Izimbangela izinkinga zamazwe omhlaba onke lesintu

Ukuxabana lempi, amabutho kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho ezindaweni ezahlukene iplanethi njalo ezenzeka. Njengoba nje kuza ukusikhohlisa e Nenkabazwe osentshonalanga, kunezimbangela lwezinkinga zomhlaba kunoma iyiphi enye ingxenye Earth. Izazi zezokuhlalisana kwabantu, osomnotho, ososayensi zezombusazwe kanye nabamele umphakathi ahlukahlukene kwezamasiko nesayensi ukunikeza incazelo kulezi zinkanyezi ngokombono umbono wakhe, kodwa yinkimbinkimbi isintu sinalo isikali kwamaplanethi, ngakho akunakwenzeka ukunciphisa zonke izinkinga ezikhona noma yisiphi isifunda esisodwa futhi iphuzu elilodwa ngesikhathi.

Umqondo yinkinga yembulunga yonke

Lapho izwe wawumkhulu kakhulu abantu, asinayo indawo eyanele. Yileyo indlela abakhileyo emhlabeni, ukuthi nokuhlalisana ngokuthula lwebantfu bemdzabu ngisho ezindaweni ezinkulu ngeke zihlale phakade. Kukhona njalo labo umhlaba umakhelwane nenhlalakahle ungayeki ukuphumula. Ukuhumusha izwi French umsindo global njengomuntu "jikelele", ie isebenza kubo bonke. Kodwa kwaphakama izinkinga emhlabeni wonke ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwe hhayi kuphela ulimi kodwa futhi ibhala jikelele.

Uma sicabanga ngomlando kanye ukuphila kohlanga lwesintu, ingenye yezimbangela zezinkinga global iyona nobugovu ngamunye. Manje-ke kwenzeka ukuthi emhlabeni impahla bonke abantu bazicabangela bona kuphela. Lokhu kwenzeka ngisho nalapho abantu radeyut injabulo inhlalakahle yangempela yezingane zazo futhi abathandekayo. Ngokuvamile okusinda yabo nasekutholeni izinto ezibonakalayo kusekelwe ukubhujiswa umakhelwane wakhe, ukususwa kusuka ngomnotho.

Ngakho kwaba kusukela nesikhathi sombuso nesi naseGibhithe lasendulo, kunjalo namuhla. Emlandweni wabantu babeyizisebenzi yizimpi nokuvukela. Kwafika eledlule izinhloso zizinhle kakhulu kuthatha izinsiza ezibekelwe inhlalakahle abacebile ukuze uphe abampofu. Ngenxa bomele igolide, emasimini amasha futhi amandla kwenkathi ngayinye zomlando kwatholakala nezimbangela zabo lwezinkinga zomhlaba isintu. Ngezinye izikhathi bemqhuba ukuvela kwemibuso emikhulu (Roman, isiPheresiya, British nabanye), okuyinto akhiwa ekunqotshweni ezinye izizwe. Kwezinye izimo - ukuba ukubhujiswa kwaso sonke impucuko, njengoba kwakunjalo Inca futhi Mayans.

Kodwa izimbangela neze ngakho ngokujulile izinkinga wanamuhla wembulunga yonke musa kuthinte iplanethi sisonke, njengoba kunjalo namuhla. Lokhu kungenxa ukuhlanganiswa kwabo bobabili we ukuwohloka komnotho wamazwe ehlukene futhi athembele nomunye.

Isimo emvelweni emhlabeni

Izimbangela global izinkinga zemvelo ekuqaleni amanga e ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza ezimbonini, olwaqala kuphela ekhulwini 17-18. Baqala ngisemncane kakhulu. Uma siqhathanisa ubuhlobo womuntu imvelo at zokukhula ezihlukene zalo, kungashiwo ihlukaniswe izigaba 3:

• bekhulekela indalo futhi amabutho ayo anamandla. I bakudala-ohlanganyelwe ngisho ohlelweni inceku kwakukhona ubuhlobo obuqinile kakhulu phakathi nezwe nabantu. Abantu bakhuleka nemvelo, baletha izipho, ngakho lo dade waba nesihe kuwo wazinika ezithela eliphezulu, ngoba encike ngqo kwi "emkhayeni" zalo.
• NgeNkathi Ephakathi, nemfundiso yenkolo ukuthi umuntfu ugcwele kona futsi nakuba eyisidalwa, kodwa namanje - umqhele indalo, abantu baye baveza emhlabeni wonke ezungeze. Kakade kule nkathi iqala kwakuwukuthi kancane kancane nokuvikelwa kwemvelo ukuze kuzuze isintu.
• Ukuthuthukiswa ubudlelwane kosozimali kwaholela yokuthi ubunjalo steel sisetshenziswe njengesigungu sokufaka izinto elisizayo, okuyinto "ukusebenza" abantu. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ngezinga elikhulu, ukungcoliswa kulandela lomoya, imifula kanye namachibi, ukubhujiswa izilwane - konke lokhu kuye kwaholela impucuko womuntu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kuze kube izimpawu zokuqala sesimweni esingesihle.

kwenkathi ngayinye zomlando lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu waba isigaba esisha ngenxa yokuchitheka ayekubona. Landela izimbangela zezinkinga phansi kwemvelo embulungeni yonke - ukuthuthukiswa zamakhemikhali, umshini wokwakha, izindiza kanye missile wokwakha umkhakha, ezimayini omkhulu kanye nekufaka gezi.

I ebanga usizi kunazo zonke ngoba emvelweni planethi kwaqala ngo-1990, lapho umoya waphonswa amathani angaphezu kuka-6 bhiliyoni carbon dioxide ezivezwa umkhakha konke ndawonye emazweni athuthukile kwezomnotho. Nakuba ngemva kwalokhu, ososayensi kanye kwemvelo baye bahlabe umkhosi, futhi abangu ngokushesha nje ngafakwa ayisuse imiphumela yokuchitheka izinyathelo ungqimba lwe-ozone, izimbangela zezinkinga global lwesintu kuphela baqala ukuvela ngempela. Phakathi kwabo, omunye esiyinhloko siwukwenza ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho emazweni ahlukahlukene.

izinkinga zomnotho

Ngandlela-thile, ngokomlando savela ngakho ukuthi kwakukhona impucuko olwakheka Ukuboshelwa ezingxenyeni ezahlukene Earth. Uma ngesinyathelo bakudala uhlelo ohlanganyelwe ucishe efana: ukuhlangana, ukuzingela, amathuluzi lokuqala okwe ukuhwebelana kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye obuningi, kuyilapho esikhathini Chalcolithic, ezingeni zezizwe sedentary kuyahlukahluka.

Ukubukeka zokusebenza metal nokuzingela izibhamu iletha ezweni abahlala kulo okwakungaba akhiqizwa, kwasekuqaleni. Emongweni zomlando - lena Europe. Kulokhu, akukho okushintshile, kodwa 21 leminyaka ngaphambi lonke akuyona inkemba zethusi noma musket, ezweni lapho kukhona izikhali zenuzi noma izinto zobuchwepheshe obuphambili emikhakheni ehlukahlukene esayense nobunjiniyela (izizwe kwezomnotho eziphambili). Ngakho-ke, ngisho nanamuhla, lapho ososayensi ucelwa: "Yiziphi ezimbili izimbangela zezinkinga lembulunga yonke elinezinto ezinhlobonhlobo namuhla", esebonisa indawo abampofu futhi inani elikhulu emazweni kwezomnotho ampofu.

Ikakhulukazi inzondo lamazwe Okwesithathu World bese uthi ophucukile kakhulu izinkomba ezifana:

amazwe ampofu	Emazweni athuthukile kakhulu
I okusezingeni eliphezulu lokufa, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni.	Isilinganiso sobude bokuphila kuyinto iminyaka 78-86.
Ukuntuleka kokukhulumisana ezanele zokuvikeleka komphakathi izakhamizi abampofu.	namarhubhelo wokungasebenzi, zixhaswe ukwelashwa.
imithi engaqinile, ukuntuleka kwemithi kanye izinyathelo.	A imithi ezingeni eliphezulu, yethula ukwazi izakhamuzi ukubaluleka nokuvinjelwa kwezifo, umshuwalense wokuphila wezokwelapha.
Ukungabi zemfundo izingane kanye nentsha kanye nokuhlinzekela ochwepheshe imisebenzi abasha.	ukukhetha Omkhulu kwezikhungo esikoleni bese kuthi imfundo ephakeme khona ngelungiselelo imfundo yamahhala, izibonelelo akhethekile imifundaze

Njengamanje, amazwe amaningi abuke nomunye. Uma ngisho 200-300 edlule, itiye esekhulile eNdiya naseCeylon, lapho sicutshungulwe, zahlanganiswa bese uyiswa kwamanye amazwe olwandle, futhi inqubo kungenzeka abathintekayo izinkampani eyodwa noma ngaphezulu, endaweni namuhla eyaziwa impahla eluhlaza Simila kwelinye izwe, kusetshenzwe kwelinye, futhi igcwele wesithathu. Futhi lokho kusebenza kuwo wonke izimboni - kusuka ushokoledi ekwenziweni ukuqalisa isikhala namarokhethi. Ngakho ngokuvamile izimbangela zezinkinga global baqamekela yokuthi uma kwelinye izwe bomnotho, ivese isebenza kubo bonke umlingani izifundazwe kanye nemiphumela yayo ukufinyelela isikali kwamaplanethi.

A inkomba enhle ukuhlanganisa umnotho yamazwe ahlukene ukuthi bamunye hhayi kuphela esikhathini ukuchuma, kodwa futhi izikhathi zobunzima. Abanaso ukubhekana nemiphumela wedwa, njengoba amazwe acebile ukusekela umnotho we abalingani kancane athuthukile.

ukwanda kwenani labantu

Enye yezimbangela zezinkinga global lososayensi banamuhla bakholelwa nokwanda okusheshayo kwenani labantu emhlabeni. Kule ndaba, kungase kuqashelwe Amathrendi ezimbili:

• Ngo athuthukile emazweni Western Europe izinga lokuzalwa sincane kakhulu. Kukhona imindeni ezingavamile lapho izingane ezingaphezu kuka-2. Lokhu kancane kancane kuholela yokuthi lalolo hlanga of Europe ukuguga, futhi yathathelwa indawo inkulumo ethi kwabokufika ivela Afrika nase-Asia, e imikhaya letente eziningi izingane.
• Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emazweni ampofu, njenge-Indiya, eNingizimu Melika naseMelika Ephakathi, e-Afrika nase-Asia, standard eliphansi kakhulu eziphilayo, kodwa okusezingeni eliphezulu lokuzalwa izinga. Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela ukunakekelwa olufanele lwezokwelapha, ukungabikho kokudla namanzi ahlanzekile - konke lokhu kuholela okusezingeni eliphezulu lokufa, ngakho kukhona nezingane eziningi baye bawuthatha ngokungathí encane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nabo iphuze.

Uma thina ukulandelela ukukhula labantu emhlabeni ekhulwini lama-20, ungabona ibilokhu kangakanani lokubala ubuningi babantu "ukuqhuma" eqinile eminyakeni ethile.

Ngo-1951, inani labantu laliphakathi abantu nje unezinkanyezi ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane 2.5. Eminyakeni 10 nje, emhlabeni uye waphila ezingaphezu kwezingu-3 bln., Futhi liye leqa $ 5 billion 1988, inani labantu. Ngo-1999, lesi sibalo safinyelela 6 billion, futhi ngo-2012 inani labantu emhlabeni angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-7 abantu.

Ososayensi bakholelwa kwezimbangela eziyinhloko izinkinga emhlabeni wonke yilezo ezithatha ukuthi imithombo Zomhlaba, ngesikhathi ukuxhashazwa futhi bengafundile kwemithombo yezimbiwa, njengoba kunjalo namhlanje, akwanele ukuba labantu elandayo. Namuhla ngonyaka ibulawa indlala abantu abayizigidi ezingu-40, okuyinto akusenzi isibalo sabantu kusukela maphakathi 2016 ukukhula rate yayo ezingaphezu kuka-200 000 ezizalwa ziphila ngosuku.

Ngakho, ngokuyisisekelo izinkinga zamazwe omhlaba onke nezimbangela zabo ukukhula njalo labantu, okuyinto ngokososayensi e 2100 ziyoyidlula 10 bhiliyoni. Bonke laba bantu ukudla, ukuphefumula ukujabulela izinzuzo impucuko, ukushayela izimoto, fly izindiza futhi ababhubhise ubunjalo bayo umsebenzi wokuphila. Uma bengakuqondi bashintshe isimo sabo ukuze imvelo futhi abafo wabo, kodwa esikhathini esizayo iplanethi ulindele nenhlekelele yemvelo yomhlaba, ubhubhane omkhulu futhi izingxabano zempi.

Izinkinga ukudla

Uma amazwe athuthukile bathambekele ngokuchichima imikhiqizo, eziningi zazo kungaholela ezinkingeni kwezempilo ezifana nomdlavuza, isifo senhliziyo, isifo sikashukela, nabanye abaningi, kumazwe wesithathu womhlaba ku izinga ukungondleki eziphikelelayo nendlala phakathi kwabantu.

Ngokuvamile, wonke amazwe zingahlukaniswa zibe 3 izinhlobo:

• Labo kuphi nokushoda njalo kokudla namanzi. Lena 1/5 zenani labantu abakhona emhlabeni.
• Amazwe lapho kukhiqizwa futhi esekhulile ukudla okwanele, futhi kukhona isiko ukudla.
• State, lapho kukhona izinhlelo ukuze silwe ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwemikhiqizo ukuze ukwehlisa amaphesenti kubantu abaphethwe ngemiphumela ukudla okungalungile noma luningi.

Kodwa ukuze uye wazakhela umlando ngokwezomnotho, kuthiwa emazweni lapho bakhona isidingo ikakhulukazi emibi nokudla namanzi ahlanzekile, noma umkhakha ukudla ayiqondakali ithuthukiswe noma izimo lingekho evumayo yemvelo kanye zezulu wezolimo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo emhlabeni onemali ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akekho noyedwa alambe. States - abaholi zingadla abantu 8 billion ukukhiqizwa kokudla ngaphezu kokuphila emhlabeni wonke, kodwa namuhla abantu abayizigidi eziyinkulungwane abahlala esimweni imbuya, kuthi abayizigidi ezingu-260 minyaka yonke zezingane ezibulawa yindlala. Lapho emhlabeni unale indlala 1/5 abantu bakhona, khona-ke inkinga enkulu emhlabeni wonke, futhi ukuxazulula kumele abantu bonke ndawonye.

ekungalinganini emphakathini

Ziyini izimbangela eziyinhloko zalokhu lwezinkinga zomhlaba - kuwukuphikisana phakathi amakilasi social, esizibonakalisa criteria ezifana:

• Umcebo, lapho zonke noma cishe yonke imithombo yemvelo kanye nezomnotho ezandleni neqembu elincane wabantu akhethiwe, izinkampani noma umashiqela.
• Amandla, okuyinto liphethwe umuntu oyedwa - inhloko yezwe noma iqembu elincane labantu.

Iningi lamazwe yezwe yesithathu has ekusakazeni isakhiwo inkampani mbhoshongo, phezulu lapho kukhona inombolo encane yabantu abacebile zitholakala ngezansi abampofu. Nale ukusatshalaliswa amandla ezezimali e abantu ezweni zihlukaniswe abacebile nabampofu, ngaphandle esezingeni eliphakathi nendawo.

Uma isakhiwo isimo kuyinto rhombus, phezulu lapho futhi amandla phansi abampofu, kodwa ungqimba enkulu abalimi phakathi kukhona phakathi kwabo, akukho ukuphikisana okubeka obala kwezenhlalo kanye ekilasini. I isakhiwo sepolitiki sizinze kakhulu ezweni onjalo, umnotho athuthukile kanye zokuvikeleka komphakathi abampofu eyenziwa yizinhlangano zomphakathi kanye yesihle.

Namuhla, emazweni amaningi eNingizimu Melika naseMelika Ephakathi, Afrika nase-Asia akheke pyramidal lapho 80-90% labantu abahlala ngaphasi kwelizinga lebuphuya. Banesimiso isimo engazinzile zezombusazwe, ngokuvamile ezenzeka amasu okugumbuqela imibuso lempi nokuvukela, eyethula Ukungadli omhlaba, njengoba kungenzeka kwamanye amazwe ehilelekile izingxabano zabo.

ngxabano zezombusazwe

Ziyini izimbangela eziyinhloko zalokhu lwezinkinga zomhlaba wefilosofi (isayensi) ichaza njengoba ukuhlukana phakathi indoda kanye nemvelo. Bamafilosofi bakholelwa ngobuqotho ukuthi kwanele ukuba abantu kuyavumelana umhlaba wabo ongaphakathi wokuba nobuhlobo imvelo yangaphandle, njengoba izinkinga eziyophela. Empeleni, konke iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho.

Kunoma yiliphi izwe kukhona amabutho zezombusazwe okuyinto umthetho ichaza hhayi kuphela ezingeni futhi izinga lempilo labantu bayo, kodwa futhi wonke inqubomgomo angaphandle. Ngokwesibonelo, namuhla kukhona amazwe umqali, okuyinto ukudala izingxabano zempi phezu izindawo zabanye uthi. uhlelo kwabo ngokombusazwe silindelwe omhlaba, ukuvikela amalungelo abantu.

Kusukela namuhla cishe kuwo wonke amazwe kwezomnotho exhumene each nye ngalesosikhathi inyunyana yabo ngokumelene nombuso, nokusebenzisa inqubomgomo ubudlova, njengoba ngokwemvelo nje. Uma iminyaka engu-100 edlule impendulo yimpi kwaba zinqobe, manje esetshenziswa unswinyo kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe, okuyinto ungathathi izimpilo, kodwa bakwazi ngokuphelele ababhubhise emnothweni wezwe umphehli wodweshu.

izingxabano zempi

Izimbangela izinkinga zamazwe omhlaba onke ngokuvamile umphumela wezimpi encane. Ngeshwa, ngisho ekhulwini lama-21, nabo bonke ubuchwepheshe yayo nokufeza sciences, kanti nengqondo yomuntu kuyinto ezingeni yokucabanga abamele Ephakathi.

Nakuba namuhla ungayishisi abathakathi esigxotsheni, ezimpini zenkolo nokuhlasela kwamaphekula ayibukeki ngaphansi zasendle kuka ngesikhathi iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki. Okuwukuphela ngesilinganiso ngempumelelo ukunqanda ezimpini emhlabeni kufanele kube inyunyana wonke amazwe ngokumelene umphehli wodweshu. Ukwesaba yokuba umtshingo ubethwa ngubani kwezomnotho, ezombusazwe nezamasiko has be donsile than isifiso ukuhlasela insimu ka isimo engumakhelwane.

ukukhula komuntu Global

Ngezinye izikhathi izimbangela zokuvela kwezinkinga zomhlaba jikelele zibonakala ngenxa yokungazi nokubuyela emuva kwamasiko kwezinye izizwe. Namuhla, umuntu angabona ukuhluka okufana nalokhu, lapho abantu bekhula ezweni elilodwa, bakha futhi baphile ngenzuzo yombuso nomunye nomunye, kanti kwezinye bafuna ukutholakala kokuthuthukiswa kwezikhali zenuzi. Isibonelo ukuphikisana phakathi kweNingizimu neSouth Korea. Ngenhlanhla, inani lamazwe lapho abantu bafuna ukuqinisekiswa ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi, imithi, ubuchwepheshe, isiko kanye nobuciko mkhulu.

Ungabona ukuthi ukuqonda komuntu kuyashintsha kanjani, uba yinto eyodwa. Isibonelo, ososayensi abavela emazweni ahlukene bangasebenzisa iphrojekthi efanayo ukuze, ngokuhlanganisa imizamo yezingqondo ezingcono, kuyashesha ukuyisebenzisa.

Izindlela zokuxazulula izinkinga

Uma ubhala izizathu zokuvela kwezinkinga zomhlaba jikelele ngesintu, kuzoba:

• Imvelo engalungile;
• Ukutholakala kwamanye amazwe angathuthuki;
• Izingxabano zempi;
• Izingxabano zezombangazwe nezenkolo;
• Ukukhula komphakathi okusheshayo.

Ukuze kuxazululwe lezi zinkinga, amazwe kufanele ahlangane kakhulu ukuze ahlangane nemizamo yabo yokuqeda imiphumela evela emhlabeni.