Izinqubo Biospheric. Umjikelezo we-nitrogen ngokwemvelo

Isici ikhemikhali idijithi kanambambili eziyisikhombisa luchazwa ngegama N (Nitrogenium). igama Ezazimzungezile - "Bona Zot" - kusuka esiGrekini kusho "ezingaphiliko '. Leli gama, enye inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ivelaphi, kwahlongozwa e 1787 Antuanom Lavuaze nyaka, esikhundleni esandulele "phlogisticated", "spoilt" futhi emoyeni "mefitichesky". Yingaleso sikhathi lapho iqembu lososayensi isiFulentshi, lapho Lavoisier wahileleka, wahlanganyela ukuthuthukiswa izimiso ngesilwane esifuywayo zamakhemikhali. Ngisho nalapho, bakuqaphela nitrogen impahla ayisekeli iyiphi omlilo noma emishinini yokuphefumula.

Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo igama elithi "i-nitrogen" hhayi kusungulwe Lavoisier nozakwabo. Litholakala ngaphezulu izincwadi alchemical ekuqaleni Ephakathi ukuchaza okuthiwa "eyinhloko impahla metal" kusho, kwakusithekile isibaluli futhi ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi, kanye nezakhiwo "alpha and omega" kuzo zonke izinto.

Emvelweni, nitrogen bangase babe khona njengofakazi into elula-N2 ifomula, kwanele igesi engaxubani namakhemikhali kuyinto ngaphandle ukunambitheka, umbala kanye iphunga. Three eliyizingxenye ozungeze umhlaba siqukethe nitrogen. Lo msuka ifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni zezitshalo nezilwane. Ngo ukwakheka amaprotheni, amaphesenti salo 16-18% ngesisindo. Libuye ingxenye isakhiwo acid nucleic, nucleoproteins, amino acid, i-chlorophyll, i-hemoglobin. Emangqamuzaneni aphilayo ngu-athomu nitrogen imayelana 2%, kanye ingxenyenamba mass le ngxenye ukukhuphuka 2.5%. Elementi N lifaka wesine obaluleke ngendlela izakhi eziyisisekelo organic-chemistry - hydrogen, yekhabhoni nomoya-mpilo.

Ngokuyinhloko lezi Umjikelezo we-nitrogen ngokwemvelo esekelwe zamakhemikhali emoyeni. Phakathi kwabo kubuswa namachibi. Futhi ingxenye enkulu ye-ekuxhumaneni nitrogen ukuthatha zamakhemikhali ku uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. N2 Main ngokwemvelo - kungcono emkhathini. Futhi izitshalo zidlala indima ebalulekile, eqinisweni, ukuqala Umjikelezo we-nitrogen ngokwemvelo. Izitshalo kuyiplanethi yethu imisebenzi njengoba zamagama amaprotheni. Njengoba izinto esetshenziswa nitrate ukuthi kukhona enhlabathini. Umthombo zemvelo nitrate nitrogen aspirated kanye nosawoti ammonium. Mshini ukuguqulela into elula ifomu etholakalayo nokwenziwa izitshalo, okuthiwa i-nitrogen nenkanuko edlulele.

Zimbili kunenze nisondelane nitrogen percolation indlela. Ngo samuntu sokuqala, inombolo ethile ngesikhathi umbani esithweni nitrogen oxides. Buhlanjululwe ngamanzi, bephambana ukubukeka nitric acid, okuyinto kuphakamisa ukubonakala nitrate inhlabathi. Ngo samuntu yesibili, kukhona kumiswa ammonia. amagciwane wayo kusetshenzwe ku nitrate, ngokuvamile itholakala Izigaxana impande izitshalo tuberous. Okuningi, leli washi libizwa nitrification.

Ukufa isitshalo kuholela ekwakhekeni ammonium compounds. Ngaphezu kwazo usebenza ama-bacterium, nokuguqula wabayisa nitrogen nitrate kanye kubuyela emkhathini. Nenkanuko edlulele, nitrification futhi denitrification nitrogen - izingxenye indlela eziyinkimbinkimbi, bethwele Umjikelezo we-nitrogen ngokwemvelo. Ukushayela le nqubo wukuthi kukhona exchange phakathi nenkanuko edlulele nitrogen ne denitrification.

Nitrogen nenkanuko edlulele kwenzeka uma isitshalo ukugaya nitrogen emoyeni, kule nqubo abathintekayo amagciwane amaningi cyanobacteria. Imikhiqizo ka ukulungisa nitrogen ammonia, nitrate noma nitrites.

Umjikelezo we-nitrogen ngokwemvelo ekutheni ajwayele ushintsho esinyathelweni esilandelayo lucwaningo nitrification of nenkanuko edlulele. Manje ammonia ludlulele nitrate kanye nitrites. Phakathi denitrification uphela nitrogen umjikelezo esifana nesikaNkulunkulu, nitrate ukubola ku-nitrogen. iqhaza obusebenzayo inqubo ukuthatha Pseudomonas, Bacillus amagciwane namanye amagciwane.

Phakathi denitrification kungenzeka ushintsho eziningana. Into ebaluleke kakhulu kubo - i-nitrous oxide, a Igesi ebamba ukushisa uzinzile.

Kunwetshwa indaba ephathwayo, kuyafaneleka nokuqonda injongo imiqondo nokwenziwa kanye namaminerali. Nokwenziwa kuyinqubo sokushintshela nitrogen wezinto njengoba injalo organic. Ngaphansi ezilamatshe aligugu ehloselwe organic nitrogen kwakwakhe ukuguqula wezinto ezingaphili. Abamelene nokwenziwa kanye lenguquko ethize kunhlobonhlobo zamatshe zibaluleke ifomu ukuguqulwa izinto okuyinto eyenzeka ngesikhathi Umjikelezo we-nitrogen ngokwemvelo.

Isethulo umbiko ngale ndaba kakhulu esephumelele ukufeza usebenzisa namathebula namashadi.