Isifinyezo Statistical - Iyini? Inqubo nezinhlobo

isifinyezo Statistical - lena ulwazi mayelana olulodwa iyunithi ucwaningo labantu agcwele ke kusukela ezinhlangothini ezahlukene. Thola emva luhlolo isinyathelo sokuqala. Imiphumela yemibiko ezibalo akhishwe nje okungaqondile kanye systematization izinkomba zikhonjwe inqubo observation.

Inani

Ukufingqa (iqembu) impahla kwezibalo ikuvumela ukuthola izici izici labantu wonkana, futhi ukukhomba zezitho ezihlukeneko, ukuthola amaphethini ihlaziye kwezomnotho, izinqubo kwezenhlalo kanye izenzakalo. systematization okunjalo - isifinyezo sezinto ezibonakalayo kwezibalo eyinhloko.

izigaba umsebenzi

Isifinyezo izibalo nokubuthelela uhlanganisa izigaba eziningana ehlukile. Emva ukuhlaziywa kokuqala kwenziwa ukucutshungulwa imiphumela eyatholakala, inhloso ukuthola ulwazi generalized mayelana nenqubo ngaphansi cwaningo noma mkhuba ngezici ezithile.

isifinyezo Statistical - kuwumphumela etholwe emva ngokucubungula ulwazi yasekuqaleni. Luhilela aphuma idatha aphathekako ulwazi mayelana amaphethini kanye izici ezivamile, okuyinto esivela enqubeni noma wonke lomkhuba.

Injani isifinyezo kwezibalo? Izinyathelo nokuqaliswa kwalo ezilandelayo:

• isilawuli kwangaphambilini; lapha iyenziwa etholakalayo mayelana lomkhuba (indlela yekambiso) idatha;
• ukusatshalaliswa izici ezithile zonke izinkomba;
• ekudalweni ngesisekelo izinkomba etholakalayo lezibalo etafuleni.

izenzo ezinjengalezi ziyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi ekhishwe ngesimo amathebula ezibalo, kwavele kwacaca futhi ifundeka kalula.

ngezigaba

Cabangela izinhlobo ezinkulu imibiko ezibalo. Ukwabela elula futhi simise eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ulwazi amayunithi ngabanye wafingqa sisonke, hhayi ukukucaza kube izinhlobo eyohlobo.

I umphumela kuyoba sifinyeto setheksthi lelula lezibalo atholakalayo post-ekwelapheni into. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inenani ethize futhi ulwazi.

Izici izibalo ezilula

Simple isifinyezo kwezibalo - eyohlinzwa ukuthi lihlotshaniswa ekubalweni iqembu nezifinyezo idatha inani amayunithi observation, kanye nokubhaliswa into etholakala ku amatafula. Ungayisebenzisa ukuhlonza inombolo amayunithi ihlaziye ndawonye, ukuqonda ububanzi ukwelapha izimpawu, kodwa akudingeki umqondo Imininingwane ihlaziye ndawonye.

izibalo eyinkimbinkimbi

Lokhu isifinyezo kwezibalo - ukuthi breaking ulwazi aggregate ku namaqembu eyohlobo. Kwasetshenziswa ahlukene ukubala kufinyelela ngamunye wabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho ihlaziya kokuphelele isiqalo nesigcino. Ukusebenzisa azihlole kungaba kwenziwe ucwaningo eningilizayo mayelana nale ndaba noma into, ukukhomba izici ukuthi inethonya ke, ukucacisa izici kanye amaphetheni sabantu ihlaziye.

Lokhu isifinyezo kwezibalo nokubuthelela kukhona imisebenzi eziyinkimbinkimbi eziphathelene ukusatshalaliswa amayunithi ukucabangela analyte inqubo bezehlalakuhle nomnotho (mkhuba) ku ngamaqembu ahlukene.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuhloswe ukwakha uhlelo nemingcele ethile, nge okuzoba sici amaqembu, subgroups sum okukhulunywa imihlola, ekuboneni inani amayunithi ngamunye kubo, kanye imiphumela ukusungulwa amathebula ezibalo. Ngenxa ukuhlaziya okugcwele theory okuqukethwe kanye nohlobo izinqubo kanye nemiphumela futhi wenziwa ephelele isifinyezo kwezibalo nokubuthelela.

imibiko izici Jikelele

Isifinyezo observation kwezibalo eqala ukunemba nobuqiniso imiphumela.

Uhlelo kanye nepulani lokuqalisa i-kulolu cwaningo iqukethe okubaliwe amaqembu kulo isiqalo nesigcino kokuma ihlaziye. Kuye isicelo imibiko kwezibalo, kohlelo kuyakhethwa.

Luhilela izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

• choice iqembu sici ukudala izinhlelo eyohlobo;
• Ekunqumeni inani amaqembu kanye oda kumiswa zabo;
• Ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo izinkomba kwezibalo luhlolo into futhi sebuningini amaqembu;
• ukudalwa isakhiwo amathebula kwezibalo ukuthola ulwazi lokugcina.

Izici ezahlukene imibiko

Isifinyezo izibalo kuhambisana ngokudweba up nomtlamo wokwenza yayo. Lezi zindlela zikholelwa ulwazi isikhathi, i-algorithm, indlela imibiko, kanye nabadlali. Qiniseka ukuthi ucacise imithetho kanye oda lapho uzobe semthethweni observation kwezibalo. Isifinyezo iqembu ihlukaniswe ongakhetha eyodwa futhi yonkana.

Indlela yesibili kuhilela zamagama kolwazi, lapho ucwaningo kwenziwa kusukela phezulu kuya phansi isitebhisi ukuphathwa, futhi kwenziwe kuzo zonke izigaba ukucutshungulwa enemininingwane. It luqhutshwa emkhakheni, ie emsebenzini. Eminye imininingwane mayelana nalokhu iza Amahhovisi kwezibalo zokusebenzisa ezweni ngesihloko ngasinye. Lapho okwenziwa futhi ithunyelwa Russian State Izibalo Committee. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho ethola konke kwezinsuku ezingu isimo izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho kuleli zwe.

I eyodwa isifinyezo kwezibalo inikeza indlela, okubandakanya lokuhlushwa yonke idatha eluhlaza etholwe ngesikhathi ucwaningo kwezibalo, kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni inhlangano eyodwa.

Kuye ukuqaliswa ubuchwepheshe, isifinyezo kungaba manual ngomshini, ezihilela ukusetshenziswa kwama-computer.

Ukwahlukanisa namaqembu kukhona

Ngenxa division isayensi ezisekelwe ngamaqembu, ungenza iziphetho okugcwele ngokufanele labantu target, kanye izinqubo eziqhubekayo.

Ingqikithi yalo iqembu Ososayensi kubhekwe ngokuningiliziwe usebenza V I. Lenina. Waphawula ukuthi Ukubuthelela kwezibalo idinga zihlolisisa isimo senhlalo nesomnotho izenzakalo okukhulunywa ngakho.

Ukubuthelela variable kumele luhambisane imisebenzi eyenziwa ucwaningo kwezibalo. Kuye ngokunemba abalithandayo, ungakwazi ukubona izinhlobo senhlalo nesomnotho izenzakalo ihlaziye. Njengoba yisibonelo esikhazimulayo maqembu angabhekwa izenzo zakhe abahlabelela ngazo lihlotshaniswa ukuthuthukiswa capitalism eRussia.

Kuyinto ngosizo namaqembu kwezibalo cwaningo umnyuziki kungaba kwenziwe. Ukuze emacembu eyohlobo ngesisekelo division zibe izingxenye ezihlukene noma ngokuhlanganisa labantu kwezibalo wafunda ngokuhlangana amayunithi kudingeka izici ezithile.

Izinhlobo yokwenza iqembu kwezibalo

Ngo isicelo yayo, ungakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi elandelayo:

• ukugqamisa izinhlobo izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho imihlola;
• imihlola ukufunda isakhiwo futhi lezo zinguquko okuyinto zenzeka kuwo;
• Ukukhetha interdependencies nobudlelwano phakathi kwezinto kanye nezimfanelo, lapho ebonakala.

Yiziphi izinhlobo ezahlukene namaqembu kwezibalo? Typological lokucabanga labantu eyohlobo, ezifanayo kwenombolo behlukanisa. Njengoba izibonelo kungenzeka yalo okukhulunywa umhlaba yokwenza iqembu ngohlobo ubunikazi. Eqenjini typological unake okukhethekile ukukhethwa kanye ukuhlonza izinhlobo. Ukwakha kweqembu typological, basebenzise izimfanelo ambalwa kanye qualitative.

Isethi izici attributive elihlobene ne ukwabiwa mangaki amaqembu ehambelana inani langempela labantu gradations ka trait inikezwe. Inkinga yokunquma nezikhathi amaqembu typological iphendulwa ukwaba enjalo imikhawulo ambalwa lapho analyte mkhuba kuzoshintsha izinga ekhona, zuza izakhiwo ezintsha.

Ngo yokwenza iqembu typological isibalo amaqembu kunqunywa inani etholakalayo izinhlobo kwezenhlalo noma kwezomnotho. Zihlotshaniswa isakhiwo, ukubunjwa, kokuhlukana izici sendaweni engenamuntu ngale ndlela moiety kwesakhiwo. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu eyenziwa ziqu bonke abasebenzi ishede.

Inani yokwenza iqembu kwezibalo

Umsebenzi kweqembu izibalo zocwaningo kanye ukuhlonza ubudlelwano phakathi izimpawu ngamunye labantu kwezibalo. Ukuxazulula inkinga enjalo abami amaqembu yokwakheka. Bavumela ukukhomba interdependencies nobudlelwano phakathi ihlaziye izici zenhlalo-mnotho kanye izenzakalo. Zonke izimpawu ezibalweni zihlukaniswe izinhlobo elikhiqizayo futhi isici. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka phakathi labo ukushintsha ngaphansi kwethonya isici eziguquguqukayo. Futhi ulindele umthelela ushintsho izici ephumelelayo.

Umsebenzi obalulekile ikambiso yokwakhiwa amaqembu kohlaziyo iyona ukukhethwa mangaki amaqembu, okuyinto ngobugebengu kungenziwa phansi iqoqo amayunithi ngaphansi cwaningo observation nokucubungula imikhawulo yabo kuvunyelwe.

Lolu cwaningo imihlola eziyinkimbinkimbi zezomnotho nezenhlalo kuhilela ukusetshenziswa amaqembu inhlanganisela. Badinga ukuhlonza inombolo ezanele kokuma, kuphela kulesi simo kungenzeka ukwakha yi okuthembekile.

Ukuze batfole tintfo ihlaziye ukusetshenziswa isikhala yokwenza iqembu multidimensional. Kuye ulwazi osetshenziswayo, kukhona izigaba kwezibalo ezilandelayo:

• eyinhloko, wadala ngesisekelo ulwazi kokuqala etholwe ukuhlola izibalo;
• yesibili, okuyinto zibangelwa kuhluta ukwahlukanisa amaqembu.

okuhlukile ukwakhiwa

Ukuze ukwakha izigaba kwezibalo, thatha isici esithile. Bese ukhetha inombolo amaqembu, ukuthuthukisa nesigcino kubo, khona-ke silungise yalo. Iqembu ngalinye lihilela ukuthola ukuthi ungubani izinkomba ezithile noma isamba yabo, ukuze bakwazi elichaza ngokugcwele amaqembu okutadisha. Kukhethwa isici okufana ngokwanele ndaba eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ezibalulekile ucwaningo kwezibalo. Lokho kuyithinta kanjani ukubhidlika amayunithi e eqenjini elithile. Iziphetho zenziwe ngemva kokuphothulwa ukuhlaziywa, kuba encike ngqo kwi isici ngamaqoqo.

isiphetho

izifundo Statistical ukuphakamisa sina futhi ehlelekile ucwaningo, ngokuvamile, iziphetho. Kuyadingeka ukuba aqhube ukuhlaziywa kokuqala eningiliziwe okushiwo kwezomnotho kwenhlangano, futhi kuphela ngesisekelo okufunyenweko imiphumela funa izindlela ongakusebenzisa ngazo ukuxazulula izinkinga zale mbali.

Banikezwe yinkimbinkimbi isimo manje eliye lakhula emakethe yasekhaya, ucwaningo izibalo kanye nokuhlaziywa atholwe anencazelo ekhethekile nokuhlobana. Ukuze siqhube izibalo enemininingwane futhi esihleliwe labantu zanamuhla zisebenzisa izindlela ezikhethekile.

Isibonelo, ngokulondoloza ukuzihlalela amaqembu sabantu kokuqondiwe imfanelo ethile, isicelo angenza isiphetho mayelana nokufaneleka yomsebenzi yenkampani, umthelela nokuphumelela kwaleso sembatho. Ngu ukuhlola izibalo bengathola ulwazi zonke kwemigomo into efundwayo. izici Factor kuthinte izakhiwo into, ngenxa kubo lungatholwa esigabeni sokuqala iziphetho eziqondile.

Kuvele esiteji ebalulekile ucwaningo izibalo inhlangano esihleliwe idatha yomthombo, okuyinto zazitholakala njengoba observation. Ochwepheshe wahlanganyela ukucutshungulwa etholakele amabhizinisi ngemiphumela, kwenziwe nje okungaqondile, ukunikeza ulwazi ukulungele iziphathimandla azo amakhulu neziphathimandla.

Isifinyezo okuyinto wenza noSozibalo, kuyinto iqoqo izinqubo engasetshenziswa ukuba balobe izici ngamunye lomkhuba kokuba ihlaziye ukucacisa izici isihloko noma izenzakalo ezithinta iphethini ukuthuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa izinkomba kwezibalo.

Ngaphambi ukudala imibiko sokugcina, labantu ukuqinisekisa ulwazi olunikeziwe kubo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokusekelwe ulwazi olunikezwe izinhloko izikhungo zemfundo, yakha udumo isilinganiso izikole. Ukuze wandise yi kwakuyiqiniso, hhayi dummies kuphela zisebenzisa lokwakha ulwazi kusuka othishanhloko amatafula, kodwa futhi afingqe survey okunikelwe abazali, alumni, abafundi. izifundo ezifanayo iqhutshwe emkhakheni wezokwelapha, ukukhombisa ukusebenza nekhwalithi yesevisi yomphakathi, ukukhomba ezingeni ekutholeni usizo lwezempilo ukuze izakhamuzi. Muva, ukufingqa kwezibalo asetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. Ngaphezu ngokuhlaziya nekusebenta amabhizinisi ezinkulu, ucwaningo efanayo eyenziwa ezingeni nomphakathi, ukucacisa izinkampani best nezinhlangano.