Indlu okuphansi-amandla. Passive indlu: Idizayini, ukwakhiwa kanye izici

Indlu yokwenziwa izindinganiso kuhle kwegezi ekwakhiweni, elivumela ukonga imvelo, owabangela umonakalo okungenani emvelweni, ukuze silondoloze ukuhlala ukhululekile. Ukusetshenziswa ukushisa amandla kuyinto encane ukuze noma asikho isidingo ukufaka ehlukile bafudumale system noma amandla aso nesihlalo usayizi ezincane.

ekusetjentisweni kwemandla ngalokuyimphumelelo ejwayelekile

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi Ukushisa yendlu ngoba ngonyaka lingaphansi kuka 15 kilowatt-amahora per unit endaweni. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi Ukushisa, amanzi ashisayo kanye kagesi ikhaya eyonga amandla kuyinto kilowatt-amahora per unit endaweni engekho ngaphezulu kuka-120.

Uma siqhathanisa ukusebenza kwamandla Ukushisa eJalimane, alawulwa iziqondiso ku Ukuvikelwa ezishisayo kanye kwagezi 2002 (WSchVO futhi EnEV 2002), kungabonwa ukuthambekela ngqo wehlise Ukushisa izakhiwo. isinqumo wakamuva nge EnEV, olawula Ukuvikelwa ezishisayo e-Federal Republic of Germany, setha izinga Lokuhlawulelwa lwaminyaka yonke energy ukusetshenziswa Ukushisa izindlu ezintsha futhi avuselelwa kusuka 30 kuya 70 kilowatt-amahora per unit endaweni.

Ukuze uqhathanise, ku Russian Federation esungulwe ngesilinganiso yonyaka energy ukusetshenziswa Ukushisa ngoba eMoscow kusukela 95 kuya 195 kilowatt-amahora per unit endaweni. ukusetshenziswa yangempela kuzidlula lezi zilinganiso.

Buhle amakhaya eyonga amandla

Ecodom has izinzuzo ezilandelayo:

• Comfort. It inikeza njalo ukulondoloza sezulu emnandi, kuhlanzeke futhi kube kusha uhlelo ubunjiniyela ekhethekile emoyeni. ngaleyo ndlela Passive House kuba ukulinganisela phakathi kwemithwalo yakho ekamelweni lokushisa nokulawula.
• Kwagezi. Uma siqhathanisa isakhiwo ezivamile futhi indlu yokwenziwa, leli temu ukuncipha ezingaphezu kweziyisishiyagalombili nokuba eziyishumi-ngeshumi ukushisa ukusetshenziswa Ukushisa izidingo.
• izinzuzo zezempilo. Lapho indlu yokwenziwa, unyaka wonke wonke ezakhiweni ezisemthethweni ngokuqhubekayo bephethe umoya ohlanzekile, kungekho tinhlaka, umswakama, futhi akukho isikhunta.
• Umnotho. Futhi uma indlu yokwenziwa, izindleko yokusebenza bamandla alo ukunikezela uhlala ongaphakeme ngisho ne ukwanda izindleko amandla.
• Ukunakekela imvelo. Lapho indlu yokwenziwa, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngendlela eyongayo ubuchwepheshe kwandisa izinga lokuvikela imvelo.

amandla ibhalansi

Omunye izici amakhaya eyonga ugesi amandla ibhalansi phakathi komoya ukulahleka noma ukuwudlulisa kokuthola ukushisa kusukela amandla elanga, ukushisa imithombo yangaphakathi futhi bafudumale. Ukuze ibhalansi izingxenye ezibalulekile ezifana ukwahlukanisa kahle ivolumu evuthayo, izakhiwo ezihlangene, ukusetshenziswa yokwenziwa ukushisa okokufaka elangeni by ukuma zesikrini kakhulu (kufika ku 2/5 olungaphambili lwesonto sikwele) eningizimu, nge ukubekezelelana 30 ° futhi ngenxa yokuntuleka Ukufiphaza. Kuwufanele futhi ukusetshenziswa zasendlini nge high amandla ezingeni. Libuye amanzi Ukushisa usebenzisa futha ukushisa noma ngalendoda solar, a yekwentiwa bafudumale inhlabathi emoyeni ukushisa. Eqinisweni, ephelele endlini yokwenziwa - indlu kungekho ukushisa-thermos.

indlu ubuchwepheshe Yokwenziwa

kanjani lo mphumela ufinyelelwe? Passive House standard kudinga umsebenzi ezindaweni ezinhlanu:

• zifudumele. Ukuba Wedwa izingxenye yangaphandle, ikakhulukazi ekhoneni, Butt futhi ushintsho emalungeni zemigwaqo kufanele lube sezingeni elingenza Coefficient ukudluliswa ukushisa esingaphansi 0.15 W / m ² · K.
• Ukungabikho amabhuloho ezishisayo. Kuyinto efiselekayo ukugwema inclusions beqhuba ukushisa. Esimisweni esikhethekile kuhlaziywa lokushisa ensimini liyohlonza futhi ngendlela efanele ukuhlaziya endaweni enezinkinga uthango izakhiwo kwezakhiwo kanye nokwenza kwabo okwalandela.
• Eqinisekisiwe eco yokwenziwa amafasitela kahle. Double ongaphakeme emissivity elicwebezelayo egcwele igesi engaxubani namakhemikhali, kukhona eliphezulu izindlu ezinjalo. ukufakwa abafanelekayo ewindini imiklamo.
• ukupholisa Mechanical nge ukushisa yokutakula (hhayi ngaphansi kuka-75%) kanye uphawu imvilophi kwangaphakathi. Ukukhomba kanye nokuqedwa ukuvuza kuqinisekiswa ngokusebenzisa ukuhlolwa okuzenzakalelayo emoyeni permeability zezakhiwo. Comfort ukupholisa, kulawulwa umsebenzisi. Ukufakwa emhlabeni ukushisa.

Ukwakhiwa eRussia

EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani ukwakhiwa yokwenziwa indlu esezingeni isetshenziswa inqwaba, futhi Russian Federation, kudvweba nekwakhiwa izakhiwo ngendlela eyonga ugesi kuphela isakhasa.

Imizi nezidingo namazinga kuhle kwegezi lapha okwamanje, kodwa kakade akheke eduze standard. Ihlanganisa izimiso, izakhi, izindlela kokubala ikhaya eyonga amandla.

Futhi, ngokuqondene Russian Federation, wadala izakhiwo Ukwahlukaniswa kuhle kwegezi:

• Passive endlini - Ukushisa ibusa angaphansi kuka-15, inani energy ukusetshenziswa for ngonyaka - hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-120 kilowatt-amahora per unit AREA;
• indlu ultra-ongaphakeme ukusetshenziswa - yaminyaka yonke energy ukusetshenziswa Ukushisa - 16-35, kanti inani energy ukusetshenziswa for ngonyaka - ngaphansi kuka-180 kilowatt-amahora per unit endaweni;
• indlu kancane amandla ukusetshenziswa - isakhiwo kanye yonyaka energy ukusetshenziswa Ukushisa izidingo - 36-50, futhi ingqikithi energy ukusetshenziswa - esingaphansi 260 kilowatt-amahora per unit endaweni.

Umlando yentuthuko

Mid-90s kwekhulu lamashumi amabili kwaphawulwa isisekelo e Darmstadt, eJalimane, ubudlelwano "Passive House". Architects Vestermauer futhi Bott, Ridder eholwa Wolfgang Feist chetyrohkvartirny endlini eyenzelwe, elaba-prototype tonkhe tindlu energy esisindisa okwalandela. indlu Passive lakhiwa ngo-1991 ne iqhaza kahulumeni Hessen. ukusetshenziswa wonyaka we izakhiwo for Ukushisa - ngaphansi kuka-1 ilitha kaphethiloli per unit endaweni.

umklamo Izici

Ukuklama kwezindlu yokwenziwa igcwaliswe izixazululo ezilandelayo.

I udonga lwangaphandle izitini silicate ungqimba 175 mm obukhulu ngci Styrofoam 275 mm, ngaphakathi eseqedile Gypsum usimende ukushuba 15 mm ezintathu lodonga ungqimba ne Umdwebo okwalandela.

Roof embozwe humus, ukuhlunga ungqimba, chipboard 50 mm obukhulu, luqiniswe imishayo yokhuni, inamathelisiwe polyethylene ifilimu, luphahlekwa ungqimba yezimbiwa uvolo 445 mm awugqinsi, ezintathu-Ply eseqedile plasterboard futhi lodonga ne Umdwebo okwalandela.

engaphansi eyeqayo ukhonkolo 160 mm, 250 mm ngci polystyrene amapuleti, ukwahlukanisa 40 mm, 50 mm screed kufika ku-15 mm amapulangwe aphansi.

Zamafasitela nge ezintathu, ezimbili ngendlela ephansi emissivity enamathela, emakamelweni Krypton ligcwaliswe. uhlaka lokhuni ne polyurethane foam ukwahlukanisa.

Heat yokutakula luyasetshenziswa counterflow ukushisa egunjini elingaphansi kwendlu. Okokuqala DC motors yasetshenziswa nge inkinobho electronic.

Amanzi ashisayo inikezwa flat cleaner abaqoqi indawo 5.3 sq. imitha ngalinye flat (66% ukuhlinzeka izidingo DHW) futhi icwecwe odongeni-agibele amahhashi ukufingqa kubhayela nge igesi yemvelo. DHW amapayipi sibekwa ungqimba olubamba ukushisa kanye ezicezile kahle.

Control izilinganiso

Lapho beqeda ukwakhiwa nokubeka isakhiwo zenziwa isheke yizilinganiso komoya, ingcindezi test, lula yizilinganiso lokushisa namandla ukusetshenziswa. Baqinisekisa ukuzuzwa umgomo.

ukusetshenziswa wonyaka we energy ezishisayo Ukushisa e 1991-1992 zazilingana 19.8 kilowatt-amahora per unit endaweni, okuyinto eyabangela 8% ukusetshenziswa ezejwayelekile izindlu zokuhlala. Ngo 1992-1993, ukusetshenziswa yonyaka yehlile ku 11.8 kilowatt-amahora per unit endaweni (5.5% of the ukusetshenziswa efulethini, bathathwa ukuqhathanisa). Kamuva, ukusetshenziswa kwehle ngaphansi kuka-10 kilowatt-amahora per unit endaweni ngonyaka.

Izinombolo incane kangangokuba ochwepheshe babo isikhathi eside kabi. ukunciphisa Lobalulekile izindleko energy, kwaba 90%, yafinyelelwa ngokusebenzisa ephezulu ukusebenza umthengi electronic.

Okuhlangenwe nakho German wabolekwa abakhi Finnish futhi abakhi bakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umhlaba uye wakha abangaphezu kuka 40,000 yokwenziwa eco-amakhaya.

Passive ukwakhiwa indlu eRussia

izinto eziningana usebenzisa amazinga ayisisekelo ngawo izindlu yokwenziwa zakhelwe noma lwenteke sekwakhiwe ku Russian Federation eMoscow, eSt Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod futhi eYekaterinburg. Projects ezinye iluphi okuzoxoxwa ngalo kamuva.

Le phrojekthi esifundeni Moscow

Phakathi kwezakhiwo umuntu ukusetshenziswa energy ongaphakeme zihlanganisa "Indlu Kuyasebenza" esifundeni Moscow, okuyinto futhi zibukele nokushisa.

Active House isakhiwo nge ezingeni ezahlukene kuhle kwegezi, kodwa nge induduzo enkulu, kuthakwe automatic ekulawuleni isimo sezulu uhlelo yendlu "ikhaya smart", usebenzisa kubakhiqizi abakhiqiza imithombo energy nokuhlanzeka kwemvelo.

Lo msebenzi waqedwa ngo-2011. Simele ibalwa 5 Abakhileyo isakhiwo endaweni 229 square metres, lo sesibili, uzimele ezenziwe ngokjuni, ngci nge slabs yezimbiwa uvolo ISOVER, dormers VELUX, obukhulu yangaphandle uthango izakhiwo 550-650 mm, ukushisa ukumelana ukwakha uphahla noma udonga 12, phansi 14 (m ² · ° C) / Watt. Ukupholisa izinga - izikhathi 0.4 ngehora. amandla ukusetshenziswa kuphela Ukushisa phakathi nonyaka kuba 38, futhi lonke energy ukusetshenziswa - 110 kWh per unit endaweni ngonyaka.

Le phrojekthi e Nizhny Novgorod

Esinye isibonelo project ne ultra-ongaphakeme ukushisa ukusetshenziswa Ukushisa eco-indlu iseduze Nizhny Novgorod, eyaqedwa ngo-2012.

Leli bhilidi elinezitezi ezimbili endaweni 141 square metres. imitha, kubalwa abantu abane, isakhiwo ngesimo uhlaka lokhuni, slabs elingalodwa amaminerali uvolo ISOVER, iphrofayela iwindi REHAU GENEO, izibuko ezintathu, ukushisa ukudluliswa ukumelana, 8.7 izindonga, ophahleni 12.8, 8.9 m ubulili ² · ° C / Watt. Osetshenziswayo Zehnder ukupholisa uhlelo ne ukushisa yokutakula nekusebenta 84% futhi emoyeni ushintsho izinga izikhathi 0.3 ngehora. Yonyaka Ukushisa kwamandla kuyinto 33 kWh per unit endaweni.

ezindlini ezingafanele - isitha kahle

Kusukela ekuqaleni le kwawona umqondo eco yokwenziwa bazitshela ukuthi izindleko izindlu ezinjalo kuyoba esilingana noma kancane ezibizayo ezingaphezu kuka izindleko ezijwayelekile. Kodwa umbono ngale-kwaba eziphansi yokwakha, ibhalansi kahle intengo, izinga kanye nokubuya ngokushesha ku izindleko.

Umgomo oyinhloko futhi inselele ukubhalansa izindleko ekwakheni izakhiwo ezinjalo esikhathini Russian Federation kanye nokwakhiwa amakhaya ezivamile. I displacement amakhaya eyonga amandla ye-elite emkhakheni mass ngeke kwenzeke ngokushesha. Lokhu kuzodinga, ngaphezu ibandulo labaSebenzi abaklami futhi ukutholakala edingekayo ngekhono ezingeni abakhi, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphinde zisebenziseke high kanye ezingeni kwezobuchwepheshe ngamathuluzi nangezinto zokwakha kanye nezici ezithile.

IMisa ukwakhiwa wemboni eRussia uncamela ukwehlisa izindleko kwezindlu ngenxa ukusetshenziswa ukhwaliti ongaphakeme izinto futhi ephuma kabili onekhono umsebenzi wezandla. Inqobo nje uma izintandokazi abanjalo bangabaphostoli, kwathatha zobuchwepheshe eyonga amandla ukwakhiwa kwezindlu mass ubukeka ngiyaphupha.

Amathemba e-Russia

Ukwehla nalehleliwe 40% amazinga energy ukusetshenziswa ngo-2020, kuhloswe sikushintshe lokho manje esivuna ubuchwepheshe energy esisindisa. Jwayelekile ukumelana ezishisayo kuzokhulisa kusuka 0,52 kuya 0.8 m ² · ° C / W, futhi ngemva kwalokho - ukuze 1.0. Ukusebenzisa yokuthola ukupholisa izinhlelo ngeke kube impoqo. Ngalesi sikhathi, kubalulekile ukuzivumelanisa kanye nokuqalisa isipiliyoni angaphandle. Ngo-2020-ke kulindeleke ukwakhiwa inqwaba izindlu yekwentiwa. Ngaleso sikhathi-ke kuzodala izimo ezidingekayo: Ibhange uhlelo amakhredithi oyithandayo, abaklami, abathuthukisi kanye nezingcweti nabakhi bezindonga ukufunda ubuchwepheshe obusha. Lokhu uyomenzela esitebeleni emakethe futhi zabathengi isidingo.