Isistimu isayensi ehlola ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni

Uma ubuzwa ukuthi uchaze ikamelo lakho lokulala, cishe ngabe awubizanga yonke into eyodwa, ngoba lolu hlu luzohlala isikhathi eside. Esikhundleni salokho, cishe uzolula konke ngokuhlanganisa izinto zibe ngezigaba ezifana nezincwadi, amathoyizi, i-E, ukudweba, ifenisha, njalonjalo. Iyini i-taxonomy? Kuyinto yesayensi ehlola ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo zesilwane nezitshalo ngokusebenzisa izigaba zayo.

Kungani udinga i-taxonomy?

Cabanga uma ungakwazi ukuchaza lo muzi ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izigaba ezahlukene, njengezimoto, abantu, izakhiwo, amabhuloho nemigwaqo? Yilokho okwenziwa yi-systematics. Manje zama ukucabanga usosayensi ongenalo ithuba lokuhlanganisa zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. E-biology, taxonomy yisayensi eqhuba izifundo futhi ihlukanisa yonke impilo emhlabeni.

Izinhlobo ezimbili ze-taxonomy

Kunezigaba ezimbili ezihlobene eduze nokuhlanganiswa kwezigaba: i-taxonomic (eyaziwa ngokuthi uhlelo lwe-Linnaeus) ne-phylogenetic.

• Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-taxonomic amaqembu ezidalwa eziphilayo ngesisekelo sezici ezivamile. Isibonelo, izilwane ezibeka amaqanda futhi zibe nezikali, sibiza ngokuthi izilwane ezinwabuzelayo, nezilwane ezinezinkukhu nobubele noma izinwele, sibiza izilwane ezincelisayo.
• Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-phylogenetic sebenzisa amagama we-taxonomic futhi ubonise ukuthi amaqembu ezinhlobo ezihlobene nokuziphendukela kwemvelo ahlobene kanjani nomunye. Isibonelo, ama-gorilla asondelene kakhulu nabantu kunamapho.

I-systematics yezilwane yisayensi ehlola futhi ihlukanisa yonke imvelo yezinhlobo zezilwane. Uma senza ukufanisa nobuhlobo bomuntu, khona-ke noma iyiphi into ephilayo inegama (i-taxonomic classification), kanye nesilinganiso esithile sokuthandana nezinye izilwane. Isibonelo, ama-chimpanze nama-macaque bazoba, ngokufanisayo, bafowethu, umalume wabo uzoba i-gorilla, lowo muntu uzoba yisihlobo sawo esikude, kodwa ngeke bazi kangcono (phylogenesis). Isistimu yezitshalo yisayensi efunda ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezwe.

UKarl Linnaeus - ubaba wesistimu yesimanje

Yini izakhi zezinto eziphilayo ezingayenza ngaphandle kwendlela yonke yokuqoqa izinto eziphilayo? Kungaba yizingxabano zangempela. Kule thuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu ukubonga uKarl Linnaeus, owaziwa nangokuthi uCarl von Linnaeus (1707-1778). I-botanist yaseSweden, isazi semvelo kanye nodokotela ibhekwa njengesayensi yanamuhla ngokuthi "ubaba we-systematics". Wayenguye owokuqala owasebenzisa isistimu yokuhlukanisa (taxonomy) yokuhlukanisa izidalwa ngesisekelo sezici ezivamile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo indlela eqinile futhi elula yanikeza ukuqinisekiswa kwezesayensi emkhakheni wezinhlawulo.

Ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo

I-Systematics isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, ihlola izinhlobo zayo ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo, okuyinto yezinto ezichaza umhlaba wezemvelo. Lesi siyalo sesayensi sisondelene kakhulu nemvelo kanye ne-biological evolution. I-Systematics yisayensi ehlola futhi ihlola indlela ezakhiwa ngayo izinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane, ukuthi ezinye izinqubo zemvelo zenzeka kanjani, kungani amanye amaqembu egcina izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zezilwane, futhi ezinye izinto eziphilayo ziphela nje.

Lokhu kungenxa yezici zezinto ezihlukahlukene, okwenza kube lula ukunikeza ucwaningo oluningiliziwe ngamaqembu athile. I-Systematics ifuna ukuqonda umlando wokuphila ngokusebenzisa ubuhlobo be-phylogenetic kanye nobuhlobo bokuphila kwezidalwa eziphilayo. Ukuhlola kokuhlukahluka kanye nolwazi lwezimiso kanye nezinqubo zalesi siyalo kubalulekile emvelweni, ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo nokuphila kwemvelo.

I-Systematics nomuthi we-phylogenetic

I-Systematics yisayensi ehlola ukuhlukahluka kwezidalwa eziphilayo zesikhathi esidlule nezamanje, kanye nobuhlobo babo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ezikhonjiswa njengezihlahla ze-phylogenetic. Umuthi wokuziphendukela kwemvelo uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili: owokuqala uyaziwa ngokuthi i-branching ye-oda, ebonisa ukusebenzisana kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngaphakathi kweqembu, okwesibili kuthiwa ubude begatsha elikhomba isikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo lapho izidalwa zidluliselwa khona.

Okushoyo

I-Systematics idlala indima ebalulekile ku-biology, inikeza izindlela zokuhlukanisa izilwane ngaphansi kokucwaninga. Ngenxa yokwahlukanisa ubudlelwane bokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kwenzeka ukuba ubikezele futhi avivinye ukucabanga okuhlukahlukene. I-Phylogeny ingasiza ekubikezeleni idatha emlandweni wokuphila kwamaqembu eziphilayo ezingaphansi kokufunda.

I-taxonomy yemvelo ihlola ukuhlukahluka kwazo zonke izinhlobo eziphilayo zesikhathi esidlule nezamanje, kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kwabo. Ama-dendrograms wezilwane nezilwane eziphakeme asetshenziselwa ukutadisha izici zokuziphendukela kwemvelo (isb., Izici ze-anatomical noma ze-molecular) bese ubonisa ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto eziphilayo (biogeography). I-Systematic imane idingekile ukuqonda umlando wokuziphendukela kwempilo emhlabeni.