Izinhlobo sentimentalism. Izici sentimentalism ezincwadini

Izinhlobo sentimentalism, ngokungafani kuya classical-isitayela, ngokuthi umfundi ulwazi imizwa ofana nawo wonke umuntu, ukuba uhlobo yemvelo futhi isimo sangaphakathi, ukuze uhlangane nemvelo. Futhi uma classicism bakhuleka yaleso sizathu kuphela, wehluleka khona yini enengqondo, uhlelo (ngokuvumelana imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinkondlo Boileau), umculi-sentimentalist kwaba khulula ngomqondo lwamanye amagama ayo, indiza umcabango. Wazalelwa wokumelana isizathu ukoma esivela Enlightment, zonke izinhlobo sentimentalism akuzona yini befika kusukela isiko, nokuthi komphefumulo ukujula khipha kusuka phansi yayo.

Isizinda sentimentalism

Absolutist umbuso izinduna yayisiphuza esibucayi ojulile. Esikhundleni ngetenhlalo nemagugu ukuza amagugu, ebiyelwe umuntu kobuntu, vsesoslovnoy. Sentimentalism - yencazelo izincwadi womaya kwezakhi okubanzi nomphakathi nge ngentshiseko esinamandla anti-amakhosi asendulo.

I izindlu lwesithathu, umnotho, kodwa emphakathini futhi akanamandla kwezombusazwe, uye waqinisa ngokumelene ebukhosini futhi abefundisi. Kwakulapho, ekilasini lesithathu, yazalwa adumile: "Liberty, ukulingana, elangenza" - elaba esithi zonke linemibhikisho. isiko Social umphakathi yafuna ukubusa ngentando yeningi.

inkambiso yalelozwe Rationalist wadalula postulate le igunya imibono, kungakho crisis ngemibono. ohlanga Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke njengoba oluthile isakhiwo isimo yawela kwamazinyo. Umqondo ohlanga ehlisa umbono ka nkosi ukukhanyiselwa - futhi ngoba cishe akekho noma ezinye awahlangabezananga izidingo zangempela umphakathi.

Conquest isiko

The kungenzeka onxiwankulu yi isigamu kwekhulu le-18 yesibili liye landa kangangokuba waqala ukutshela imigomo bonke kwamanye amakilasi, ikakhulukazi ngokusebenzisa isiko. Ukuba lweli imibono intuthuko yena, wazabela izincwadi nezobuciko.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, it is elalihlala nababamele imvelo yabo: Rousseau - kumklami umndeni, uVoltaire - ummeli olungisa izivumelwano Diderot - ingcweti ... Mayelana abaculi futhi khumbula akukho mqondo, ngoba kukhona ngokuphelele izindlu lesithathu, kuphela kanye kuphela.

Nakuba yonke imikhakha yomphakathi we namazwi yeningi kwekhulu le-18 lakhula ngokukhulu ukushesha, hhayi kuphela e-Okwesithathu bezindlu. Kwale mizwa futhi waphoqelela ngasekupheleni Ukukhanyiselwa namanye amaqhawe, izimo ezikhethekile futhi emizweni ezintsha. Nokho izinhlobo sentimentalism ezincwadini zifiki kwakungafanele. izinkondlo Elegiac, uhlobo epistolary, Umlando - Sekuyisikhathi eside zonke ezaziwayo amafomu egcwele okuqukethwe okusha.

Izici eziyinhloko sentimentalism ezincwadini

Njengoba elinye ithuba isimiso Ukukhanyiselwa nefilosofi yabantu abazibheka kusula ezinye izindlela okuqonda zomhlaba: musa khumbulani, futhi nenhliziyo, okungukuthi, ebhekisela isigaba emizweni nemizwa. Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi - insimu eye yaphila zonke izinhlobo sentimentalism.

Sentimentalists ukuthi umuntu ngokwemvelo iwukuba kube alien ngokuhlakanipha nangokuqonda rationality, useduze imvelo, okuyinto ngokufunda izinzwa ukunika kuvumelana kwalo. Ubuhle kumele kube zemvelo, babhala, futhi kuphela ngezinga eliphezulu ukuzwela lesintu ungathola injabulo yangempela. I izinhlobo eyinhloko sentimentalism ezincwadini ngakhoke ababekhethiwe ngesisekelo ukusondelana: wokwelusa, enhle, ukuthatha uhambo, Diaries siqu noma izinhlamvu.

Ukuthembela ekuqaleni yemvelo (An Ezemfundo) futhi uhlale imvelo - ngokwemvelo - lawa izinsika ezimbili okuncike zonke izinhlobo sentimentalism.

Zobuchwepheshe intuthuko kwezenhlalo, isimo, umphakathi, umlando, imfundo - lawamazwi kuhambisana sentimentalism ikakhulukazi okuhlukumezayo. Inqubekela njengoba isisekelo lapho Ukukhanyiselwa lakhiwa ososayensi kanye wesichazamazwi, kwaba sochton ezingadingekile futhi ilimaze kakhulu, futhi kuwukubonakaliswa impucuko - oyinhlekelele esintwini. Lokhu kukhulekela umbusi wanikela ubuncane impilo yasemakhaya yangasese, kanye esiphezulu - ukuphila okungenazinkathazo zazingavumi kahle futhi bengenalo zasendle ngangokunokwenzeka.

izindaba nobuqhawe izinhlobo lokugcina sentimentalism, hhayi ndawonye. Daily, okuvelayo elula zazigcwalisa. Esikhundleni imizwa elikhanyayo, ukulwa ayeke imikhuba emibi nokuphila izimfanelo ezinhle sentimentalism e izincwadi kwekhulu le-18 yabonisa ubumsulwa imizwa cefe zomhlaba kwangaphakathi umuntu ovamile. Ngokuvamile, ongowokudabuka izindlu lwesithathu, umsuka izikhathi lowo neither uphansi. Sentimentalism, yencazelo e izincwadi bokubanga yeningi, ophika ngokuphelele ngezigaba ebekwa impucuko.

Izwe kwangaphakathi yomuntu: omunye umbono

Ekuphetheni Age of Ukukhanyiselwa, Umkhuba omusha nakanjani akuhambile kude izimiso zemfundo. Nokho, sentimentalism futhi Classicism ezincwadini waqonda kalula: kusukela classicists abalobi uhlamvu edidayo, e uhlamvu - the predominance somunye izici kokuhlaziywa oyisibopho zokuziphatha.

Sentimentalists wayebonisa iqhawe njengomuntu futhi impikiswano ongashi. Wayengakwazi ukuhlanganisa futhi futhi ungungqondongqondo yobugebengu, ngoba kusukela ekuzalweni kuze ezinhle yakhe nokungapheleli esakuzuza okubi. Futhi imvelo - okuhle isiqalo, impucuko - okubi. ukuhlolwa Monosyllabic ngokuvamile kungahlali isenzo iqhawe imisebenzi isihawu. Kungenzeka villain, kodwa nikogoda ngokuphelele, ngoba ngaso sonke isikhathi unethuba silalele imvelo bese ubuyela endleleni ubuhle.

Lapha kule didacticism, futhi ngezinye izikhathi uphambene, futhi sentimentalism exhunywe uvalwe ngenkathi zohlobo yakhe.

Ihlelo lika-umuzwa futhi ngaphandle kwekutsatsa luhlangotsi

I izinhlobo eyinhloko sentimentalism kakhulu okuhlobene nale ndaba, ngale ndlela ayakwazi ukuba silubonise ngokugcwele ukuhamba inhliziyo yomuntu. Lena inoveli izincwadi, kuyinto Elegy, Diaries, Umlando kanye konke ikuvumela ukuba akhulume lomuntu lokuqala.

Nombhali hhayi okwesikhashana kusukela into limelela, futhi ukubonakaliswa kwayo - ebaluleke kakhulu kwendaba. Isakhiwo ubuye khulula canons etemibhalo musa kucinanise umcabango, ukwakheka kuyinto kabi amandla akhe, futhi noma iyiphi inombolo ye kwehliswa kwelizinga lyrical.

Wazalelwa eshumini lesibili ogwini England, izinhlobo eyinhloko sentimentalism engxenyeni kwekhulu lesibili leminyaka iye yakhula yabenza kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Iningi ngokucacile - eNgilandi, eFrance, eJalimane Russia.

England

Izosha ngowokuqala ungeniswe Umucu wako izici sentimentalism ezincwadini. Laba bameleli be-bhá: umlandeli umhlaziyi classical Nikola Bualo - Dzheyms Tomson, osechithe wakhe wesiNgisi imvelo Elegy, egcwele yokungabaza; umsunguli we "emathuneni" ka Poetics Edward Jung; ukusekela isihloko senkondlo "Grave" Scot Robert Blair kanye Thomas Gray nge Elegy eyaqanjwa emathuneni emzaneni. Konke lokhu abalobi iyona umcondvo lobalulekile ukulingana kwabantu engakafi.

Khona - futhi engcono - izici sentimentalism uvele izincwadi uhlobo inoveli. USamuweli Richardson esiwujuqu waphula nge isiko adventure, adventure kanye inoveli picaresque, ubhala inoveli izincwadi. "Baba," isiqondiso Lourens Stern waqala kokuqamba noveli "A Sentimental Journey Through eFrance nase-Italy, uMnu Yorick", okuyinto wanika igama isiqondiso. Isiqongo we sentimentalism IsiZulu ezibucayi ubhekwa umsebenzi Oliver Abakhandi.

France

Ifomu zakudala iningi sentimentalism siyenzeka ngowesithathu yokuqala yekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili eFrance. De Marivaux kwaba ekuqaleni kwalesi temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba, echaza ukuphila noMarianne kanye nabalimi abancane, eyayibukiswa ezindaweni eziningi abantu. I Abbe Prevost ahlanganiswe palette imizwa ezincwadini - abanothando ezaholela kule nhlekelele.

Umvuthwandaba sentimentalism eFrance - UJean-Zhak Russo ngemanoveli yakhe epistolary. Nature emisebenzini yakhe uyigugu uqobo, abantu zemvelo. Le noveli "Ukuvuma" - IsAmbulo okukhuluma izincwadi emhlabeni.

De Saint-Pierre, umfundi Rousseau, baqhubeka nozime lweqiniso, okuyinto ushumayela izinhlobo ezinkulu sentimentalism: injabulo yomuntu ngokuvumelana nemvelo nobuhle. Yena owayazi ukuthi lo zezimbali "exotic" e romanticism, obonisa zwe elishisayo olukude.

Futhi, ungathathi izikhundla abalandeli Rousseau kanye ZH.-S. Mercier, ukusunduza noveli "The Savage" bakudala (ekahle) kanye namafomu civilizational wempilo. Izithelo Mercier impucuko kuchazwa ngokuthi isikhulumi e "izithombe Paris."

Umlobi-wafundisa de la Breton (amakhulu amabili usebenza amavolumu!) Omunye abalandeli abaqotho kakhulu Rousseau. Wabhala ukuthi elimazayo ezisemadolobheni imvelo ukuthi liphenduka insizwa lobugebengu, zokuziphatha okuhlanzekile, futhi baxoxa umqondo ka pedagogy ngokuya imfundo yabesifazane nendlela abakhuliswe ngayo.

Kusukela ekuqaleni linemibhikisho izici sentimentalism ezincwadini ngokwemvelo wanyamalala. Izinhlobo sentimentalism ezincwadini okucetshiswe ezingokoqobo entsha.

Germany

Ukubuka entsha at izincwadi eJalimane wathonywa G.-E. Lessing. Lolu shintsho lwaqala ngesikhathi sokuphikisana Zurich University osolwazi kaBodmer futhi Johann Jakob Breitinger nge umsekeli oshisekayo classicism - German Gottsched. The Swiss wawalwela umcabango asankondlo, kodwa-German abuhlangananga.

F.-G. Klopstock uye waqinisa isikhundla sentimentalism usebenzisa temdzabu Medieval isiko zamaJalimane okwakuthandelene kalula nemizwa inhliziyo German. Kodwa sokuthuthwa kwempahla sentimentalism German weza kuphela ngeminyaka yoma-ngekhulu le-18 ngokuqondene nomsebenzi ku ukudalwa kazwelonke ungubani nezincwadi zokufunda iqhaza kule nhlangano "Sturm und Drang".

Kulesi mkhuba futhi JW ebusheni bakhe Goethe. "I kwemihelo ethi Intsha Werther," Goethe wathela izincwadi yesifundazwe German ngesikhathi pan-European. ithonya ezisobala "Sturm und Drang" kanye senzakalo I.-F. Schiller.

Russia

sentimentalism Russian wavula Nikolaem Mihaylovichem Karamzinym - "Izincwadi we Traveller Russian", "Kubi Liza" - obukhulu nephrozi isihawu. Ukuzwela, melancholy, isifiso ukuzibulala - izici eziyinhloko sentimentalism ezincwadini - e Karamzin kuhlangene nezinye emisha eminingi. Waba nguyise iqembu abalobi isiRashiya, walwa zakudala ilunga grandiloquent futhi ulimi olusha senkondlo. Ukuze leli qembu basonta II Dmitriev, VA Zhukovsky nabanye.