela. Kuye ngokukhethekile kwemboni, inhlanganisela yabo ingahluka. Isibonelo, isitshalo sezimoto sikhiqiza ukuthutha okuphelile, kodwa isebenzisa izingxenye ezithengwe kwamanye amabhizinisi ukuze zenziwe. Kulesi simo, inethiwekhi ehamba phambili yokuthutha iyisici esibalulekile endaweni yobunjiniyela bezimoto.

Izingosi endaweni yezimboni zobunjiniyela

Abacwaningi baye babona izici eziyinhloko ezithinta kakhulu indawo yobunjiniyela:

• Ukusetshenziswa kwe-metal;
• Izinsiza zabasebenzi;
• Isisekelo esiwusizo;
• Ukuqina kwesayensi;
• Ukuhlushwa komhlaba;
• Isici sabathengi.

Ngokuvamile kuzo zonke izimboni, izici eziyinhloko yindawo yobuchwepheshe, njengezesayensi kanye nabasebenzi. Isilinganiso nenombolo yezinye izici zohlobo ngalunye lobunjiniyela zingashintsha kakhulu. Isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwenkimbinkimbi yezolimo kuleli lizwe kunomthelela ekukhuleni kwesidingo semishini yokucubungula umhlaba. Ngakho-ke, kunesidingo sokwandisa imishini yezolimo. Izimo zezindawo zezimboni zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu (ama-electronics, ama-computer) anciphisa ezindaweni lapho kunenani elanele labachwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe futhi kunethuba lokuqhuba ukuhlola nesayensi.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezimboni zokwakha umshini

Izici ezifanayo zendawo yokusebenza kwamakhamphani kwamanye amabhizinisi angabalulekile ngokweqile, kanti ezinye zithonya kancane kancane. Ngokwalesi simiso, abomnotho bahlukanisa wonke amagatsha okwakhiwa komshini ngamaqembu amathathu: asindayo, aphakathi nendawo jikelele.

Ubunjiniyela obukhulu

Amagatsha alo mboni yezobunjiniyela abhekene nezindleko eziphezulu zensimbi kanye nenani elincane labasebenzi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukukhiqizwa kokuphakamisa nokuthutha, imayini, imishini ye-metallurgical kanye nemayini, imishini esindayo, izinqola nezinqola, izitsha ezinkulu. Zonke lezi zinkhombandlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kukhona ubunzima obunzima. Izingosi zendawo yamabhizinisi anjalo ziyisisekelo sezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nomthengi. Ngakho-ke, ngesakhiwo sezindleko zokukhiqiza zalezi zitshalo, izindleko zezinto zokusetshenziswa nezinto zokwakha zivela ku-40 kuya ku-80%. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, zitholakala eduze kwamabhizinisi ase-metallurgical kanye nemakethe.

Emkhakheni wamagatsha obunjiniyela obunzima, indawo ekhethekile igcwele ubuchwepheshe bamandla, okwenza ama generator, ama-turbines, ama-boilers, izinjini zomfula nezikebhe zasolwandle. Amabhizinisi walesi siqondiso atholakale kakhulu ezindaweni lapho kunomshini wokwakha umshini othuthukisiwe, lapho abasebenzi abaningi abanekhono besebenza khona. Ngomthetho ofanayo, ukukhiqizwa kwemishini yokufakelwa nokucindezela kanye namathuluzi omshini osindayo kukhula. Njengomthetho, imishini enjalo ikhiqizwa ngamabhaksi amancane ngokucela amabhizinisi obuchwepheshe ezweni noma abangaphandle.

Kuseduze komthengi kunamagatsha okuthutha kwezokuthutha njengokwakhiqizwa kwezinqola zikagesi nezama-diesel, izinqola nemikhumbi. Ngakho-ke, ukwakha umkhumbi kubhekisela emachwebeni olwandle, nakuba le mboni inezinkinga. Iqiniso liwukuthi ekwakhiweni kwemikhumbi yanamuhla, kuyadingeka imishini ekhethekile. Ngakho-ke, ukwakha umkhumbi kuhlelwe ngesimiso sokubambisana namanye amabhizinisi anikezela izingxenye, imishini ngisho nezigaba ezenziwe ngomkhumbi.

Ubunjiniyela bokusebenza

Izici eziyinhloko endaweni yobuchwepheshe kuleli qembu kukhona abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe kanye nezinsiza zamandla. Ihlanganisa ukukhiqizwa ngezinto ezincane zensimbi nezidingo ezinkulu zemithombo yomsebenzi.

Iqembu lobuchwepheshe obuphakathi kubandakanya amabhizinisi afakwe ngokukhethekile okuncane nokuxhumeka ngempahla evela kumabhizinisi abambisanayo. Isibonelo, ukukhiqizwa kwemishini yokunyathelisa, ukudla kanye nezimboni zokukhanya. Igatsha eliyinhloko lobunjiniyela obuphakathi kukhona ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto. Le mboni iphinda ikhiqize amabhomu, ama-bearings, imishini kagesi, njll.

Ubunjiniyela obuvamile

Leli qembu lomklamo womshini liqukethe amabhizinisi asebenza ngokukhethekile ekukhiqizeni imishini kanye nemishini yokucubungula amakhemikhali, ukuhlanzwa kwamafutha kanye nezimboni zehlathi. Nakhona nezitshalo ezikhiqiza umgwaqo kanye nezinhlobo zemishini yokulima. Esikhathini sokwezindleko zokukhiqizwa kwalolu hlobo, ingxenye enkulu yezindleko yiholo labasebenzi (kufika ku-30%), izindleko ezisele - izinto zokusetshenziswa, izinto zokwakha kanye namandla. Ngakho, indawo yamabhizinisi alaleli qembu incike kumthengi, umakethe wokuthengisa kanye nabasebenzi.

Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela imishini yokulima. Izici zendawo yalesi sigaba ziyimfuneko yokuthengi, isisekelo sempahla yokusetshenziswa, ukutholakala koxhumano oluthuthukile lokuthutha. Okubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni imishini yezolimo kunomthengi. Kubangelwa ukutholakala kwesidingo samatrakta, kuhlanganiswa neminye imishini yezolimo ukuthi iningi lemikhiqizo yokukhiqiza incike.

Geography of engineering mechanical

Izingosi zendawo yezinkampani zobunjiniyela zidlala indima eqinile emnothweni wezo zonke amazwe, kubandakanya yonke indawo yezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, izindawo eziningi zaseCanada, e-Argentina, ingxenye ye-Australia, ezinye ze-US sezivele zaziwa amakhulu eminyaka ezindaweni zasemaphandleni. Kulezi zindawo kunesidingo esiphakeme sokusebenza kwemishini nemishini. Futhi ukuvuselelwa okusheshayo nokukhula kwabantu emazweni amaningi ase-Asia kwakuthonya kakhulu ukubeka endaweni yabo yamabhizinisi ahlose ukukhiqizwa kwemishini yasendlini kanye nomsakazo we-elektroniki.