Isikhundla ezindawo yoLwandle Olumnyama. Map izixhumanisi, izithombe

Isikhundla ezindawo yeBlack Sea, cishe aziwa zonke izakhamuzi zezwe lethu. Kungani? Zonke udaba wukuthi cishe sonke okungenani kanye empilweni, kodwa elisogwini yayo, kahle, noma uhlela ukuya lapho uhambo lwakho.

Imephu Black Sea Russian libonisa ukuthi izwe lethu abelana ngayo Ukraine, Georgia, Turkey, Bulgaria futhi Romania.

Mayelana indawo, umlando, isimo sezulu kanye nezici ocean endaweni emhlabeni futhi uzobe okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko.

Isigaba 1. Ukwaziswa Okumayelana

Uma ubheka oLwandle Olumnyama kumephu jikelele, singabona ukuthi kungokwalabo Atlantic Ocean nomcengezi ibhekisela ohlotsheni yangaphakathi zezilwandle. endaweni yayo amaqabunga cishe 422,0 sq. M. km (ngokuvumelana kweminye imithombo -.. ayizinkulungwane 436,4 sq km).

Ngokubukeka, kolwandle ungathi ukuma okweqanda nge eksisi esikhulu kunazo zonke 1150 km. Ubukhulu bobude ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu kuyinto 580 km. ukujula esijwayelekile - 1240 m, futhi ophakeme kunabo - 2210 m.

nezimbobo Black Sea babe eziningi eziwusizo, ngoba ingxenye wamanzi izilwandle zomhlaba uxhumeke kwi-Marble ngokusebenzisa Bosphorus okwengeziwe ngokusebenzisa iDardanelles (yaseHellespont) - ne ngamazwe aseMedithera nase EGE, futhi Kerch Strait - ne kolwandle Azov.

Emanzini akhe bedlula umngcele umngcele phakathi eYurophu nase -Asia Minor. Engxenyeni esenyakatho kolwandle kude enhlonhlweni yaseCrimea.

Emifuleni yakhona ukugeza endaweni bamazwe amaningana: Russia, e-Ukraine, Georgia, Romania, Turkey kanye Bulgaria. Ngo olusenyakatho-mpumalanga kancane neyaziwayo isimo Abkhazia.

Pool Sea unalo impahla ezingavamile. Ingaphandle lawo aphansi egcwele hydrogen sulfide, ngenxa lapho enabile kuka-150 m ukuphila engekho ngokuphelele (ngaphandle ezinye izinhlobo zama-bacterium).

Isikhundla ezindawo yoLwandle Olumnyama kuphumelela kakhulu. Kungani? Into ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho kanye ezokuthutha, zamasu kanye ezempi, kanye yezindawo ngobukhulu zokungcebeleka ezintaba zase-Eurasia. Ngo ethekwini Sevastopol futhi Novorossiisk igxile main enkanjini ye-Russian Black Sea Fleet.

Isigaba 2. Umlando yoLwandle Olumnyama

Izithombe woLwandle Olumnyama, njengoba umthetho, zidonse ukunaka kwanoma zokugwazela abanye ubuhle futhi ubukhulu. Kodwa lokho ngempela esikwaziyo ngaye?

Okokuqala, ingasaphathwa ukuthi kuyinto ngokulinganiswa ayemncane ulwandle kokuba ecosystem unformed ukuthi aqhubeka aguquka: ekushintsheni izinga lamanzi, kukhona uhlobo olusha yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene, futhi abanye zinyamalale.

Esikhathini esidlule, futhi imayelana ayizinkulungwane 8. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule, lokhu kwaba nolwandle, nakho konke echibini. uhlelo yakhe ongizalayo kakhulu ekuthonyweni amathonya zangaphandle - kwethonya sezulu noma wobuntu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ke lincane kakhulu olwandle futhi kunethemba elincane ahlukahlukene impilo, ogwini kweBlack Sea ngemvelo yayo esinesithakazelo kuyo ososayensi.

Isigaba 3. Uyini inhlekelele sezulu?

Isimo sezulu yoLwandle Olumnyama ngenxa indawo maphakathi no-izwekazi futhi ikakhulu ibhekisela ohlotsheni ezwekazini. Ngenxa yalesi sifunda libhekene efudumele, Ubusika ezimanzi ehlobo ezomile. oluseningizimu ye-eCrimea futhi ugu Caucasian evikelwe emimoyeni ngu ezintabeni, unjalo sezulu saseMediterranean esihle.

Isikhundla ezindawo yoLwandle Olumnyama ukuthi izimo zezulu nethonya elikhulu zasezindaweni Atlantic, okuyinto ukuletha isiphepho snap ebandayo. Umoya uya eningizimu-ntshonalanga ngokuvamile ukuletha olumanzi emoyeni uquqaba iMedithera.

Ngo-January, enyakatho igcina izinga lokushisa isilinganiso + 2 ° C, kodwa ukupholisa -5 ° C, iqhwa uwela njalo. Okuningi ukufudumala phezu eningizimu emikhawulweni eCrimea ne eCaucasus. Kukhona akuvamile ngezansi + 5 ° C.

Iyulskaya lokushisa air olwandle enyakatho ezomhlaba +25 - + 27 ° C. Ngenxa kolwandle, izinga lokushisa komoya ngokuvamile aliphumi ngenhla 37 ° C.

Le ndawo olufudumele Sea coast of eCaucasus, lapho i isilinganiso + 17 ° C ngonyaka. On the Caucasian coast-akhawunti imvula engaphezu (1500 mm ngonyaka), ngaphansi wabo enyakatho-ntshonalanga (kufika ku-300 mm ngonyaka).

OLwandle Olumnyama lungekho ngaphansi kwezinga-qhwa, amanzi akusho kuphole ngezansi +8 ° C.

Isigaba 4. flora sendawo ezilwaneni nasezimileni

Wake wacabanga ngalokho eziphilayo akha oLwandle Olumnyama? Kwebalingisi ebonisa ukuthi izitshalo Black Sea siqukethe ezingaphezu kuka-260 zama-oluhlaza, obomvu nonsundu ulwelwe benthic: kladofora, Ulvi, Cystoseira, eelgrass, njll

Sea phytoplankton ihlanganisa mayelana 600 zinhlobo, phakathi lapho kukhona diatoms futhi dinoflagellate abameleli (dinofizis, aleksandrium, protoperidinium).

Flora kancane ahlukahlukene kuqhathaniswa, isibonelo, eMediterranean. Esikhathini amanzi olwandle uhlala 2,500 kwezilwane, kuhlanganise 160 zezilwane ezincelisayo nenhlanzi lenyama 500, ezinamagobolondo 500, izimbaza 200 kanye nezinye ezingenamgogodla. LwaseMedithera imayelana 9,000 ezitholakala emhlabeni namuhla.

Ezansi kolwandle, bathola isiphephelo oyster kanye izimbaza, izimbaza izilwane ezidla ezinye rapana. Yamadwala angasogwini nasemaxhaphozini amatshe ungathola izinkalankala, kukhona jellyfish, izimfanzi, anemones futhi neziponji.

I paucity yasendle ehlaselwe usawoti kanye lokushisa lamanzi, kanye kumiswa hydrogen sulfide ekujuleni. Nokho, amanzi olwandle efanelekayo ukuba khona kwezinhlobo eziqinile angadingi ukujula.

Isigaba 5: Yiziphi zokungcebeleka oLwandle Olumnyama?

zokungcebeleka Russian ogwini Black Sea zitholakala Krasnodar esifundeni. Ethandwa kakhulu wabo - Sochi, Anapa, Gelendzhik futhi Tuapse. It uyakhile zokungcebeleka engcono.

Kutholwe eNhlonhlweni YaseCrimea Ezokungcebeleka Evpatoria, Alushta, Yalta, Sudak, Simferopol, Feodosia, Black futhi Falcon. Oyipharadesi nesokuphumula kukhona zokungcebeleka of Abkhazia. Ngu amasentha amakhulu izivakashi Ukraine fanele Odessa, egcwele eminyakeni yamuva gem sangempela ngasolwandle.

Sochi

Sanquma ukuya oLwandle Olumnyama? Traveller Izibuyekezo ngazwi linye bathi ungahambi lapho ngempela akufanele kube, futhi imfuneko lalesi empeleni eziningi.

Okokuqala, siphawula ukuthi Sochi kuyinto yokungcebeleka eseningizimu futhi olufudumele yeRussia. Futhi lapha, ogwini, kunezindawo eziningi amahhotela kanye zokungcebeleka.

Ibhishi sizini Sochi Uthatha May kuya maphakathi no-Okthoba. Sunny sezulu ihlala izinsuku 300 ngonyaka. Evumayo sezulu nakwezifudumele, imithombo yamanzi amtoti nasodakeni nethonya zokungcebeleka nokwelapha abantu. Sibhedlela abafisa ukuthatha unyaka wonke.

Ziya ngokuya kule ndawo uhlukile futhi inimitable: entabeni zigodi ngemifula zeziyaluyalu, izimpophoma, nasemigedeni, amachibi abandayo, amahlathi esingangeneki futhi alpine zokushushuluza eqhweni. Lezi zindawo ukuheha abathanda ongaphandle futhi emidlalweni eyingozi.

Sochi idume lolwandle iholide hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ezikhangayo kwamasiko. Kunezindlela eziningi iminyuziyamu yeshashalazi, izikhungo ukuzijabulisa, zokudlela kanye kuma-nightclub.

Yalta

Omunye kunazo owaziwa Crimean resort madolobhana Yalta. Ngaphezu kwalokho, liphakathi kwelinye lamadolobha amahle kakhulu emhlabeni.

Lokhu resort ndawo amazing yesimanje ngokuthi uLwandle Olumnyama. Ibalazwe ikhombisa ukuthi amabhishi lapha zinkulu ngempela, elula for 72 km.

Umuzi kubhekwa inhloko-dolobha zokungcebeleka YaseCrimea kanye nezokuphatha, zamasiko izivakashi isikhungo esibalulekile esogwini oluseningizimu ye-eCrimea.

Ngokuchichima ilanga notshani, esihlabathini esifudumele futhi ulwandle, umoya ohlanzekile, izintaba lenqwaba ezikhangayo ukudala izimo ezikahle ukuze uphumule futhi yokutakula.

Abkhazia

Eqinisweni, kubonakala sengathi noNkulunkulu ngokwakhe ukudalile lezi zindawo umuntu. Ibhishi isizini Uthatha May kuya ku-October nezinsuku 220 ngonyaka ungakwazi ukujabulela ilanga.

Amanzi olwandle anezinga elingaguquguquki has a angaphezulu aqukethe usawoti ongaba ongaphakeme, ecacile futhi ilungele ukugeza. Uhambo Abkhazia - abantu abe ongenisa izihambi, nemvelo omangalisayo futhi izikhumbuzo zomlando eziningi.

It unikeza izinkambo waqondisa ukuba izimpophoma, imithombo yamanzi amtoti neLake Riza, emihumeni Karst kanye Amanxiwa omuzi wasendulo. I zokungcebeleka odumile esifundeni - Pitsunda, Gagra, Sukhumi futhi Gudauta.

Abkhazia embonini yezokuvakasha okhula ngokushesha: alungisa boarding izindlu ezindala futhi lakha amahhotela amasha ukhululekile, ezitaladini egcwele zokudla nokuzijabulisa izindawo. Omunye ethandwa kakhulu iholidi izindawo lingumuzi Pitsunda, ngubani lizungezwe emahlathini kaphayini, okuyinto ukudala microclimate okhethekile linokuphulukisa zikaphayini iphunga.

Lapha, ngisho isimo sezulu esishisayo, fresh futhi epholile. Zonke zokungcebeleka zisesifundeni bay olunothile eduze kolwandle.

Isigaba 6. ukunyakaza yamanzi oLwandle Olumnyama

Kukholakala ukuthi amatheku Black Sea Ziningi izinzuzo. Chaza ukuthi kungani. Ngokuvamile, le ngxenye izilwandle zomhlaba kuyinto ithule cwaka futhi inokuthula. Waves avele sezulu kunomoya, ngokuvamile ebusika. ukuphakama ayo angase abe ngu-15 m, okuyinto iyingozi kuphela ezitsheni ezincane. Tides musa idlule 10 cm futhi cishe ezingabonakali.

Ngokuvamile, olwandle kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili notshwala - surface futhi double. Uhlobo lokuqala ngokuthi isishingishane imimoya yokugcina akhiwa ngesikhathi Bosphorus futhi Kerch sisebunzimeni futhi kubangelwa umehluko kwabantu amanzi ezilwandle ezimbili.

surface-uhlobo ukugeleza ifomu amasongo amabili avaliwe. indandatho Western tapers ngaseningizimu ububanzi malungana somfula iDanube mayelana 100 km. Izinga le ukugeleza cishe 0.5 km / h. indandatho East ifinyelela 50-100 km, futhi ijubane 1 km / h.

ukugeleza Double ku Bosporus kungenxa amanzi exchange phakathi Black futhi Marmara kwezilwandle. Amanzi lighter kancane okunosawoti Black Sea engena Marble ngesivinini up 2 km, futhi uthola ukubuya inkambo engezansi engxubeni yamanzi anosawoti Marmara.

Enye kabili kwakhiwa iphakathi kolwandle Olumnyama futhi Azov kwezilwandle. Kulokhu, amanzi desalinated yoLwandle Azov uthola inkambo engenhla woLwandle Olumnyama, e senzuzo amanzi anosawoti.

Ngaphezu imisinga ovundlile nge mpo igudle izingqimba engenhla yamanzi (kufika ku-80 m).

Isigaba 7. Izinsongo kulo ulwandle: umoya nenkungu

Isikhundla ezindawo yoLwandle Olumnyama libonisa ngokucacile ukuthi kukhona fogs phezu ogwini noma emanzini angasogwini ikakhulukazi ngenkathi ezibandayo. Inkungu kwakhiwa phezu kolwandle eduze nogu lapho ayehlasela ezweni abandayo ulwandle emoyeni.

Ogwini, kubonakala ngokuvamile entwasahlobo. mafu Iningi ebonwe ebusika, ikakhulukazi Bosphorus strait (kufikela kuzinsuku ezingu-80 ngonyaka). Nokho, kukhona inkungu nehlala njalo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Odessa, ebusika baba eside kufikela kuzinsuku ezingu-10. Izithombe woLwandle Olumnyama, senziwe sezulu kanje, ube romanticism ethile futhi imfihlakalo.

Amandla nesivinini umoya olwandle ezingaphezu kuka ogwini. Lapho izishingishane ngaphezu kolwandle ezinomswakama emoyeni iba engazinzile thwi, ukwakha vortex umoya kanye neziphepho esiyingozi izitsha ezincane. Speed ebusika ifinyelela kusuka 3 kuya 40 m / umzuzwana. Ngezinye izikhathi kuba khona izimvula eziyingozi. Ebusuku imimoya ukuletha cool ogwini.

Isigaba 8. Imisinga Black Sea ayingozi

Nokho, ekhohlisayo futhi ononya kungaba futhi woLwandle Olumnyama, izimfanelo olwandle endaweni global libonisa ngokucacile ukuthi ukhona lapha ukugeleza variable iqondiswe emhlabeni azungezwe kwewashi.

Tekwakha amasongo amabili, ngokuthi "amaphuzu Knipovich" (behlonipha a yesazi sesayensi yamanzi, owachaza lesi simanga). Ijubane lokuya incike Ukujikeleza eMhlabeni. Futhi, ushintsho ukugeleza kuthinta amandla futhi isiqondiso omoya. Ngezinye izikhathi kungavela vortices ugu, aqondiswe ukugeleza main (imijikelezo anticyclonic).

Movement of the elingenhla longshore imisinga kuyinto variable futhi uzimisele ngumoya. Enye yalezi Amathrendi libizwa Tyagun kwakhiwa ngesikhathi kunesiphepho. Waves ethi awafike ogwini, ebohla ukusakaza enamandla esithombeni ngezansi sandy we ithrekhi. Lezi notshwala iyingozi kakhulu kubantu kanye angafeza kude ogwini. Ukuze uthole kuzo, udinga ukuba baziphonse ogwini akuyona umugqa oqondile, futhi ngokuphambeneyo.

Isigaba 9. Kungani ulwandle ukubuyisa? Inganekwane yasendulo

Black Sea kumephu izwe, ngisho endala, kungabonwa kahle. Yingakho, mhlawumbe, singakuboni isikhathi eside, unezela izinganekwane kuphindza acoce yeqhawe. Futhi nakhu omunye wabo.

Endulo kwakukhona iqhawe abanesibindi, a abanesibindi okuyinto uqambe-legends. Ngolunye usuku wizadi ubudala wanquma ukuba amnike umcibisholo magic, amandla kabani imilingo wayengumuntu sincike inhloso yomuntu. Ngemva ukuwela ezandleni villain, ngasifaka eziningi usizi emhlabathini. Bogatyr ungalokothi uyisebenzise, futhi ngaphandle kwesidingo ukuze bazizuzise bona. Njengoba ngakhula amadala, waqala ukubheka indoda onganikezwa igunya umcibisholo. Kodwa kuphela umnikazi abafanelekayo ukuvula imfihlo yakhe.

Khona-ke iqhawe ngakhetha ukuzifihla izikhali e Sea wambuza namadodana akhe ukuba amthathe kakhulu phakathi kwalo. Wayazi ukuthi bangabafokazi okokuqala hhayi kufezeke injongo yawo futhi wabathuma emuva. Amadodana intando kaYise, sehlise boom phansi kolwandle. Lokhu kwamthukuthelisa kolwandle, kwaba nomsindo futhi namanje uzama aphonse ukuba umcibisholo lolwandle.

Isigaba 10. oLwandle Olumnyama esifudumeza?

Ungasho yini kahle lapho oLwandle Olumnyama? Ibalazwe ikhombisa ukuthi ngempela adingekayo cabanga umngcele oseningizimu laseThire elingasolwandle isimo sethu. Futhi-ke, kubuye kube olufudumele. Nokho, kukhona umbono wokuthi izinga lokushisa kuwo liyakhula kancane kancane. Ingabe kunjalo ngempela?

Black Sea (Krasnodar esifundeni esithathwayo njengesisekelo isifundo) ezigcwele hydrogen sulfide ne-ke ofanele kuphela ukuphila ezisogwini kanye ebusweni izingqimba amanzi. By endleleni, ngoba lokhu libhekisela omunye izilwandle emhlabeni lingenamuntu sika.

Futhi ku-ecosystem kolwandle kubathinta kabi kwembulunga, kuye kwaholela ekwandeni lokushisa air ebusika kanye nokupholisa akuphelele izingqimba engenhla kolwandle. Lokhu kugcina sekwenze kube nzima Ukujikeleza mpo izingqimba engenhla lamanzi ngesikhathi imingcele ukujula ukuze silondoloze sulfide-hydrogen.

Kwembulunga kuye kwaholela yokuthi hydrogen sulphide zone kuze kube kolwandle cishe 12 metres, futhi amanzi aba ezingaphili. Umthamo wamanzi, umoya-mpilo-ahlanganiswe uyaqhubeka ukuze wehlise, okubangela nezinzuzo zemvelo. Ngakho, i-Sea, uhlela 43 ° 17'49 "nge. w. 34 ° 01'46 "a. e., cishe, uzoqhubeka ukuba nomusa.