Iyini inkampani yesifunda: izici, izinzuzo. Izinkampani ezinkulu zikahulumeni eRussia: uhlu, isilinganiso

Umnotho yiliphi izwe kusekelwe ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhizinisi ahlukahlukene ukuthi ngokusebenzisa izinkokhelo zabo yentela ukuze igadle kwezwakala nasezimalini wezwe akhiwa ngenxa nebhalansi eyeqile. Ukutholakala imali amandla, esikhundleni salokho, - isihluthulelo eziphilayo yimpumelelo, isiqinisekiso sokuthi ukuphepha, ubuqotho yezwe, ukukhula kwawo esitebeleni. Omunye wemithombo eyinhloko imali ngaso sonke isikhathi emazweni athuthukile babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli izinkampani zikahulumeni, uhlu esixoxe ngokuningiliziwe nawe kule athikili. Lezi zinkampani badlala indima ebalulekile emnothweni kazwelonke, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho anesikhundla okuholela injongo yaso.

Icacisa isimo inkampani

Lezi izikhungo zezimali zingaba sihluke kakhulu amakhono abo, kodwa ngokuvamile, zifana ezithile. Ngakho, inkampani engaphansi kukahulumeni - inhlangano okungase kube kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwenhlangano-zomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-asset ayo fixed akahulumeni, ngokuqondile noma umasipala. Abaphathi amiswa ukuba okuthunyelwe kwabo (abasebenza ngezinkontileka inkontileka) umphakathi iziphathimandla. Kuyaphawuleka yokuthi ezilandelayo: inkampani isimo njalo eqondiswa hhayi kuphela search for imithombo enkulu imali, kodwa futhi ulwela ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomphakathi, njengoba igama ngokwalo lichaza nhlangano ithi isimo liyisici esiyisisekelo senze indima ngomdali umthengi.

Izinhlinzeko main

Noma yimuphi inkampani kahulumeni:

• It ubophekile ukuba abe uphawu lapho uvezwa uMbuso Emblem we Russian Federation. Futhi, ukuphrinta kufanele eziqoshwe igama eliphelele kwenhlangano.
• It has akhawunti evulekile noMnyango weZezimali Federal futhi ilungelo ukuvula akhawunti samanje amabhange noma ezinye izikhungo nguye ofanelwe udumo ngenxa ezihlukahlukene kwemali.
• It akanayo imingcele eside imisebenzi yayo.
• Ubophekile ukushicilela imibiko enemininingwane imisebenzi yabo ngaphansi komthetho.
• It has ilungelo usebenze ngenjongo abahola iholo kusukela umsebenzi okuyiwona wona yadalwa. Emva kokuthi ukhokhe yazo zonke izimali nezintela kudingwa umthetho osebenzayo, iNkampani kungenzeka ukusebenzisa umsebenzi esele kusho ukufeza izinhloso eshiwo umthetho Federal.
• It akaphoqelekile ukuhlangabezana nezibopho ezithathwe WaseRussia. Futhi, Russian Federation akuyena obangela izikweletu inkampani.

amalungelo

Inkampani kahulumeni ngaphansi komthetho may:

• Vula emahhovisi abo eyengeziwe futhi udale amagatsha ezahlukene.
• Iba ilungu izinhlangano kanye nezinye izinhlangano.
• Faka izivumelwano ezingokomthetho.
• Have izimpawu bebodwa (pennants, amafulegi, izifanekiselo, kanye nezinye izimpawu) futhi alawule indlela ukubekwa kanye nokusebenzisa kumafomu izindawo zabo kanye nezimoto.

Izinzuzo main ngokuba isisebenzi

Ngokuvamile inkampani kahulumeni, okuyinto izinzuzo tibalwe lapha ngentasi, abakwazi ukunikeza amaholo aphezulu kubasebenzi bayo iyunithi (ngaphandle kungenziwa kuphela ukwenza abaphathi abaphezulu). Ngezinye efanayo umsebenzi isikhathi ku inhlangano enjalo kuyoba oyingqayizivele chotkom ngokuhambisana Code Labour. Ngebanga lalokho, lokhu bekungase kusho i-umuntu ovamile, ukuthi:

• It is okuqinisekisiwe ukuze uthole okufakile kwakho encwadini yomsebenzi. Futhi nge inkontileka umsebenzi izonikwa nakanjani.
• Nge iholo uzobe njalo walondoloza zonke izintela ezifunwa futhi iminikelo saziso nesabelomali isimo, okusho ukuthi ngeke kube khona izikhalazo ezivela ehhovisi lentela.
• Ngeke ufaneleke saziso ikhokhwe ikhefu lonyaka, sokubeletha, ilivu yokugula.
• Ngeke axoshwe ngaphandle nokulandela yonke imithetho esemthethweni kanye nezidingo (isaziso ekuqaleni, severance izinkokhelo, nokunye).
• usuku Ukusebenza uzobe benganhlanhlathi, izonikeza ukuba akhokhele isikhathi esengeziwe futhi ngempelasonto umsebenzi ngokuhambisana nomthetho.

Kubalulekile futhi yokuthi inkampani kahulumeni abafuna umsebenzi ubeka izimfuneko kancane elawula ngeminyaka, kunanoma iyiphi inhlangano yangasese. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kubantu phezu iminyaka engamashumi amane, okuyinto ngezindinganiso lanamuhla basengozini ngokuya umsebenzi.

Amathrendi Western

Ngo eziningi emazweni zobungxiwankulu engxenyeni esentshonalanga yezwe isikhathi eside kukhona isici sobuntu esitebeleni, lapho simi ngale ndlela: ekuqaleni intsha ukwakha imisebenzi yabo futhi uqinisekise ukuthi wena isisekelo esihle impahla ngekusasa ezimbonini ezizimele kanye namabhizinisi. Ngemva kwalokho, emhlabeni kweminyaka eyi-40-45, eshintsha imisebenzi kanye hambisa izinkampani zikahulumeni ukuze, izici okuyinto yena, ukuvumela umuntu uphumule kancane, ngoba izinhlangano ezinjalo ngaphansi amandla isisebenzi kanye nempesheni ezinhle kanye nekuvikeleka kwetenhlalakahle, okuyinto kahle kuthinta ikhwalithi nobude besikhathi sokuphila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkampani zikahulumeni akuvamile ukubeka izikhangiso on umsebenzi wabo emhlabeni enkulukazi i-Inthanethi, futhi ngokuvamile kakhulu eduze ubambisana zabasebenzi Ukuhwebelana ehlukahlukene tamasipala.

imithetho indalo

Ukudala inkampani kahulumeni kulawulwa umthetho. Kulokhu, qiniseka yakha lebhodi labaqondisi (ibhodi lokuphatha) lenkampani (kokubili - umzimba obuphakeme ibhodi).

Umzimba nokuphatha lenhlangano ungakwazi ukubhekana nezindaba alandelayo:

• Vumela uhlelo imisebenzi isikhathi eside. Lo mbhalo kumele sifake ekhatsi loku ukuqaliswa ukukhiqizwa, zezimali, utshalomali ukusebenza, uma inqunywe umthetho kahulumeni.
• Ukuze bagomela isimiso abasebenzela inkokhelo, okumele abe olunikezwa ukwencika ezingeni iholo lekuphumelela izinkomba zokuveza indlela yokusebenza.
• Anqume ukusetshenziswa yenzuzo yenkampani.
• Nquma ukudluliselwa impahla impahla lenhlangano endaweni yomcebo isimo Russian Federation.

Njengoba umzimba ophakeme uzakuba amandla ukuba kubunjwe amakomiti akhethekile ikhomishini ukubhekana nezindaba ezihlukahlukene. Izinqubo yokusebenza kwezinhlaka osungulwe futhi Ukwakheka kwabo siqu kanye ambalwa kunqunywa isinqumo ehlukile Supervisory Board.

izinkampani zikahulumeni emnothweni

izinkampani zikahulumeni Russian abanomthwalo ehamba phambili ezindaweni eziningi zomnotho imikhakha Federation. Nokho, kukhona mikhakha lapho khona izikhungo zomphakathi sincane kakhulu (isibonelo, izimayini zamalahle, ukukhanya kanye nezimboni zokudla).

% 9 kuphela kungokwalabo izakhiwo isimo ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo oludakayo. Lokhu kwaba kuphela Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba "Tatspirtprom" futhi "Bashspirt".

Same sibalo ngokwanele ongaphakeme - 9% - ejwayelekile izinkampani isimo nokwakhiwa.

Ukungena isimo ukusebenza ngo uginindela iphepha umkhakha u-12%. Income kuphela eyodwa inkampani kahulumeni kaButhelezi kuMgcinimafa - Federal inarha ebumbeneko Enterprise "Gosznak". Impahla eyinhloko okufanayo kule ndawo iminyaka eminingi ephethwe yizinkampani ezizimele kanye namafemu.

Ezokuxhumana wemboni kuthonywa isimo-14% kuphela. The main inhlangano kahulumeni lapha "Rostelecom". Apreli 1, 2011 anamekwe ke babe yizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili izinkampani ezifunda "Svyazinvest" futhi eziningi isimo federal amabhizinisi ebumbeneko.

iqhaza State ekukhiqizeni izimoto, trailer futhi ephuma kabili trailer kuyinto 17%, kanye kudalwa imishini nemishini - 15%.

isikhundla kakhulu ezibuthakathaka ithonya isimo e isizinda imikhando ngezinto ezihlukahlukene nelesimbi. Lapha, izinkampani zikahulumeni kufanele 3% kuphela ku yokusansimbi non-ayoni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo steel umkhakha ngokugcwele okungewakho ngabanye ezizimele.

Oil. Izwe elawula 23% embonini. kwesandla sikaHulumeni kungenxa yezimpahla "Rosneft" futhi "Gazprom Neft".

Amandla kagesi kungokwalabo izakhiwo wombuso by 35%. I share main esifundeni Moscow ( "Mosenergo" MOESK) kanye isakhiwo sikahulumeni.

Njengoba sazi ukuthi isimo ungumnikazi ezingaphezu kwesigamu "Gazprom" ukwabelana, ukulawula umkhakha igesi izwe 48%.

57% - ukuthi singakanani fanele izinkampani zikahulumeni ukuze ekukhiqizeni izitsha ezahlukene, isikhala kanye izindiza. isikhundla sikahulumeni sinamandla kakhulu Ufa Engine Industrial Association, Kazan helicopter Plant, i ifektri izindiza e-Ulan-Ude, e-United shipbuilding Inkampani.

Ithonya esiqine izinkampani ezinkulu eziphethwe uhulumeni bakule mboni zokuthutha - 73%. Lapha ziqokonyiswe ojantshi, uwoyela negesi amapayipi. Izitimela iphethwe yi- JSC "Russian Railways", okuyinto ngokugcwele akahulumeni. Amapayipi angaphansi "Transneft" ukulawula, igesi amapayipi -. "Gazprom"

okunguye yedwa emgwaqweni

State Inkampani "Imigwaqo Russian" yakhiwe futhi usebenza kuphela ngenjongo kokwenza imisebenzi ikhasimende inqubo ukuklanywa, ukwakhiwa, kabusha, kulungiswe futhi kwemigwaqo. Le nkampani uyabandakanyeka inhlangano traffic (kuhlanganise ukugeleza ukulawula ezokuthutha), ukuqinisekisa izinga ezidingekayo yesevisi (isivinini, induduzo, ukuphepha), imali ukusetshenziswa kwemigwaqo ekhokhelwayo, iqondisa ilungiselelo lokuphepha emgwaqeni, ihlola imoto yokusebenza izici imigwaqo . Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ejensi wombuso inikeza Consulting, ubunjiniyela kanye namanye amasevisi e-sithombe yabo eziqokiwe umsebenzi. Phakathi imisebenzi yayo ihlanganise ukunyathelisa futhi ezihlose ukudalwa kwe-Atlas of the Russian Federation ezibanzi. Le nkampani futhi kudala, amathuluzi kanye osebenza izindlela ezintsha ukuze alawule kwamaloli nezimoto uma zidlula, ugcina umbhalo ingozi amanani emigwaqweni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo enhlanganweni unelungelo ukuhambisa esimweni imiklomelo nabasebenzi bayo, ezisebenza emkhakheni emgwaqweni.

Yakha inkampani kahulumeni, kwanqunywa Julayi 17, 2009. Ngesisekelo umsebenzi walo lisayinwe Dmitry Medvedev uMthetho Federal.

Ngo-2014, inkampani esimweni "Imigwaqo Russian" ifinyelele isivumelwano Russian Direct Investment Isikhwama phezu kwesihlanganisi ukuheha abatshalizimali kumaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene emkhakheni kwengqalasizinda yezokuthutha. Lesi sivumelwano kuzokhuphula inani nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo emisha kuleli zwe ngaphansi kokulawula isimo. Inkontileka bavunyelwe kulokho okuholela zimali angaphandle hhayi ngaphansi kuka-25% of the ngezimali iphrojekthi.

Juni 24, 2016 e-Beijing labetibambile izingxoxo ikhomishana koHulumeni Russian-Chinese ekubekeni nokubambisana, ubuhanjelwe usihlalo we "Avtodor" Sergei Kelbakh. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi umhlangano ukuvuma ohlwini amaphrojekthi engqalasizinda emgwaqeni kuze kuqala. Ikakhulukazi, ukunakekelwa okukhethekile sakhokhwa ukwakhiwa umzila "Europe - Western China". Le phrojekthi iyingxenye umgogodla ngesivinini ezibanzi. Kulesi ukwakhiwa Russian inkampani isimo somhlaba wonke asiyona obhekele, oyoba ukwakha ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 2.3 amakhilomitha kwemigwaqo. Le phrojekthi ihlanganisa izigaba ezimbili. Elokuqala 567 amakhilomitha ephezulu ijubane emgwaqweni omkhulu M-11 (eMoscow - Saint-Petersburg). Eyesibili isigaba - kusukela Central Ring Road komngcele Republic of Kazakhstan.

Giants expanses Russian

yezinkampani ezinkulu eziphethwe uhulumeni waseRussia, Yiqiniso, lezo zinhlangano, okuyinto zinquma isimo somnotho ezweni lonke. Ngakho-ke kungaba wusizo kakhulu ukucabangela uhlu lezi titans. Phakathi kwabo avele:

• "Technologies Russian".
• "Rosatom".
• "RusHydro".
• Federal Igridi Inkampani ye Unified Energy System.
• "Rosneft".
• "Gazprom".
• "Transneft".
• Rao "Energy Systems of the East".
• "Aeroflot".
• "I-United Aircraft Corporation".
• "Railways Russian".
• "Almaz-Antey".
• "I-United shipbuilding Corporation".
• Corporation "Tactical Missiles".
• "AvtoVAZ".
• Military Industrial Corporation "Production Scientific-Association of ifayela eliwumthombo."
• Rocket and Space Corporation "Energia" yaqanjwa S. P. koroleva.
• Joint Stock Inkampani "ALROSA".
• "Vega".
• Ukukhathazeka "Sea izikhali kwamanzi - Gidropribor".
• Centre of shipbuilding futhi yokulungisa Umkhumbi Technology.
• "Roskhimzaschita".
• "Ucwaningo Production Corporation" Uralvagonzavod "Dzerzhinsky".
• "Okeanpribor" Ukukhathazeka.
• "Ulwazi Satellite Systems" Academician M. F. Reshetneva.
• United Industrial Corporation "Oboronprom".
• "Microgen".
• Federal inarha ebumbeneko Enterprise "Russian Satellite Communications Inkampani".
• FSUE "Imeyili Russia".
• Federal inarha ebumbeneko Enterprise "Russian Ithelevishini Umsakazo Broadcasting Network".
• Irkutsk amandla futhi ugesi.
• System Operator we Enobunye Energy System.
• Sheremetyevo International Airport.
• Koltsovo Airport.

Zonke lezi zinkampani ezinkulu eziphethwe uhulumeni Russian bangaphansi kokulawulwa esiphezulu emizimbeni yombuso kanye Commission on Ubuchwepheshe High Nokusungula. Lokhu kwenziwa ngenhloso ukuthuthukiswa nokuqaliswa izinhlelo zentuthuko ezinezinguquko.

Ingxenye elikhulu isimo

izinkampani zikahulumeni okunemibandela wazikala iyiphi i-akhawunti ye-share elikhulu isimo, kuyoba kanje:

1. United Aircraft Corporation (UAC). Inkampani isimo likhona mechanical engineering wemboni. Isimo ungumnikazi 93,4% lamasheya. Corporation uqale ngowezi-2006. Ekuqaleni, zonke 100% wamasheya babe in the ifa izinhlangano zikahulumeni, kodwa ngo-2009 amasheya ababethengiswe ngabanye ezizimele.
2. "Alrosa" - umkhiqizi elikhulu amadayimane kuleli zwe. Uhulumeni ungumnikazi 90,9% lamasheya.
3. "Tattelecom". Amandla akusiyona eyakho inkampani ngqo, futhi ubambe "Svyazinvestneftekhim". Kulokhu, ekuphathweni state 87,2% wamasheya.
4. "Rosneft" ingaphansi uhulumeni eduze ukunakwa. UMbuso kunesithembiso 82% lamasheya.
5. Power Company "UES" kuyinto ingxenye enkulu wemfanelo Federal Property Agency (79.55%).
6. "Transneft". 78,11% yenhloko-dolobha ogunyaziwe - impahla isimo.
7. Bank "VTB". "Federal Property Management Agency" wathenga 75,5% lamasheya.
8. "Kubanenergo" Le nkampani Amandla banesibopho sokuzinakekela ugesi ezakhiweni-Olympic ngo Sochi, kungokwalabo wombuso by 70%.
9. "RusHydro". I isabelo Federal Property Management Agency kule nkampani kufana 60,5%.
10. "Inter Rao". Izwe ungumnikazi cishe ngo 60% esigxotsheni.
11. "Aeroflot" - ilungu agcwele yendiza umbimbi SkyTeam, 51,17% lakhe ukwabelana basonta isimo.

Ekuphetheni, siyaqaphela: sithemba ukuthi lesi sihloko sisakusiza ukuba uqonde ukuthi yiziphi izinkampani ezizobekwa nguhulumeni, ukuthi yiziphi izimfanelo zabo eziyinhloko nokuthi yiyiphi ingxenye yokuhlanganyela eRussia.