Isikhulu eRoma yasendulo futhi amandla ayo

Bambalwa abantu bazi ukuthi iningi imigomo elisho a ohlelweni lokubusa yesimanje ukuthi evela eRoma lasendulo .... Amandla uhlelo lokulawula eziphambili kwenzeka ngaphambi endulo - ezifana Egypt, China, Greece. Nokho kudivayisi monarchical subordinated ngokugcwele nentando izikhulu zikaFaro, noma inkosi, kanye nentando yeningi eGrisi lasendulo ayigcini nje kwemingcele inqubomgomo (edolobheni nasezindaweni ezizungezile). Esikhathini okuqinisekile weRiphabhulikhi kwaphakamisa umbuzo ka ukusatshalaliswa imithwalo yemfanelo yokuqondisa phakathi amalunga akhethwe ebukhosini futhi abantu (plebs), kanye nokunikeza amanye amandla abo futhi bekukhumbula ukulinganiselwa kwabo. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi futhi usungule igama elithi "isikhulu" - umqondo eduze kakhulu kithi nencazelo yalo.

NgesiRashiya, izwi elihlobene ne-elithi "izikweletu". Kodwa, ngokungafani "okweletayo", umqondo wegama elithi "iposi" futhi "isikhulu" sibe ngomqondo omuhle. Le ndoda olingana - kummeleli isimo endaweni ethile, kungagcini igunya lakhe futhi lenza samuntu amandla. Esikalini bezigaba e nenchubokuphatsa has isigaba sabaphathi bayo siqu (kusukela ekhanda, ukuze zamaphini futhi abeluleki ahlukahlukene nabasizi) kanye ovundlile (alinganayo lapho iziphathimandla ungakwazi ukumisa okwesikhashana futhi ubuyise isinqumo nozakwabo).

Isikhulu eRoma yasendulo akhethwe kuphela kusuka amadoda zabakhululekile (Freedman ayikwazanga kuqokwa, kodwa indodana yakhe ayikwazanga) usufinyelele eminyakeni ethile. Akukhona lokho kuphela, isikhundla ngamunye ayekubhalile ngokucophelela umthetho engu ubuncane amandla, ngakho futhi isho isikhathi lapho kungenzeka ukuba wenze lokhu, ukuthi kungenzeka aphinde aqokelwe, futhi imingcele yesifunda, okuyinto wandisa ethile ye lokhu okuthunyelwe. Ngokwesibonelo, amandla abameleli lwalulinganiselwe ezindongeni edolobheni, futhi bakhona nababusi abusa emaphandleni nangale. Umphathi maqondana lonke izakhamuzi, ngisho privati ephezulu ozalwa, babe - abantu abazimele, abangaphansi.

Kwaba eRoma, futhi isikhulu esiphezulu ngokuthi "Control", amandla ophakeme - "potestas" - lwamshukumisela kusukela dorespublikanskogo yenkathi yamakhosi. ukunikeza inqubo gunya washiwo e umthetho obukhethekile curiata. Lezi zikhulu Unelungelo kubamba umhlangano lomkhulu webantfu iSigele kanye comitia (ukuhlangana nabantu), ukwenza izikweletu zabo, nokwethula izinkulumo. Lapho leli zwe kwakusengcupheni ngesikhathi, wakhethwa umashiqela, owadlula wonke amandla ophakeme. Lo muntu wayenalo ilungelo lokubusa izwe kuphela. Ngokuvamile enamathiselwe isihloko sakhe ngenhloso ukhetho - isibonelo, "The umashiqela ngenxa yempi." Ezinye okuthunyelwe eziphuthumayo akhethiwe wafunwa ukuba yemfanelo abaphathi impilo yonke (Cornelius Sulla, noGayu Yuliy Tsezar). Iposi ezaqedwa kuphela Mark Avrely. By the way, amandla anjalo endowed izikhulu hhayi kuphela ngesikhathi ingozi ulenga phezu zwe. "Dictator okhanda nail" - isikhundla okuthiwa umphathi emikhosini yenkolo.

Isikhulu esikhathini weRiphabhulikhi awakaze akhokhelwe. Kwaba isihloko udumo. isikhundla ngamunye oluhambisana Toga ezithile - ke wagcinwa ezazibekwe phezu kwempi, ngemva washiya isikhundla sakhe kuwo basimbela. Ezinye izikhundla ephakanyiswe wonke umndeni kule isikhundla social - Amadodana alabo abakuhluphayo ababesezweni curule isikhundla, aristocrats kucatshangwe; yena esiphathiswa lesi sihloko waba sikakhokho yakhe nomndeni wakhe, wax kokufa kwakhe imaski futhi igcinwe inzalo ohlonishwayo. izicukuthwane futhi kwadingeka izindawo emabhokisini ngesikhathi yemidlalo. Kusukela Quaestors, owashiya isikhundla zabantu ilungelo bakhethwe ukuba isiGele.

Ukuba enkonzweni WeRiphabhulikhi YaseNingizimu Afrika, kusho isikhulu iye ngakwesokudla yesikhalazo futhi isikhalazo kungagcini. Sicelosikhalo ukuze ibuyekezwe ngesinqumo angasebenza sikazwelonke, Isigele uzakwabo noma imenenja kontanga. Izikhulu kungaba unomphela, inkathi akugcini sokusebenza, nakuba bamiswa ezindaweni eziningi abantu isikhathi esingaphezulu kwezinyanga ezingi-36. Lezi zikhala babephathwa bamabutho, abameleli, quaestors, aediles futhi censors. Ngaphandle le Beqondiswa imikhandlu, endaweni enjalo eRoma yasendulo, umndeni ikakhulu ahlukile amangalelwe. umsebenzi wazo wawudlula nkomoni: kwentsha e elisezingeni Officer Legion ke eminyakeni 27 okuthunyelwe ka quaestor e 37 - aedile e 40 - Pretoria, 43 - inxusa noma ngomshini kumhloli wezincwadi.