Izimpawu umphakathi zezimboni (kafushane)

Incazelo zakudala umphakathi zezimboni uthi kwakheka it is ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza umshini futhi ukuvela letisha mass inhlangano zabasebenzi. Ngokomlando, lesi sinyathelo oluhambisana isimo kwezenhlalo eNtshonalanga Yurophu esikhathini 1800-1960 biennium.

izici Jikelele

Sici baqaphela umphakathi zezimboni kuhilela izici eziningana ezibalulekile. Yiziphi? Okokuqala, umphakathi zezimboni kusekelwe ukuthuthukiswa umkhakha. Kuyo kukhona nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi, okuyinto enomthelela kwenyuswe umkhiqizo. Isici esibalulekile iyona mncintiswano. Ngaphandle kwayo, izimfanelo umphakathi zezimboni ubuyoba ongaphelele.

Uhlelo lwe-capitalism kuholela yokuthi ngenkuthalo ezikhula kwezamabhizinisi abantu abanesibindi engumthengisi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke ukuhlakulela zemiphakathi, kanye isimo uhlelo zokuphatha. It iyashelela futhi kube nzima. Industrial umphakathi kakhulu ukukholelwa ngaphandle izindlela zokuxhumana zanamuhla, amadolobha abantu abahlala emadolobheni futhi izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu lempilo isakhamuzi isilinganiso.

Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe

Noma yimuphi isici emphakathini zezimboni, ngamafuphi, kufaka lomkhuba the Industrial Revolution. Lokho wavuma UK zokuqala emlandweni wesintu sokuyeka izwe kwezolimo. Lapho umnotho iqala uthembele hhayi ukutshala izitshalo, futhi kuya umkhakha omusha, kukhona ihlume wokuqala umphakathi zezimboni.

Ngakho kukhona kabusha abalulekile zomsebenzi. Kwetisebenti eshiya ezolimo kanye uya edolobheni izitshalo. Umkhakha wezolimo nothi lapho isesikhathini 15% labantu isimo. Kukhula kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni nakho kunomthelela ukuvuselelwa ukuhweba.

Esikhathini ukukhiqizwa isici main iyona umsebenzi ebhizinisi. Ephambi kwezinduna lesi simo sibangelwa nobuntu umphakathi zezimboni. Kafushane lesi ubuhlobo yaqale esachazwa Austria ne-US Economist Yozef Shumpeter. Kulo mphakathi indlela esikhathini esithile it is kokudabula revolution kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe. Ngemva kwalokho, kwaba ngemva kwezikhathi zokulotshwa zezimboni, okuyinto vele ihlangabezana yesimanjemanje.

umphakathi khulula

Kanye obhekwe kwezimboni umphakathi ncono kwesive. Lokhu kwenza abantu baphule kohlaka ezikhona ngendlela yendabuko, nobuntu Ephakathi emnothweni nezokulima. Ngo isimo imingcele esilufifi phakathi amakilasi. Balahlekelwa lombhalo. Ngamanye amazwi, abantu bangakwazi ukuceba futhi babe yimpumelelo ngenxa yemizamo yawo namakhono, hhayi ubuka imvelaphi yakhe siqu.

Izimpawu umphakathi zezimboni kuyinto ukukhula okukhulu kwezomnotho, kwenzekani ngezithukuthuku kwandziswa kwelinani letikhungo ongoti abaqeqeshiwe. Emphakathini lapho indoda endaweni yokuqala kukhona ubuchwepheshe kanye nososayensi abakholelwayo ukunquma ikusasa lizwe. Le nqubo ubizwa nangokuthi technocracy namandla ubuchwepheshe. Ukubaluleka kuba umsebenzi ebalulekile yokusebenzelana abahwebi, ukukhangisa Ochwepheshe nabanye abantu ephethe isikhundla ekhethekile senhlalo.

Alo uthi kazwelonke

Ososayensi baye bathola ukuthi le izici eyinhloko umphakathi zezimboni ziyancipha yokuthi le ezimbonini kanye nesakhiwo zobuchwepheshe iba alawula zonke izici zokuphila kusukela isiko ukuze umnotho. Kanye ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni kanye nezinguquko kule babhekane nezinga elikhulu kwezenhlalo kuyinto ukuvela isizwe-uthi, eligoqiwe emhlabeni ukuba nolimi olulodwa olwaziwayo. Futhi indima enkulu kulenqubo udlala isiko yobuhlanga esiyingqayizivele.

Esikhathini medieval umphakathi kwezolimo, isici kazwelonke yayingabalulekile ngakho. Ngo imibuso Katolika XIV ekhulwini kwaba kudlula lenye inkosi ethile. Ngisho impi yayikhona ngesisekelo umsebenzi. Futhi kuphela XIX leminyaka ekugcineni kwakhiwa isimiso yekucasha kazwelonke ukuba uhulumeni amabutho ahlomile.

Ukucwaninga

Ukushintsha isimo yezibalo. Yini izici ezifihliwe umphakathi zezimboni? Izimpawu ushintsho ziyancipha ukwehlisa wenzalo emndenini owodwa isilinganiso. Abantu esiningi emfundweni yabo, ezishintshayo izindinganiso ngokuqondene ukutholakala nenzalo. Konke lokhu kuthinta isibalo sezingane kwelinye classical "cell ongcono".

Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo uwe kanye nokushona. Lokhu kungenxa ukuthuthukiswa imithi. Amasevisi odokotela kanye nemithi ayatholakala okwesikhathi ingxenye ebanzi sabantu. Kwandisa bempilo. Inani labantu base-kufa emikhulu kwasebekhulile kunangesikhathi usemncane (isib isifo noma impi).

umphakathi umthengi

abantu Uthuthukisa zangenkathi zezimboni kuye kwaholela ukuvela umphakathi umthengi. Imbangela eyinhloko yezabasebenzi yamalungu ayo iba isifiso ngangokunokwenzeka ukuthenga futhi uthenge. Sha uhlelo olusha amagugu, okuyinto yakhelwe ukubaluleka ingcebo yezinto ezibonakalayo.

Igama elithi laqanjwa yi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu German Erich Fromm. Kulo mongo, wagcizelela ukubaluleka ukunciphisa amahora ukusebenza, okwandisa ingxenye yesikhathi mahhala, kanye Ukufiphalisa of imingcele ephakathi amakilasi. Njalo is nobuntu emphakathini ezimbonini. Ithebula ubonisa izici eziyinhloko kwesikhathi nokuthuthuka komuntu.

isiko Popular

Incazelo zakudala umphakathi kwezezimboni sphere impilo ithi ukusetshenziswa ngamunye ayakhula. Ukwakha iqala uthembele amazinga ichaza okuthiwa isiko mass. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa - esinye sezici yesiteleka kakhulu umphakathi zezimboni.

Kuyini lokhu? isiko IMisa bakha izimo zengqondo eyisisekelo emphakathini umthengi zangenkathi ezimbonini. Art kuba yibo bonke. It engaqondile noma ngokunganaki ngidlulisa ikhuthaza izindinganiso ethile yokuziphatha. Abakwazi ngokuthi imfashini noma yokuphila. Entshonalanga bachuma isiko mass ubephelezelwa lokuhweba wakhe kanye kudalwa show ibhizinisi.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela Dzhona Gelbreyta

Industrial umphakathi uzifunde ngokucophelela ososayensi abaningi bekhulu XX. Omunye zezomnotho evelele kunazo zonke kulolu chungechunge kuyinto Dzhon Gelbreyt. Wachaza ezinye imithetho eyisisekelo ngazo washayelwa isici emphakathini ezimbonini. Okungenani 7 zoMthetho bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe baba siyinhloko entsha ezikoleni kwezomnotho kanye izitayela besikhathi sethu.

Galbraith babekholelwa ukuthi ekukhuleni komphakathi zezimboni kuye kwaholela hhayi kuphela ekusungulweni ne-capitalism, kodwa futhi ngokudalwa monopolies. izinkampane ezinkulu kule nezimiso zabo zomnotho emakethe khulula ingcebo futhi zimunce izimbangi. Bona ukulawula ukukhiqizwa, ukuhweba, inhloko-dolobha, futhi intuthuko kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe.

Ukuqinisa indima kwezomnotho isimo

Kuvele isici esibalulekile emphakathini zezimboni ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ngokusho Dzhona Gelbreyta umbono uwukuthi kuleli uhlelo ezinjalo ubudlelwane phakathi isimo kwandisa kokungenela yayo emnothweni. Ngaphambi kwalokho, kule nezokulima Ephakathi amandla nje akazange babe nezinto kakhulu nomthelela emakethe. isimo amaqiniso abonisa okuphambene emphakathini ezimbonini.

I-The Economist kuphawulwe ukuthuthukiswa ayo kwezobuchwepheshe enkathini entsha. Ngalokhu eside wayeqinisile isicelo esihleliwe ulwazi olusha emsebenzini. Izidingo ayenawo kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe kuholela yokuthi umnotho kanye ukunqoba isimo corporation. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi baba abanikazi ukukhiqiza kwenqubekela-phambili kwezesayensi esiyingqayizivele.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Galbraith babekholelwa ukuthi lapho capitalism nezezimboni, capitalists ngokwabo baye laphelelwa ithonya zabo zangaphambili. Manje, ukuba nemali akusho amandla nokuthi ibaluleke ngani. Kunalokho, abanikazi ukuza phambili ochwepheshe zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe abangakwazi ukunikela yizinto zesimanje nezindlela yokukhiqiza entsha. Njalo is nobuntu emphakathini ezimbonini. Ngokuya ngalolu hlelo Galbraith, isigaba sabasebenzi wangaphambili kwaluqeda e mibandela. kuba nokungezwani sabasebenzi futhi capitalists ababhubhayo sibonga entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe kanye zokulinganiswa of imali eyiphinda abaphothule.